<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpress</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Аграрная наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Agrarian science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-8155</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-701X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Редакция журнала "Аграрная наука"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32634/0869-8155-2022-364-11-141-146</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpress-2378</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АГРОИНЖЕНЕРИЯ И ПИЩЕВЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AGROENGINEERING AND FOOD TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Мобильные измерительные системы как инструмент для достоверного определения параметров экстерьера животных, живой массы и установления их взаимосвязи с интенсивностью роста</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mobile measuring systems as a tool for reliable measuring of the parameters of the exterior of animals, live weight and establishing their correlation with the intensity of growth</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6662-2414</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Батанов</surname><given-names>С. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Batanov</surname><given-names>S. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор, профессор кафедры технологии переработки  продукции животноводства </p><p>ул. Студенческая, 11, Ижевск, Удмуртская Республика, 426069, Российская Федерация </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Technology for Processing Livestock Products</p><p>11, Student str., Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426069, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stepanbatanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старостина</surname><given-names>О. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starostina</surname><given-names>O. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент,  доцент кафедры технологии переработки продукции животноводства </p><p>ул. Студенческая, 11, Ижевск, Удмуртская Республика, 426069, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Technology for Processing Livestock Products </p><p>11, Student str., Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426069, Russian Federation </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-2889</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Баранова</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baranova</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент кафедры «Автоматизированный электропривод» </p><p>ул. Студенческая, 11, Ижевск, Удмуртская Республика, 426069, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department "Automated Electric Drive" </p><p>11, Student str., Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426069, Russian Federation </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лекомцев</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lekomtsev</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> глава КФХ </p><p>ул. Северная, д. 5а, д. Митино, Глазовский район,  Удмуртская Республика, 427612, Российская Федерация </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Head of KFH</p><p>Severnaya str., 5a, Mitino village, Glazovsky district, Udmurt Republic, 427612, Russian Federation </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дьякин</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dyakin</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> технолог цеха откорма КРС </p><p>ул. Воткинское шоссе, д. 128а, кв. 78, Ижевск,  Удмуртская Республика, 426025, Российская Федерация </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>technologist of the cattle fattening shop</p><p>Votkinskoe shosse str., 128a, sq. 78, Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic, 426025, Russian Federation </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0349-5825</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>V. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой морфологии, акушерства и терапии </p><p>ул. К. Маркса, д. 29, Чебоксары, Чувашская Республика, 428003, Российская Федерация </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Morphology, Medicine and Therapy</p><p>29, K. Marx str., Cheboksary, Chuvash Republic, 428003, Russian Federation </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">semenov_v.g@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Ижевская государственная сельскохозяйственная академия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ИП КФХ Лекомцев Максим Михайлович<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">IP KFH Lekomtsev Maxim Mikhailovich<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">ИП КФХ Лекомцева Александра Александровна<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">IP KFH Lekomtseva Alexandra Alexandrovna<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Чувашский государственный аграрный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Chuvash State Agrarian University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>1</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>141</fpage><lpage>146</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Батанов С.Д., Старостина О.С., Баранова И.А., Лекомцев М.М., Дьякин С.И., Семенов В.Г., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Батанов С.Д., Старостина О.С., Баранова И.А., Лекомцев М.М., Дьякин С.И., Семенов В.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Batanov S.D., Starostina O.S., Baranova I.A., Lekomtsev M.M., Dyakin S.I., Semenov V.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/2378">https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/2378</self-uri><abstract><p>Актуальность. Точный мониторинг живой массы животных дает важную информацию о состоянии здоровья, прогнозируемом возрасте снятия с откорма и сроках реализации скота. Однако взвешивание животных на всех этапах является процессом трудоемким, небезопасным для животноводов, и к тому же вызывает стресс у скота. Для преодоления этих проблем необходимо создание неинвазивных механизмов взвешивания. По результатам экспериментальных исследований разработан метод определения живой массы, основанный на сверхточных нейронных сетях, применяемых к глубинным изображениям животных.Методы. Научные исследования проводились в 2021–2022 гг. в КФХ Лекомцева М.