<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpress</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Аграрная наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Agrarian science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-8155</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-701X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Редакция журнала "Аграрная наука"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32634/0869-8155-2025-398-09-38-44</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpress-3825</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗООТЕХНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ZOOTECHNICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Взаимосвязь индекса фрагментации ядерной ДНК сперматозоидов с гормональным статусом у быков-производителей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Relationship between sperm nuclear DNA fragmentation index and hormonal status in breeding bulls</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5386-7263</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иолчиев</surname><given-names>Б. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Iolchiev</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Байлар Садраддинович Иолчиев, доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. им. Ленина, 13, пос. Лесные Поляны, Пушкино, Московская обл., 141212</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Baylar Sadraddinovich Iolchiev, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Leading Researcher</p><p>13 Lenin Str., Lesnye Polyany, Pushkino, Moscow region, 141212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">baylar1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушакова</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakova</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Николаевна Ушакова, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. им. Ленина, 13, пос. Лесные Поляны, Пушкино, Московская обл., 141212</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana Nikolaevna Ushakova, Сandidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>13 Lenin Str., Lesnye Polyany, Pushkino, Moscow region, 141212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">s7985588@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Приданова</surname><given-names>И. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pridanova</surname><given-names>I. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Евгеньевна Приданова, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. им. Ленина, 13, пос. Лесные Поляны, Пушкино, Московская обл., 141212</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina Evgenievna Pridanova, Сandidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>13 Lenin Str., Lesnye Polyany, Pushkino, Moscow region, 141212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinapridanova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Луконина</surname><given-names>О. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukonina</surname><given-names>O. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Николаевна Луконина, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, врио директора</p><p>ул. им. Ленина, 13, пос. Лесные Поляны, Пушкино, Московская обл., 141212</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Nikolaevna Lukonina, Сandidate оf Agricultural Sciences, Acting Director</p><p>13 Lenin Str., Lesnye Polyany, Pushkino, Moscow region, 141212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lukoninaon@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Машталер</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mashtaler</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Владимирович Машталер, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. им. Ленина, 13, пос. Лесные Поляны, Пушкино, Московская обл., 141212</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry Vladimirovich Mashtaler, Сandidate оf Agricultural Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>13 Lenin Str., Lesnye Polyany, Pushkino, Moscow region, 141212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mashtaler-1989@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мороз</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Moroz</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Анатольевна Мороз, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p><p>ул. им. Ленина, 13, пос. Лесные Поляны, Пушкино, Московская обл., 141212</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana Anatolyevna Moroz, Сandidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher</p><p>13 Lenin Str., Lesnye Polyany, Pushkino, Moscow region, 141212</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t_moroz_2013@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сейдахметов</surname><given-names>Б. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seidakhmetov</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Багит Серикович Сейдахметов, кандидат биологических наук, главный технолог</p><p>ул. Соединительная, 7, Ногинск, Московская обл., 142401</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Bagit Serikovich Seidakhmetov, Сandidate of Biological Sciences, Chief Technologist</p><p>7 Soedinitelnaya Str., Noginsk, Moscow region, 142401</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mos-bulls@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комбарова</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kombarova</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нина Анатолевна Комбарова, кандидат биологических наук, главный технолог</p><p>Центральная ул., 3, пос. Быково, Подольск, Московская обл., 142143</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nina Anatolyevna Kombarova, Сandidate of Biological Sciences, Chief Technologist</p><p>3 Centralnaya Str., Bykovo, Podolsk, Moscow region, 142143</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">komnina@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт племенного дела</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Animal Breeding</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «”Московское” по племенной работе»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>JSC “Moscow for breeding work”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Головной центр по воспроизводству сельскохозяйственных животных</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Head Center for the Reproduction of Farm Animals</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>38</fpage><lpage>44</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Иолчиев Б.