vetpressАграрная наукаAgrarian science0869-81552686-701XРедакция журнала "Аграрная наука"10.32634/0869-8155-2021-345-2-16-20vetpress-1490Research ArticleЭПИЗООТОЛОГИЯEPIZOOTOLOGYПонимание и интерпретация диагностики РРСС в контексте «стадий заболевания»Understanding and interpreting a PRRS diagnosis in the context of “disease stages”Хенао-ДиазА.Henao-DiazaA.

Амес.

Alexandra Henao-Diaza.

Ames, IA 50011.

ДжибДж.JibJ.

Амес.

Ju Jib.

Ames, IA 50011.

Хименес-ЛиролааЛ.Gimenez-LirolaaL.

Амес.

Luis Gimenez-Lirolaa.

Ames, IA 50011.

БаумаД. Х.BaumaD. H.

Амес.

David H. Bauma.

Ames, IA 50011.

ЦиммерманДж.ZimmermanJ.

Амес.

Jeffrey Zimmerman.

Ames, IA 50011.

Отдел ветеринарной диагностики и медицины продуктивных животных, Университет штата АйоваСоединённые Штаты АмерикиDepartment of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityUnited StatesОтдел статистики колледжа искусств и науки, Университет штата Айова СШАСоединённые Штаты АмерикиDepartment of Statistics, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Iowa State UniversityUnited States202106042021021620Copyright © Хенао-Диаз А., Джиб Д., Хименес-Лиролаа Л., Баума Д.Х., Циммерман Д., 20212021Хенао-Диаз А., Джиб Д., Хименес-Лиролаа Л., Баума Д.Х., Циммерман Д.Henao-Diaza A., Jib J., Gimenez-Lirolaa L., Bauma D.H., Zimmerman J.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/1490

В статье рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с эффективностью диагностики персистирующих инфекций. На примере РРСС обсуждается взаимосвязь между «стадиями заболевания» и «стадиями диагностики» на основе мета-анализа данных результатов диагностических исследований (n = 4307 результатов), представленных в реферированных научных работах для понимания ключевых моментов. Несмотря на продолжающееся усовершенствование методов диагностики, ни один из них по отдельности не может быть признан единственно правильным решением: выбор типа образца и теста для исследования зависит от конкретной поставленной задачи. В большинстве случаев для установления истинной картины эпизоотии необходимо использовать несколько методов исследования и/или типов образцов.

The article discusses issues related to the effectiveness of diagnostics of persistent infections. Using PRRS as an example, the relationship between “disease stages” and “diagnostic stages” is discussed on the basis of a meta-analysis of data from diagnostic studies (n = 4307 results) presented in refereed scientific papers to understand the key points. Despite the ongoing improvement of diagnostic methods, none of them individually can be recognized as the only correct decision: the choice of the type of sample and test for research depends on the specific task. In most cases, to establish the true picture of an epizootic, it is necessary to use several research methods and / or types of samples.