М. Глазовского района Удмуртской Республики. Объем выборочной совокупности животных составил 78 бычков, выращиваемых на мясо, и 75 телок, выращиваемых на ремонт стада. Все животные были распределены на три группы в зависимости от происхождения: 1-я группа — бычки (n = 27) и телочки (n = 25) черно-пестрой породы; 2-я группа — бычки (n = 25) и телочки (n = 25) абердин-ангусской породы; 3-я группа — помесные бычки (n = 26) и телочки (n = 25) первого поколения, полученные при скрещивании коров черно-пестрой породы с быками-производителями абердин-ангусской породы. Интенсивность роста изучали по показателям живой массы и среднесуточных приростов. Животных взвешивали на электронных весах. Экстерьер оценивали по следующим промерам: высота в холке, прямая длина туловища, глубина груди, ширина груди, ширина зада в маклоках, ширина зада в седалищных буграх, прямая длина тазобедренной области, обхват пясти. Экстерьерные параметры были определены метод обработки изображений, полученных с помощью сенсора глубины Structure Sensor 3D.Результаты. Выявлены биологическая закономерность формирования экстерьерно-конституциональных особенностей крупного рогатого скота в возрастной динамике и тесная взаимосвязь между параметрами телосложения и интенсивностью роста, которые дают основание полагать, что полученные расчетным путем величины индекса массы тела (у телок — 0,34–0,35, бычков — 0,28–0,29) могут быть использованы как коэффициенты прогноза живой массы молодняка, при этом исключается трудоемкий процесс взвешивания.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Relevance. Accurate monitoring of the live weight of animals provides important information about the state of health, the predicted age of removal from fattening and the timing of the sale of livestock. However, weighing animals at all stages is a time-consuming process, unsafe for livestock breeders; it also causes stress to livestock. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to create non-invasive weighing mechanisms. Based on the results of experimental studies, a method for determining live weight based on ultra-precise neural networks applied to deep images of animals has been developed.Methods. Scientific research was carried out in 2021–2022 in the KFH Lekomtsev M.M., Glazovsky district of the Udmurt Republic. The volume of the sample set of animals was 78 bulls raised for meat and 75 heifers raised for herd repairs. All animals were divided into three groups depending on their origin: group 1 — bulls (n = 27) and heifers (n = 25) of the Black-and-White breed; group 2 — bulls (n =25) and heifers (n = 25) of the Aberdeen-Angus breed; group 3 — crossbred bulls (n = 26) and heifers (n = 25) of the first generation, obtained by crossing Black-and-White cows with bulls-producers of the Aberdeen-Angus breed. The intensity of growth was studied by indicators of live weight and average daily gains. The animals were weighed on electronic scales. The exterior was evaluated according to the following measurements: height at the withers, straight trunk length, chest depth, chest width, width of loin at hips, width of loin at pin bones, straight hip length, circumference of cannon bone. Exterior parameters were determined by the method of processing images obtained using a depth sensor Structure Sensor 3D.Results. The biological regularity of the formation of the exterior-constitutional features of cattle in age dynamics and the close correlation between the parameters of the physique and the intensity of growth have been revealed, which give reason to believe that the calculated values of the body mass index (in heifers — 0.34–0.35, bulls — 0.28–0.29) can be used as coefficients for predicting the live weight of young animals, excluding at the same time laborious weighing process.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>крупный рогатый скот</kwd><kwd>мобильные измерительные системы</kwd><kwd>экстерьер</kwd><kwd>живая масса</kwd><kwd>рост</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cattle</kwd><kwd>mobile measuring systems</kwd><kwd>exterior</kwd><kwd>live weight</kwd><kwd>height</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батанов С.Д., Баранова И.А., Старостина О.С. Разработка модели комплексной оценки экстерьера и продуктивности молочного скота с использованием цифровых технологий. Зоотехния. 2019; 7: p. 2-8 doi: 10.25708/ZT.2019.28.41.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batanov SD, Baranova IA and Starostina OS Development of a model of complex assessment of dairy cattle exterior and productivity using digital technologies. J.Zootechniya. 2019; 7: p. 2-8 doi: 10.25708/ZT.2019.28.41.001 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aytekin I, Eyduran E, Karadas K, Aksahat R and Keskin I Prediction of Fattening Final Live Weight from some Body Measurements and Fattening Period in Young Bulls of Crossbred and Exotic Breeds using MARS Data Mining Algorithm. Pakistan J. of zoology. 2018; 50(1): p.189-195 doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.1.189.195</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aytekin I, Eyduran E, Karadas K, Aksahat R and Keskin I Prediction of Fattening Final Live Weight from some Body Measurements and Fattening Period in Young Bulls of Crossbred and Exotic Breeds using MARS Data Mining Algorithm. Pakistan J. of zoology. 2018; 50(1): p.189-195 doi: 10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.1.189.195</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vedmedenko OV The Effect of Genotypes and Paratype Factors on Cow Productivity. Podilian Bulletin Agriculture Engineering Economics. 2019. doi: 10.37406/2706-9052-2019-1-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vedmedenko OV The Effect of Genotypes and Paratype Factors on Cow Productivity. Podilian Bulletin Agriculture Engineering Economics. 2019. doi: 10.37406/2706-9052-2019-1-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milostivyi R and Chernenko O Correlations between Environmental Factors and Milk Production of Holstein Cows. Data. 2019; 4(104). doi:10.3390/data4030103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milostivyi R and Chernenko O Correlations between Environmental Factors and Milk Production of Holstein Cows. Data. 2019; 4(104). doi:10.3390/data4030103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karamfilov S Study on the exterior traits of cows of montbeliard Breed 1. Exterior measurements. J. of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans. 2014; 17(5): p. 1104-1115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karamfilov S Study on the exterior traits of cows of montbeliard Breed 1. Exterior measurements. J. of Mountain Agriculture on the Balkans. 2014; 17(5): p. 1104-1115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ляшенко В.В., Ситникова И.В. Оценка типа телосложения высокопродуктивных коров голштинской породы Нива Повожья. 2013; 3(28): p. 118-123.