С., Ушакова С.Н., Приданова И.Е., Луконина О.Н., Машталер Д.В., Мороз Т.А., Сейдахметов Б.С., Комбарова Н.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иолчиев Б.С., Ушакова С.Н., Приданова И.Е., Луконина О.Н., Машталер Д.В., Мороз Т.А., Сейдахметов Б.С., Комбарова Н.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Iolchiev B.S., Ushakova S.N., Pridanova I.E., Lukonina O.N., Mashtaler D.V., Moroz T.A., Seidakhmetov B.S., Kombarova N.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/3825">https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/3825</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Эффективность разведения крупного рогатого скота напрямую зависит от качества воспроизводства, где состояние сперматозоидов у племенных быков играет решающую роль. Одним из критических факторов является фрагментация ДНК в спер­матозоидах, которая может привести к генетическим аномалиям и снизить эффектив­ность искусственного оплодотворения. Гормональный дисбаланс, особенно уровень тестостерона и эстрадиола, может повлиять на целостность ДНК. Это исследование на­правлено на изучение влияния гормонального статуса быков на фрагментацию ДНК в их сперматозоидах.</p></sec><sec><title>Методы</title><p>Методы. Исследование было проведено на 43 быках голштинской породы. Фрагмента­цию оценивали с помощью щелочного ДНК комет-анализа, в каждом образце анализи­ровали не менее 250 сперматозоидов. Гормональный статус (тестостерон, эстрадиол, тироксин) оценивали с помощью иммуноферментного анализа (ELISA) сыворотки кро­ви. Статистический анализ проводили с использованием программного обеспечения SPSS v.23 с использованием дисперсионного анализа и t-критерия Стьюдента.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Более 98% сперматозоидов содержали неповрежденную ДНК, в то время как умеренные и тяжелые повреждения наблюдались в 1% и 0,8% клеток соответствен­но. У быков с неповрежденной ДНК уровень тестостерона был на 62,3% и 72% выше, чем у быков с поврежденной ДНК (p &lt; 0,05). И наоборот, концентрация эстрадиола была на 40% выше у быков с фрагментированной ДНК. Корреляционный анализ выявил сла­бую, но значимую отрицательную связь между тестостероном и фрагментацией ДНК (ρ ≈ -0,20) и положительную связь между эстрадиолом и повреждением ДНК (ρ ≈ 0,18). Уровни тироксина не показали существенных различий между группами.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Высокий уровень тестостерона связан с уменьшением фрагментации ДНК, в то время как повышенный уровень эстрадиола может способствовать ее увеличению, воз­можно, из-за окислительного стресса. Эти данные подчеркивают важность гормонально­го баланса для поддержания целостности ДНК сперматозоидов у племенных быков.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Relevance</title><p>Relevance. The efficiency of cattle breeding is directly dependent on reproduction quality, where the condition of spermatozoa in breeding bulls plays a crucial role. One of the critical factors is DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa, which can cause genetic abnormalities and reduce the effectiveness of artificial insemination. Hormonal imbalance, particularly testosterone and estradiol levels, may affect DNA integrity. This study aims to investigate the influence of bulls’ hormonal status on DNA fragmentation in their spermatozoa.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The study was conducted on 43 Holstein bulls. DNA fragmentation was assessed using the alkaline comet assay, with a minimum of 250 spermatozoa analyzed per sample. Hormonal status (testosterone, estradiol, thyroxine) was evaluated through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of blood serum. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v.23 software, employing variance analysis and Student’s t-test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Over 98% of spermatozoa exhibited intact DNA, while moderate and severe damage was observed in 1% and 0.8% of cells, respectively. Bulls with intact DNA showed 62.3% and 72% higher testosterone levels compared to those with DNA damage (p &lt; 0.05). Conversely, estradiol concentration was 40% higher in bulls with fragmented DNA. Correlation analysis revealed a weak but significant negative association between testosterone and DNA fragmentation (ρ ≈ -0.20) and a positive association between estradiol and DNA damage (ρ ≈ 0.18). Thyroxine levels showed no significant differences between groups.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. High testosterone levels are associated with reduced DNA fragmentation, while elevated estradiol may contribute to its increase, potentially due to oxidative stress. These findings highlight the importance of hormonal balance in maintaining sperm DNA integrity in breeding bulls.