Field and laboratory studies of drought resistance of local and introduced common wheat genotype (Triticum aestivum L.)

Актуальность и методы. В исследование были включены 32 (материалы из отдела «Зерновые и зерновые и Института генетических ресурсов НАНА) центр улучшения кукурузы и пшеницы). Всего 57 образцов Triticum aestivum L. Количество хлорофилла в листьях условиях засухи учитывали L.,


Introduction
In recent years, the global population and the global climate and environmental changes are also experiencing a growing demand for food. In this regard, ensuring food security has become a universal problem [5]. The solution to this problem plays an important role in meeting the demand for wheat from the priority plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Cultural wheat varieties, on the basis of their nutritional value, cover more than 20% of the daily calorie and protein content in the food introduction [1]. At present, the production of wheat and its position in the world market are crucial in ensuring food security of the countries, and the total cultivated area of this plant is more than 220 million hectares [7].
There are a number of factors affecting the growth and development of wheat plant, including the extreme factor of drought, which can result in changes in the organism of the wheat plant morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels, leading to its retardation and consequently its high productivity. As a result of the current climate change, the drought is becoming more and more active in the globalized world, expanding its reach and covering more areas over the next 30-90 years [9]. The main reason for the decrease in wheat productivity due to the stress of drought is the most negative effect on the leaves in vegetative organisms, because photosynthetic activity in wheat plant is mainly absorbed by the surface of the leaf [8]. As a result of the drought, the turgor process in the wheat plant weakens, the plasmolysis situation occurs when the mouths are either completely closed or opened in an unflattering state, thus disrupting normal processes such as photosynthesis, which directly affect grain productivity.Also, the water deficiency can negatively affect the biochemical processes involved in the photosynthesis process, thus preventing CO 2 from free entering the mouths.Initial products produced during photosynthesis cannot be transmitted to other organs because of the effects of drought, accumulate in leaves and cause disorders [10]. The drought caused by climate change is caused by the drought, which occurs at the stage of soft wheat production, as well as in other countries, leading to significant crop losses in Azerbaijan. Therefore, the creation of drought-resistant soft wheat varieties is of particular importance for Azerbaijan.
The main purpose of the research to identify changes in the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf due to the effects of drought stress of wheat plant in field and laboratory conditions and revealing highly productive genotypes that are drought-resistant.

Materials and methods
The study used 57 varieties of wheat with different biological characteristics, 32 of which are local, including materials from the "Grain and Grain and Bean Crops" department of the Institute of Genetic Resources of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 25 of which are introduced CIMMYT(International Center for Corn and Wheat Improvement)-from autumn soft wheat variety (Table). In field conditions, the study material was scattered at 50 wheat from each specimen corresponding to the requirements of the international descriptor, with a seed distance of 4 cm and a line distance of 25 cm.
In the study, the amount of chlorophyll in leaves irrigated under field conditions and in drought conditions was measured using SPAD 502 Plus (Spectrum Technologies, USA), developed based on the Inada method (Inada, 1965. Minolta, 1989). In each sample, measurements were made in the middle of the last sowing leaf of 10 plants.

ЗАЩИТА РАСТЕНИЙ
Measurement of chlorophyll content in the leaves of the samples was performed each five days for three times, starting with the wheat spike phase. In the laboratory, 100 seeds were counted, transferred to sterile petri dishes and placed on a thermostat with a temperature of 220C,20-30 leaves, 10-15 cm long, stumbled slightly and weighed 6 pounds per 100 mg,10 ml of 96% ethyl alcohol was added on 3 weight and 20atm pressure sucrose solution was added over the other 3 weight and stored at 240C for one day. The leaf particles in the sucrose solution were then removed from the solution and dried with filter paper and added 10 96% ethyl alcohol. After completely moving the chlorophyll to alcohol, the volume of alcohol in the test bottle was 10 ml and the chlorophyll content was measured on a spectrophotometer at wavelengths of chlorophyll "a", 665 nm, chlorophyll "b" 649 nm [9]. The SPSS analysis software was used as a statistical method.

Conclusions and their discussion
A comparative study of the amount of chlorophyll pigment, the main photosynthetic pigment of chloroplasts, has been studied in the collection of photosynthetic productivity, which is important in the formation of productivity in local and intra-soft wheat samples studied under normal and drought conditions. The data collected was checked in the statistical program. Mirbashir 128, Durdane, Akinchi 84, Giymetli, Saba,Shafaq 2, Yegane, Gobustan, Murov 2, Zubkov, MV06-02, TX96V2847, MG, Azeri, S1915 and Karahan varieties have been shown to be resistant to the effects of drought stress, and they have a high effect by changing the amount of chlorophyll to 50.0-56.1. In general, an increase in total chlorophyll content in the leaf is a reaction of plants to their thirst. As a result of the drought stress, the assimilation surface area of the soft wheat genotypes leaves, the dry biomass, the permeability of the mouths, and finally the slowdown of the transpiration process, resulted in a reduction in the amount of chlorophyll on the leaves of 71.9% samples .
Diagnostic methods used to determine the resistance of plants to drought stress contribute to the detection of changes in the amount of chlorophyll (a + b) in leaves. In laboratory conditions, 53.0% of wheat samples were exposed to chlorophyll reduction due to drought. Drought under stress has a significant negative impact on the normal course of photosynthesis, which plays an important role in the productivity gains and has shown a decrease in the performance of the elements. There was a significant increase in the amount of chlorophyll (a + b) caused by drought in 47.0% of the samples in the study, which allows for high yields, which are considered droughtresistant samples.
The tolerance index was calculated in both conditions based on changes in the chlorophyll content, and a dendogram was generated using the SPSS statistical software (Fig. 1, 2).
In the cluster, genotypes are divided into four ( Figure  1) and five ( Figure 2) groups for drought resistance. In both conditions, genotypes occurring in the first cluster are genotypes resistant to drought stress. In the second cluster, localized samples were evaluated as relatively drought-resistant species. In another cluster, there was a sharp decrease in the amount of chlorophyll in the leaves of localized varieties, which were recorded as droughtresistant varieties.
According to the results of the research, photosynthesis of high-yielding varieties of plants is of great importance, since photosynthesis plays an important role in the accumulation of biological products of plants and the Fig. 1-2. Classification of wheat samples based on changes in the amount of chlorophyll caused by drought under field ( Figure 1) and laboratory ( Figure 2)