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyashenko VV and Sitnikova IV Assessment of body conformation type of highly-productive holstein cows. J. Niva Povolgiya. 2013; 3(28): p. 118-123 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karamaev S, Karamaeva A and Bakaeva L Features of the formation of the immune status in calves with different methods of feeding with colostrum. E3S Web of Conferences. (Voronezh: EDP Sciences). 2021: 02052. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202124402052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karamaev S, Karamaeva A and Bakaeva L Features of the formation of the immune status in calves with different methods of feeding with colostrum. E3S Web of Conferences. (Voronezh: EDP Sciences). 2021: 02052. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/202124402052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iwanowska A and Pospiech E Comparison of slaughter value and muscle properties of selected cattle breeds in Poland – Revue. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2010; 9(1): pp. 7-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iwanowska A and Pospiech E Comparison of slaughter value and muscle properties of selected cattle breeds in Poland – Revue. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria. 2010; 9(1): pp. 7-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Батанов С.Д., Корепанова Л.В. Формирование мясной продуктивности у черно-пестрых бычков и помесей второго поколения с герефордской породой. Зоотехния. 2013; 8: p. 20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batanov SD and Korepanova LV Formation of meat productivity at black-and-white bull-calves and crossbreeds of the second generation with hereford. J. Zootechniya. 2013; 8: p. 20. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donetskikh AG, Grikshas SA, Korenevskaya PA and Gurin AV Beef productivity of steers of different types of productivity. J. Glavnyi Zootechnik. 2022; 1(222): p. 10-18. doi: 10.33920/sel-03-2201-02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donetskikh AG, Grikshas SA, Korenevskaya PA and Gurin AV Beef productivity of steers of different types of productivity. J. Glavnyi Zootechnik. 2022; 1(222): p. 10-18. doi: 10.33920/sel-03-2201-02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов В.Н., Мазуров В.Н. Биологические особенности роста, развития и формирования мясной продуктивности у бычков разных генотипов Проблемы биологии продуктивных животных. 2009; 3: p. 76-83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov VN and Mazurov VN Biological characteristics of growth, development and formation of meat productivity in bulls of various genotypes. Problems of biology of productive animals. 2009; 3: p. 76-83. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Киселева М.В. Влияние антистрессовых препаратов и стимуляторов роста на мясную продуктивность бычков герефордской породы Зоотехния. 2008; 2: p. 21-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kiseleva MV Influence of antistress preparations and stimulants on meat production of hereford bullocks. J. Zootechniya. 2008; 2: p. 21-22. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tutkun M Estimation of live weight of holstein-friesian bulls by using body linear measurements. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 2019; 17(2): p.2257-2265. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1702_22572265</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tutkun M Estimation of live weight of holstein-friesian bulls by using body linear measurements. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 2019; 17(2): p.2257-2265. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1702_22572265</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacNeil MD, Berry DP, Clark SA, Crowley JJ and Scholtz MM Evaluation of partial body weight for predicting body weight and average daily gain in growing beef cattle. Translational Animal Science. 2021; 5(3). doi: 10.1093/tas/txab126</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacNeil MD, Berry DP, Clark SA, Crowley JJ and Scholtz MM Evaluation of partial body weight for predicting body weight and average daily gain in growing beef cattle. Translational Animal Science. 2021; 5(3). doi: 10.1093/tas/txab126</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meckbach C Tiesmeyer Vand Traulsen I Apromising approach to wards precise animal weight monitoring using convolutional neural networks. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2021; 183. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106056</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meckbach C Tiesmeyer Vand Traulsen I Apromising approach to wards precise animal weight monitoring using convolutional neural networks. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2021; 183. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106056</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Batanov SD, Baranova IA and Starostina OS Non-contact methods of cattle conformation assessment using mobile measuring systems. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 315: 032006 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/315/3/032006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Batanov SD, Baranova IA and Starostina OS Non-contact methods of cattle conformation assessment using mobile measuring systems. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 315: 032006 doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/315/3/032006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Суллер И.Л. Методы селекции сельскохозяйственных животных. Санкт-Петербург: Проспект Науки. 2017: p. 136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suller IL Breeding dairy cattle. Saint Petersburg: Prospect Nauki. 2017: p. 136. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstandoglo A, Foksha V, Stratan G and Stratan D Evaluation of the exterior of Holstein and Simmental primiparous cows. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. 2017; 60: p. 35-39.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstandoglo A, Foksha V, Stratan G and Stratan D Evaluation of the exterior of Holstein and Simmental primiparous cows. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. 2017; 60: p. 35-39.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brade W Body size of Holstein cows – A critical analysis from the point of view of breeding and animal welfare. Berichte uber Landwirtschaft. 2017; 95: 3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brade W Body size of Holstein cows – A critical analysis from the point of view of breeding and animal welfare. Berichte uber Landwirtschaft. 2017; 95: 3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