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сперматозоиды</kwd><kwd>гормональный статус</kwd><kwd>ДНК-комет анализ</kwd><kwd>тестостерон</kwd><kwd>эстрадиол</kwd><kwd>фрагментация ДНК сперматозоидов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spermatozoa</kwd><kwd>hormonal status</kwd><kwd>DNA comet analysis</kwd><kwd>testosterone</kwd><kwd>estradiol</kwd><kwd>sperm DNA fragmentation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РНФ (проект № 25-26-00041).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 25-26-00041).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шмидт А.В., Иолчиев Б.С., Онкорова Н.Т. Изучение биологиче­ской полноценности сперматозоидов в сперме с бактериальной обсемененностью. Вестник КрасГАУ. 2024; (2): 101–108. https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2024-6-101-108</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shmidt A.V., Iolchiev B.S., Onkorova N.T. Studying the biological completeness of sperm in semen with bacterial contamination. Bulletin of KrasGAU. 2024; (2): 101–108 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.36718/1819-4036-2024-6-101-108</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иолчиев Б.С. и др. Дисперсия хроматина сперматозоидов быков-производителей в зависимости от возраста. Животноводство и кормопроизводство. 2024; 107(4): 255–265. https://doi.org/10.33284/2658-3135-107-4-255</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iolchiev B.S. et al. Сhromatin dispersion of spermatozoa of stud bulls depending on age Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production. 2024; 107(4): 255–265 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.33284/2658-3135-107-4-255</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карпеня М.М. Взаимосвязь некоторых факторов с репродук­тивной функцией быков-производителей. Зоотехническая наука Беларуси. 2021; 56(1): 59–65. https://elibrary.ru/btdnxo</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karpenya M.M. Correlation of some factors with reproductive function of producing bulls. Zootechnical Science of Belarus. 2021; 56(1): 59–65 (in Russian). https://elibrary.ru/btdnxo</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Руденко О.В. Показатели воспроизводства коров при разной степени инбридинга. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Агрономия и животноводство. 2022; 17(3): 360–372. https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-797X-2022-17-3-360-372</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rudenko O.V. Cow reproduction rates with varying inbreeding degrees. Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Agronomy and animal husbandry. 2022; 17(3): 360–372 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.22363/2312-797X-2022-17-3-360-372</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis T.C., White R.R. Breeding animals to feed people: The many roles of animal reproduction in ensuring global food security. Theriogenology. 2020; 150: 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.041</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis T.C., White R.R. Breeding animals to feed people: The many roles of animal reproduction in ensuring global food security. Theriogenology. 2020; 150: 27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.041</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López-Gatius F. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle?: A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology. 2003; 60(1): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01359-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López-Gatius F. Is fertility declining in dairy cattle?: A retrospective study in northeastern Spain. Theriogenology. 2003; 60(1): 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01359-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berry D.P., Friggens N.C., Lucy M., Roche J.R. Milk Production and Fertility in Cattle. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 2016; 4: 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111406</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berry D.P., Friggens N.C., Lucy M., Roche J.R. Milk Production and Fertility in Cattle. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 2016; 4: 269–290. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-021815-111406</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мартынова Е.Н., Азимова Г.В., Исупова Ю.В., Сухова В.С. Проблема воспроизводства в молочном скотоводстве и пути ее решения. Вестник Ижевской государственной сельскохозяй­ственной академии. 2016; (3): 38–44. https://elibrary.ru/wmgnrt</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martynova E.N., Azimova G.V., Isupova Yu.V., Sukhova V.S. The problem of reproduction in dairy farming and the ways of its solving. The Bulletin of Izhevsk State Agricultural Academy. 2016; (3): 38–44 (in Russian). https://elibrary.ru/wmgnrt</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коршунов М.Н., Коршунова Е.С., Кастрикин Ю.В., Даренков С.П. Мужской фактор бесплодия в аспекте невынашивания беременно­сти. Кремлевская медицина. Клинический вестник. 2021; (3): 78–82. https://doi.org/10.26269/n3bk-c996</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Korshunov M.N., Korshunova E.S., Kastrikin Yu.V., Darenkov S.P. Male infertility factor in pregnancy losses. Kremlin medicine. Clinical bulletin. 2021; (3): 78–82 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.26269/n3bk-c996</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Нечипоренко А.П., Ситникова В.Е., Нечипоренко У.Ю., Конова­ленко А.В. Инфракрасная фурье-спектроскопия в исследовании проявлений патологии сперматозоидов. Вестник Санкт-Петер­бургского университета. Медицина. 2023; 18(3): 233–257. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu11.2023.302</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nechiporenko A.P., Sitnikova V.E., Nechiporenko U.Yu., Konovalenko A.V. Fourier In-frared spectroscopy in the study of manifestations of sperm pathology. