Impact of growing conditions on morphophysiological characteristics of tomato genotypes

The effect of manure and CaCO3 on growth, on the content of photosynthetic pigments, on activity photosystem 2 (PS 2) and, yield parameters six varieties of tomatoes were studied. Plants were grown under conditions of closed (greenhouse) and open ground, with manure applied in the calculation of 500 g and CaCO3 (chopped eggshell) 50 g per 1 m 2 of soil. Revealed that the high grades of the photosynthetic apparatus and productivity characterized by the varieties Tolstoy and Volgograd, which can use in breeding work. Влияние условий развития на морфофизиологические характеристики генотипов томата


Introduction
Tomatoes are one of the valuable vegetable crops grown all over the world to provide the needs of the population with useful natural compounds, as well as for processing in canneries. Growing tomatoes in winter greenhouses are of enormous economic importance for providing the community with vitamins C, B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , PP, as well as elements of potassium, sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, sugars, citric acids and, proteins. Tomatoes are demanding soil fertility, especially phosphorus, nitrogen and, potassium. In the seedling period, tomato intensively consumes potassium and phosphorus, later nitrogen. Plants use nitrogen to form vegetative organs, especially in the period from sprouting to flowering. The consumption of phosphorus is mainly associated with the growth of the root system, fruits, and seeds. Potassium especially needed during the period of growth and maturation of fruits. Tomatoes also need other microelements: sulfur, iron, boron, manganese and others. To obtain a high yield, necessary to increase the concentration of carbon dioxide, which can improve by adding manure to the soil where tomatoes will grow. It considered that, essential to select organic materials instead of using synthetic fertilizers in organic vegetable growing to increase soil productivity. That is why green manure, composts, and other organic fertilizers should use in the cultivation of organic vegetables [1]. Manure is an environmentally friendly and economically beneficial organic fertilizer. In experiments carried out using sandy soil, with the addition of organic fertilizers, plant growth markedly accelerated in comparison with control plants [2,3]. Organic fertilizers also neutralized the acidity of the soil, [3] and increased the activity of catalase [5]. The addition of various stimulants improves the quality of the crop [6], stress tolerance [7]. It is known that calcium is one of the necessary elements for the growth and development of plants, and it also removes the toxic effect of harmful ions for plants, such as sodium ions. In earlier studies it was shown that providing additional Ca has reduced some of the detrimental effects of Na on tomato and other crops. [8,9].
Based on this, the purpose of our studies was to study the effect of manure and CaCO 3 on the growth, photosynthesis and productivity of different varieties of tomatoes.

Material and methods
The object of study was six varieties of tomatoes, grown under the conditions of a greenhouse and open ground. The manure was applied with the calculation of 500 g and CaCO 3 (chopped eggshell) 50 g per 1 m 2 of soil. In the phases of plant development, leaf samples were taken to determine the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids. The efficiency of the photosystem (F v /F m ) was determined using a photosynthesis analyzer (PAM, Germany). The activity of photosystem 2 (PS 2) was determined on the polarograph (OH103) by releasing oxygen using the Clark electrode [10].
The content of chlorophylls and carotenoids was determined on the spectrophotometer (Multiscan GO, Germany) by trituration the leaves in 80% acetone, measuring the absorption at 645, 663, and 440, using the Wettstein and Arnon coefficients [11]. Data analysis and statistical analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis was performed with the aid of the Statgraphics Plus 5.1 statistical package. The means of values were compared by Duncan's multiple range test (p = 0.05).

Results and discussion
The results of experiments on the effect of manure on the content of photosynthetic pigments and on fluorescence parameters are shown in Table 1.
As can be seen from Table 1, manure positively affects the content of chlorophyll a + b and carotenoids. The ratio a / b is increased, which indicates an accelerated synthesis of chlorophyll a. The manure also contributed to an increase in the activity of the photosynthetic apparatus of tomatoes (Figure). Activity photosystem 2 increased by 65% in Tolstoy, which markedly exceeded the activity of plants of other varieties. To measure the physiological state of plants on whole leaves, the values of the ratio F v / F m measured. As can be seen from the table, the values of F v /F m in control and experimental plants are significantly different. Inter variety differences are also observed. Our data are consistent with generally accepted opinions that the values of the parameter F v /F m above 0.74 reflect the favorable state of the plants.
To study the effect of calcium on the growth and development of tomatoes, we used a chopped eggshell as the organic calcium. The results of experiments obtained using organic calcium are given in figure.
According and micro nutrients as well as enhances the physical and chemical properties of the soil; this led to its high vegetative growth. The nonsignificant difference observed in the treatments supplied with goat and cow dung with control treatment could be either there were some nutrients already present in the soil or the plants need were satisfied with the quantity of nutrients present in the soil. Tomato grown on poultry manure and sown at the right time performed better in terms of the height of the plant than the other sources of organic manure and sowing date. This shows that poultry manure was readily available and in the best form for easy absorption by the plant roots, hence there was a boost in the morphological growth of the plant.
The obtained results corroborated the finding of in okra production in which they reported that organic manure, especially poultry manure, could increase the length of crops when compare to other sources of manures and sowing dates. The increase in the number of leaves plant with organic fertilizer application and sowing date stressed ОВОЩЕВОДСТВО its importance during the vegetative growth of crop plants.
The non-significant effect of manure sources on fruit length could be due to the impact of these sources of organic manure on enhancing vegetative growth. All the nutrients supplied by the different manure sources might diverted to vegetative growth. This could be due to their bulkiness and higher amount of nutrients already present in the soil could contribute to this phenomenon. Organic fertilizer affected the morphometric parameters of plants stem diameter, wet weight of the aboveground part of plants ( Table 2). As seen from the table, there are differences between the varieties. The tomato variety Tolstoy has the highest morphometric parameters. Our studies have shown that the application of organic fertilizer has unequivocally increased the growth, the diameter of the stem, the wet weight of the aboveground and underground parts, as well as the productivity of tomatoes. According to the literature data, organic fertilizer improves the water potential of the soil, facilitates the entry of elements of mineral nutrition into the roots of plants (5). During drought, manure prevents evaporation of water and promotes moisture retention in soil capillaries around the root system of plants. In drought conditions, varietal characteristics are also revealed: some varieties use mineral elements more intensively, others more slowly.
In our experiments, the Volgograd and Tolstoy varieties were the most intense, which, under identical conditions of supply with organic fertilizer, yielded a higher yield of tomatoes.

Conclusion
When growing six different varieties of tomatoes with the introduction of organic fertilizer, the most productive were the varieties Tolstoy and Volgograd, which can use in breeding for obtaining more highly productive types.