РРССИФАдиагностикаэтапы болезниPRRSELISAdiagnosticsstages of the diseaseReferencesMolina, R.M., 2008. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus understanding and managing persistent infection. In: Iowa State Univ. PhD Thesis, Iowa State University, Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine.Molina, R.M., 2008. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus understanding and managing persistent infection. In: Iowa State Univ. PhD Thesis, Iowa State University, Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine.Allende, R., Laegreid, W.W., Kutish, G.F., Galeota, J.A., Wills, R.W., Osorio, F.A., 2000.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus description of persistence in individual pigs upon experimental infection. J. Virol. 74, 10834-10837. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.22.10834-10837.2000.Allende, R., Laegreid, W.W., Kutish, G.F., Galeota, J.A., Wills, R.W., Osorio, F.A., 2000.Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus description of persistence in individual pigs upon experimental infection. J. Virol. 74, 10834-10837. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.74.22.10834-10837.2000.Beran, G.W., Davies, E.B., Arambulo, P.V., Will, L.A., Hill, H.T., Rock, D.L., 1980. Persistence of pseudorabies virus in infected swine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176, 998-1000.Beran, G.W., Davies, E.B., Arambulo, P.V., Will, L.A., Hill, H.T., Rock, D.L., 1980. Persistence of pseudorabies virus in infected swine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 176, 998-1000.Christopher-Hennings, J., Nelson, E.A., Hines, R.J., Nelson, J.K., Swenson, S.L.,Zimmerman, J.J., Chase, C.C.L., Yaeger, M.J., Benfield, D.A., 1995. Persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in serum and semen of adult boars. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 7, 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700406.Christopher-Hennings, J., Nelson, E.A., Hines, R.J., Nelson, J.K., Swenson, S.L.,Zimmerman, J.J., Chase, C.C.L., Yaeger, M.J., Benfield, D.A., 1995. Persistence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in serum and semen of adult boars. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 7, 456-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700406.Christopher-Hennings, J., Nelson, E., Nelson, J., Rossow, K., Shivers, J., Yaeger, M.,Chase, C., Garduno, R., Collins, J., Benfield, D., 1998. Identification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in semen and tissues from vasectomized and nonvasectomized boars. Vet. Pathol. 35, 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500404.Christopher-Hennings, J., Nelson, E., Nelson, J., Rossow, K., Shivers, J., Yaeger, M.,Chase, C., Garduno, R., Collins, J., Benfield, D., 1998. Identification of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in semen and tissues from vasectomized and nonvasectomized boars. Vet. Pathol. 35, 260-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/030098589803500404.Christopher-Hennings, J., Holler, L.D., Benfield, D.A., Nelson, E.A., 2001. Detection and duration of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in semen, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tissues from Yorkshire, Hampshire and Landrace boars. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 142, 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870101300207.Christopher-Hennings, J., Holler, L.D., Benfield, D.A., Nelson, E.A., 2001. Detection and duration of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in semen, serum, peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tissues from Yorkshire, Hampshire and Landrace boars. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 142, 133-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870101300207.Henao-Diaz, Y.A., Gimenez-Lirola, L., Poonsuk, K., Cheng, T.-Y.T.-Y.Y., Wang, C., Ji, J.,Baum, D.H.D.H., Main, R.G., Zimmerman, J.J., 2018. Effect of chemical clarification of oral fluids on the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus IgG. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 30, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638718789220.Henao-Diaz, Y.A., Gimenez-Lirola, L., Poonsuk, K., Cheng, T.-Y.T.-Y.Y., Wang, C., Ji, J.,Baum, D.H.D.H., Main, R.G., Zimmerman, J.J., 2018. Effect of chemical clarification of oral fluids on the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus IgG. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 30, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/1040638718789220.Horter, D.C., Pogranichniy, R.M., Chang, C.-C., Evans, R.B., Yoon, K.-J., Zimmerman, J.J., 2002. Characterization of the carrier state in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet. Microbiol. 86, 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00013-5.Horter, D.C., Pogranichniy, R.M., Chang, C.-C., Evans, R.B., Yoon, K.-J., Zimmerman, J.J., 2002. Characterization of the carrier state in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection. Vet. Microbiol. 86, 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00013-5.Kittawornrat, A., Prickett, J., Chittick, W., Wang, C., Engle, M., Johnson, J., Patnayak, D., Schwartz, T., Whitney, D., Olsen, C., Schwartz, K., Zimmerman, J., 2010. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in serum and oral fluid samples from individual boars. Will oral fluid replace serum for PRRSV surveillance? Virus Res. 154, 170-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.025.Kittawornrat, A., Prickett, J., Chittick, W., Wang, C., Engle, M., Johnson, J., Patnayak, D., Schwartz, T., Whitney, D., Olsen, C., Schwartz, K., Zimmerman, J., 2010. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in serum and oral fluid samples from individual boars. Will oral fluid replace serum for PRRSV surveillance? Virus Res. 154, 170-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.025.Kittawornrat, A., Engle, M., Panyasing, Y., Olsen, C., Schwartz, K., Rice, A., Lizano, S., Wang, C., Zimmerman, J., 2013. Kinetics of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) humoral immune response in swine serum and oral fluids collected from individual boars. