vetpressАграрная наукаAgrarian science0869-81552686-701XРедакция журнала "Аграрная наука"10.32634/0869-8155-2025-390-01-57-70vetpress-3405Research ArticleВЕТЕРИНАРИЯVETERINARY MEDICINEЛизосомальные катионные белки как основа клеточного и гуморального иммунитета животных: роль нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек в иммунном гомеостазе (обзор)Lysosomal cationic proteins as the basis of cellular and humoral immunity of animals: the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in immune homeostasis (review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2326-651XКолесникЕ. А.KolesnikE. A.

Евгений Анатольевич Колесник, доктор биологических наук, профессор кафедры физиологии, экологии человека и медико-биологических знаний

ул. Радио, 10А, стр. 2, Москва, 105005

Evgeniy Anatolyevich Kolesnik, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Physiology, Human Ecology and Medical and Biological Knowledge

10A/2 Radio Str., Moscow, 105005

evgeniy251082@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3818-0556ДерхоМ. А.DerkhoM. A.

Марина Аркадьевна Дерхо, доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой естественно-научных дисциплин

ул. им. Гагарина, 13, Троицк, 457100

Marina Arkadyevna Derkho, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Natural Sciences

13 Gagarin Str., Troitsk, 457100

derkho2010@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0857-5143РебезовМ. Б.RebezovM. B.

Максим Борисович Ребезов, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, кандидат ветеринарных наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник; доктор сельскохозяйственных наук, кандидат ветеринарных наук, профессор кафедры биотехнологии и пищевых продуктов

ул. им. Талалихина, 26, Москва, 109316

ул. им. Карла Либкнехта, 42, Екатеринбург, 620075

Maksim Borisovich Rebezov, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher; Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Professor of the Department of Biotechnology and Food Products

26 Talalikhin Str., Moscow, 109316

42 Karl Liebknecht Str., Yekaterinburg, 620075

rebezov@ya.ruГосударственный университет просвещенияРоссияFederal State University of EducationRussian FederationЮжно-Уральский государственный аграрный университетРоссияSouth Ural State Agrarian UniversityRussian FederationФедеральный научный центр пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова Российской академии наук ; Уральский государственный аграрный университетРоссияGorbatov Research Center for Food Systems ; Ural State Agrarian UniversityRussian Federation202528012025115770Copyright © Колесник Е.А., Дерхо М.А., Ребезов М.Б., 20252025Колесник Е.А., Дерхо М.А., Ребезов М.Б.Kolesnik E.A., Derkho M.A., Rebezov M.B.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/3405

Актуальность. Лизосомальные катионные белки (ЛКБ) гранулоцитарных лейкоцитов (эластаза, катепсин G, протеиназа-3, кальгранулин, кателицидины, дефензины, лактоферрин, протегрины) активны в отношении вирусов, бактерий, грибов, простейших. Отмечаются вопросы физиологических регуляторных, иммунных и патологических воздействий ЛКБ и их производных — нейтрофильных (гетерофильных) внеклеточных ловушек (НВЛ) — на патогены, здоровые клеточные и тканевые структуры организма.Результаты. Инкреция гранулоцитами ЛКБ реализуется: 1. мерокриновым типом — путем дегрануляции; 2. экзоцитозом и ложной дегрануляцией, то есть процессом декатионизации лизосом, содержащих гранулы катионных протеинов с апокриновым или голокриновым типом секреции. Декатионизация реализует экзоцитоз ЛКБ, экструзию из клетки интактных лизосом с ЛКБ, диффундирование ЛКБ через мембрану лизосом. Реакции дегрануляции лизосом с ЛКБ формируют фаголизосомы и инициируют фагоцитоз, реакции декатионизации лизосом с ЛКБ — обеспечивают формирование и функции НВЛ. НВЛ формируются нелитическим (нелизируемым) и литическим (лизируемым) путем при септическом и асептическом воспалении, при онтогенетическом развитии звеньев иммунитета. НВЛ стереотипно образуются внутрисосудисто при асептическом воспалении, оксидативном стрессе и в физиологическом режиме, при стимуляции гранулоцитов продуктами окислительного метаболизма. На модельном организме птиц (Aves) за счет применения цитохимического теста с высокочувствительным кислотно-щелочным бромфеноловым синим индикатором изучены субклеточные и клеточные проявления физиологической возрастной иммунной активности катионных протеинов кумулированных в лизосомах гранулоцитов, изучены неспецифические адаптационные реакции (НАР) позвоночных в раннем постнатальном онтогенезе. В основе формирования НАР реализуются взаимосвязи групп лейкоцитов (лимфоцитов, моноцитов и гранулоцитов) с динамикой их лизосомальных катионных белков. Метод расчета уровня активности и потенциальных возможностей гранулоцитов в фагоцитарных реакциях и при формировании НВЛ включает индексы, характеризующие направления и интенсивность иммунных реакций гранулоцитов с учетом процессов: 1. дегрануляции лизосом с ЛКБ — в инициации клеточного фагоцитарного звена; 2. декатионизации лизосом с ЛКБ — в инициации внеклеточных ловушек, участвующих в реализации гуморального звена иммунитета.

Relevance. Lysosomal cationic proteins (LCP) of granulocytic leukocytes: elastase, cathepsin G, proteinase-3, calgranulin, cathelicidins, defensins, lactoferrin, protegrins are active against viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa. The issues of physiological regulatory, immune and pathological effects of LCP and their derivatives – neutrophil (heterophil) extracellular traps (NETs) on pathogens, healthy cellular and tissue structures of the body are noted.Results. The increment of LCP granulocytes is realized by: 1. merocrine type — by degranulation; 2. exocytosis and false degranulation, that is, the process of decationization of lysosomes containing granules of cationic proteins with apocrine or holocrine type of secretion. Decationization implements exocytosis of LCP, extrusion of intact lysosomes from the cell with LCP, and diffusion of LCP through the lysosome membrane. Lysosome degranulation reactions with LCP form phagolysosomes and initiate phagocytosis, lysosome decationization reactions with LCP ensure the formation and functions of NETs. NETs is formed by non-lytic (non-lytic) and lytic (lyzed) pathways in septic and aseptic inflammation, with the ontogenetic development of immune links. NETs is stereotypically formed intravascular during aseptic inflammation, oxidative stress and in a physiological regime, when granulocytes are stimulated by products of oxidative metabolism. Using a cytochemical test with a highly sensitive acid-base bromophenol blue indicator, subcellular and cellular manifestations of the physiological age-related immune activity of cationic proteins accumulated in granulocyte lysosomes were studied on the avian model organism (Aves), and nonspecific adaptive reactions (NAR) of vertebrates in early postnatal ontogenesis were studied. The basis for the formation of NAR is the relationship of groups of leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes) with the dynamics of their lysosomal cationic proteins. The method for calculating the level of activity and potential capabilities of granulocytes in phagocytic reactions and in the formation of .NETs includes indices characterizing the directions and intensity of immune reactions of granulocytes, taking into account the processes: 1. degranulation of lysosomes with LCP — in the initiation of the cellular phagocytic link; 2. decationization of lysosomes with LCP — in the initiation of extracellular traps involved in the implementation of the humoral link of immunity.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.