vetpressАграрная наукаAgrarian science0869-81552686-701XРедакция журнала "Аграрная наука"10.32634/0869-8155-2024-381-4-54-58vetpress-3024Research ArticleЗООТЕХНИЯZOOTECHNICSМеханизм взаимодействия организма животного с микробиотой желудочно-кишечного тракта (обзор)The mechanism of interaction of the animal›s body with the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1159-0531ГречкинаВ. В.GrechkinaV. V.

Виктория Владимировна Гречкина, кандидат биологических наук

ул. 9 Января, 29, Оренбург, 460000

ул. Челюскинцев, 18, Оренбург,  460014

Viktoriya Vladimirovna Grechkina, Candidate of Biological Sciences

29 January 9th Str., Orenburg, 460000

Chelyuskintsev Str., Orenburg, 460014

Viktoria1985too@mail.ruШейдаЕ. В.SheidaE. V.

Елена Владимировна Шейда, кандидат биологических наук

ул. 9 Января, 29, Оренбург, 460000

пр. Победы, 13, Оренбург, 460018

   

Elena Vladimirovna Sheida, Candidate of Biological Sciences

29 January 9th Str., Orenburg, 460000

13 Pobedy Ave., Orenburg, 460018

   

elena-shejjda@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-7002КванО. В.KvanO. V.

Ольга Вилориевна Кван, кандидат биологических наук

ул. 9 Января, 29, Оренбург, 460000

пр. Победы, 13, Оренбург, 460018

Olga Vilorievna Kvan, Candidate of Biological Sciences

29 January 9th Str., Orenburg, 460000

13 Pobedy Ave., Orenburg, 460018

kwan111@yandex.ruФедеральный научный центр биологических систем и агротехнологий Российской академии наук; Оренбургский государственный аграрный университетРоссияFederal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Orenburg State Agrarian UniversityRussian FederationФедеральный научный центр биологических систем и агротехнологий Российской академии наук; Оренбургский государственный университетРоссияFederal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Orenburg State UniversityRussian Federation202424042024045458Copyright © Гречкина В.В., Шейда Е.В., Кван О.В., 20242024Гречкина В.В., Шейда Е.В., Кван О.В.Grechkina V.V., Sheida E.V., Kvan O.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/3024

Кишечник животных представляет собой сложную экосистему, состоящую из микробиома, клетокхозяев и питательных веществ. В кишечном тракте насчитываются около 100 трлн бактерий, которые формируют кишечную микробиоту. Они таксономически классифицируются по роду, семейству, порядку и типу. Микрофлора кишечника в основном состоит из шести типов: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria и Verrucomicrobia. Бактериоидеты и фирмикуты занимают доминирующее положение в кишечном тракте животных, играют ключевую роль в системе всасывания питательных веществ и способствуют укреплению кишечного барьера.

Цель представленного обзора — анализ микробиомы желудочно-кишечного тракта животных и факторов, влияющих на их биоразнообразие. Состав экосистемы микробного сообщества динамичен и зависит от многих факторов, включая гены, лекарства и кормление.  Изменения в рационе кормления могут вызывать временные сдвиги (в течение 24 часов) в большом количестве микроорганизмов. Отсюда следует, что кормление является жизненно важным регулятором кишечной микробиоты. Перспективы применения результатов исследования микробиот организма сельскохозяйственных животных очевидны, поскольку могут стать основой создания технологий, позволяющих корректировать нежелательные изменения микробиома животных, возникающие в качестве негативных последствий интенсификации высокопродуктивного сельскохозяйственного производства

The intestines of animals are a complex ecosystem consisting of a microbiome, host cells, and nutrients. There are about 100 trillion bacteria in the intestinal tract that form the intestinal microbiota. They are taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, and type. The intestinal microflora mainly consists of six types: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Bacterioidetes and firmicutes occupy a dominant position in the intestinal tract of animals and play a key role in the nutrient absorption system and help strengthen the intestinal barrier. The composition of the microbial community ecosystem is dynamic, and its composition depends on many factors including genes, medications, and feeding.

The purpose of this review is to analyze the microbiome of the gastrointestinal tract of animals and factors affecting their biodiversity. The composition of the microbial community ecosystem is dynamic and depends on many factors, including genes, medications, and feeding. Changes in the feeding diet can cause time shifts (within 24 hours) in a large number of microorganisms. It follows that feeding is also a vital regulator of the intestinal microbiota. The prospects for applying the results of the study of the microbiota of the body of farm animals are obvious, since they can become the basis for creating technologies that allow correcting undesirable changes in the microbiome of animals that arise as negative consequences of the intensification of highly productive agricultural production.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.