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-61.Kittawornrat, A., Engle, M., Panyasing, Y., Olsen, C., Schwartz, K., Rice, A., Lizano, S., Wang, C., Zimmerman, J., 2013. Kinetics of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) humoral immune response in swine serum and oral fluids collected from individual boars. BMC Vet. Res. 9, 61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-61.Lopez, O.J., Osorio, F.A., 2004. Role of neutralizing antibodies in PRRSV protective immunity. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 102, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.005.Lopez, O.J., Osorio, F.A., 2004. Role of neutralizing antibodies in PRRSV protective immunity. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 102, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.005.Loving, C.L., Osorio, F.A., Murtaugh, M.P., Zuckermann, F.A., 2015. Innate and adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 167, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.003.Loving, C.L., Osorio, F.A., Murtaugh, M.P., Zuckermann, F.A., 2015. Innate and adaptive immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 167, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.07.003.MacLachlan, N.J., Dubovi, E.J., 2017. Pathogenesis of viral infections and diseases. In: MacLachlan, N.J., Dubovi, E.J. (Eds.), Fenner's Veterinary Virology, pp. 47-78.https://doi.org/10.1016/ b978-0-12-800946-8.00003-9.MacLachlan, N.J., Dubovi, E.J., 2017. Pathogenesis of viral infections and diseases. In: MacLachlan, N.J., Dubovi, E.J. (Eds.), Fenner's Veterinary Virology, pp. 47-78.https://doi.org/10.1016/ b978-0-12-800946-8.00003-9.Molina, R.M., Cha, S.H., Chittick, W., Lawson, S., Murtaugh, M.P., Nelson, E.A., Christopher-Hennings, J., Yoon, K.J., Evans, R., Rowland, R.R.R., Zimmerman, J.J., 2008. Immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during acute and chronic infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 126, 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.002.Molina, R.M., Cha, S.H., Chittick, W., Lawson, S., Murtaugh, M.P., Nelson, E.A., Christopher-Hennings, J., Yoon, K.J., Evans, R., Rowland, R.R.R., Zimmerman, J.J., 2008. Immune response against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during acute and chronic infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 126, 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.08.002.Nathues, H., Alarcon, P., Rushton, J., Jolie, R., Fiebig, K., Jimenez, M., Geurts, V., Nathues, C., 2017. Cost of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at individual farm level – an economic disease model. Prev. Vet. Med. 142, 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.006.Nathues, H., Alarcon, P., Rushton, J., Jolie, R., Fiebig, K., Jimenez, M., Geurts, V., Nathues, C., 2017. Cost of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at individual farm level – an economic disease model. Prev. Vet. Med. 142, 16–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.04.006.Panyasing, Y., Kedkovid, R., Thanawongnuwech, R., Kittawornrat, A., Ji, J., Gimenez-Lirola, L., Zimmerman, J., 2018. Effective surveillance for early classical swine fever virus detection will utilize both virus and antibody detection capabilities. Vet. Microbiol. 216, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.020.Panyasing, Y., Kedkovid, R., Thanawongnuwech, R., Kittawornrat, A., Ji, J., Gimenez-Lirola, L., Zimmerman, J., 2018. Effective surveillance for early classical swine fever virus detection will utilize both virus and antibody detection capabilities. Vet. Microbiol. 216, 72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.020.Pepin, B.J., Kittawornrat, A., Liu, F., Gauger, P.C.P., Harmon, K., Abate, S., Main, R.,Garton, C., Hargrove, J., Rademacher, C., Ramirez, A., Zimmerman, J., 2015. Comparison of specimens for detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in boar studs. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 62, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12135.Pepin, B.J., Kittawornrat, A., Liu, F., Gauger, P.C.P., Harmon, K., Abate, S., Main, R.,Garton, C., Hargrove, J., Rademacher, C., Ramirez, A., Zimmerman, J., 2015. Comparison of specimens for detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in boar studs. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 62, 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12135.Poonsuk, K., Gimenez-Lirola, L., Zimmerman, J.J., 2018. A review of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) testing in livestock with an emphasis on the use of alternative diagnostic specimens. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 19, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252318000063.Poonsuk, K., Gimenez-Lirola, L., Zimmerman, J.J., 2018. A review of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) testing in livestock with an emphasis on the use of alternative diagnostic specimens. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 19, 100–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252318000063.Prickett, J., Simer, R., Christopher-Hennings, J., Yoon, K.-J., Evans, R.B., Zimmerman, J.J., 2008. Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in porcine oral fluid samples a longitudinal study under experimental conditions. J. Vet. Diagnostic Investig. 20, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000203.Prickett, J., Simer, R., Christopher-Hennings, J., Yoon, K.-J., Evans, R.B., Zimmerman, J.J., 2008. Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection in porcine oral fluid samples a longitudinal study under experimental conditions. J. Vet. Diagnostic Investig. 20, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870802000203.Reicks, D.L., Munoz-Zanzi, C., Rossow, K., 2006. Sampling of adult boars during early infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus for testing by polymerase chain reaction using a new blood collection technique (blood-swab method). J. Swine Heal. Prod 14, 258–264.Reicks, D.L., Munoz-Zanzi, C., Rossow, K., 2006. Sampling of adult boars during early infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus for testing by polymerase chain reaction using a new blood collection technique (blood-swab method). J. Swine Heal. Prod 14, 258–264.Rovira, A., Clement, T., Christopher-Hennings, J., Thompson, B., Engle, M., Reicks, D.,Munoz-Zanzi, C.A., 2007. Evaluation of the sensitivity of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on individual and pooled. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 19, 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900507.Rovira, A., Clement, T., Christopher-Hennings, J., Thompson, B., Engle, M., Reicks, D.,Munoz-Zanzi, C.A., 2007. Evaluation of the sensitivity of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on individual and pooled. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 19, 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870701900507.Rowland, R.R.R., Lawson, S., Rossow, K., Benfield, D.A., 2003. Lymphoid tissue tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication during persistent infection of pigs originally exposed to virus in utero. Vet. Microbiol. 96, 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.006.Rowland, R.R.R., Lawson, S., Rossow, K., Benfield, D.A., 2003. Lymphoid tissue tropism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication during persistent infection of pigs originally exposed to virus in utero. Vet. Microbiol. 96, 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.07.006.Sattler, T., Wodak, E., Revilla-Fernndez, S., Schmoll, F., 2014. Comparison of different commercial ELISAs for detection of antibodies against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus in serum. BMC Vet. Res. 10, 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0300-x.Sattler, T., Wodak, E., Revilla-Fernndez, S., Schmoll, F., 2014. Comparison of different commercial ELISAs for detection of antibodies against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus in serum. BMC Vet. Res. 10, 300. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-014-0300-x.Thurmond, M.C., 2003. Conceptual foundations for infectious disease surveillance. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 15, 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500601.Thurmond, M.C., 2003. Conceptual foundations for infectious disease surveillance. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 15, 501–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500601.Trevisan, G., Linhares, L.C.M., Crim, B., Dubey, P., Schwartz, K.J., Burrough, E.R., Main, R.G., Sundberg, P., Thurn, M., Lages, P.T.F., Corzo, C.A., Torrison, J., Henningson, J.,Herrman, E., Hanzlicek, G.A., Raghavan, R., Marthaler, D., Greseth, J., Clement, T.,Christopher-Hennings, J., Linhares, D.C.L., 2019.Macroepidemiological aspects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus detection by major United States veterinary diagnostic laboratories over time, age group, and specimen. PLoSOne 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223544.Trevisan, G., Linhares, L.C.M., Crim, B., Dubey, P., Schwartz, K.J., Burrough, E.R., Main, R.G., Sundberg, P., Thurn, M., Lages, P.T.F., Corzo, C.A., Torrison, J., Henningson, J.,Herrman, E., Hanzlicek, G.A., Raghavan, R., Marthaler, D., Greseth, J., Clement, T.,Christopher-Hennings, J., Linhares, D.C.L., 2019.Macroepidemiological aspects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus detection by major United States veterinary diagnostic laboratories over time, age group, and specimen. PLoSOne 14, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223544.Wasilk, A., Callahan, J.D., Fang, Y., Dammen, M., Reos, M.E., Torremorell, M.,Mellencamp, M., Nelson, E., Nelson, W.M., 2004. Detection of U.S, Lelystad, and European-Like Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses and relative quantitation in boar semen and serum samples by real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 4453–4461. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.10.4453.Wasilk, A., Callahan, J.D., Fang, Y., Dammen, M., Reos, M.E., Torremorell, M.,Mellencamp, M., Nelson, E., Nelson, W.M., 2004. Detection of U.S, Lelystad, and European-Like Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses and relative quantitation in boar semen and serum samples by real-time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 4453–4461. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.10.4453.Wills, R.W., Zimmerman, J.J., Yoon, K.-J.J., Swenson, S.L., Hoffman, L.J., McGinley, M.J.,Hill, H.T., Platt, K.B., ChristopherHennings, J., Nelson, E.A., Hoffman, L.J.,McGinley, M.J., Hill, H.T., Platt, K.B., 1997. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virusa persistent infection. Vet. Microbiol. 57, 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00079-5.Wills, R.W., Zimmerman, J.J., Yoon, K.-J.J., Swenson, S.L., Hoffman, L.J., McGinley, M.J.,Hill, H.T., Platt, K.B., ChristopherHennings, J., Nelson, E.A., Hoffman, L.J.,McGinley, M.J., Hill, H.T., Platt, K.B., 1997. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virusa persistent infection. Vet. Microbiol. 57, 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00079-5.Wills, R.W., Doster, A.R., Galeota, J.A., Sur, J.-H., Osorio, F.A., 2003. Duration of infection and proportion of pigs persistently infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.1.58.Wills, R.W., Doster, A.R., Galeota, J.A., Sur, J.-H., Osorio, F.A., 2003. Duration of infection and proportion of pigs persistently infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.41.1.58.Zimmerman, J., Yoon, K.-J., 2003. PRRSV compendium, Second. ed. National Pork Board. National Pork Board, Des Moines.Zimmerman, J., Yoon, K.-J., 2003. PRRSV compendium, Second. ed. National Pork Board. National Pork Board, Des Moines.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.