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Medicine. 2023; 18(3): 233–257 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu11.2023.302</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao L. et al. Effect of ambient temperature variability on sperm quality: A retrospective population-based cohort study. Science of The Total Environment. 2022; 851(2): 158245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158245</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao L. et al. Effect of ambient temperature variability on sperm quality: A retrospective population-based cohort study. Science of The Total Environment. 2022; 851(2): 158245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158245</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schulze M., Nitsche-Melkus E., Jakop U., Jung M., Waberski D. New trends in production management in European pig AI centers. Theriogenology. 2019; 137: 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.042</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schulze M., Nitsche-Melkus E., Jakop U., Jung M., Waberski D. New trends in production management in European pig AI centers. Theriogenology. 2019; 137: 88–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.042</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waberski D., Riesenbeck A., Schulze M., Weitze K.F., Johnson L. Application of preserved boar semen for artificial insemination: Past, present and future challenges. Theriogenology. 2019; 137: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waberski D., Riesenbeck A., Schulze M., Weitze K.F., Johnson L. Application of preserved boar semen for artificial insemination: Past, present and future challenges. Theriogenology. 2019; 137: 2–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абилов А.И., Турбина В.В., Новгородова И.П. Взаимосвязь качества семени с биохимическим и гормональным состоянием у быков-производителей. Ветеринарный врач. 2023; (5): 73–79. https://elibrary.ru/hvwnzo</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abilov A.I., Turbina V.V., Novgorodova I.P. Тhe relationship between the semen quality and biochemical and hormonal state in bulls-producers. Veterinarny vrach. 2023; (5): 73–79 (in Russian). https://elibrary.ru/hvwnzo</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bahrami Z., Daeifarshbaf N., Amjadi F., Aflatoonian R. The effects of hormonal changes on sperm DNA integrity in oligoasthenoterato-spermia individuals: A case-control study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine. 2023; 20(12): 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v20i12.12560</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bahrami Z., Daeifarshbaf N., Amjadi F., Aflatoonian R. The effects of hormonal changes on sperm DNA integrity in oligoasthenoterato-spermia individuals: A case-control study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine. 2023; 20(12): 999–1006. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v20i12.12560</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar N., Singh A.K. Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 2015; 8(4): 191–196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar N., Singh A.K. Trends of male factor infertility, an important cause of infertility: A review of literature. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences. 2015; 8(4): 191–196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLachlan R.I. Approach to the Patient With Oligozoospermia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2013; 98(3): 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-3650</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLachlan R.I. Approach to the Patient With Oligozoospermia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 2013; 98(3): 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-3650</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson R.A. et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone as a marker of ovarian reserve and premature ovarian insufficiency in children and women with cancer: a systematic review. Human Reproduction Update. 2022; 28(3): 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmac004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson R.A. et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone as a marker of ovarian reserve and premature ovarian insufficiency in children and women with cancer: a systematic review. Human Reproduction Update. 2022; 28(3): 417–434. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmac004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu C. et al. Influence of sperm DNA fragmentation on the clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022; 13: 945242. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.945242</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu C. et al. Influence of sperm DNA fragmentation on the clinical outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer (IVF-ET). Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2022; 13: 945242. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.945242</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakkas D., Mariethoz E., John J.C.S. Abnormal Sperm Parameters in Humans Are Indicative of an Abortive Apoptotic Mechanism Linked to the Fas-Mediated Pathway. Experimental Cell Research. 1999; 251(2): 350–355. http://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1999.4586</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakkas D., Mariethoz E., John J.C.S. Abnormal Sperm Parameters in Humans Are Indicative of an Abortive Apoptotic Mechanism Linked to the Fas-Mediated Pathway. Experimental Cell Research. 1999; 251(2): 350–355. http://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1999.4586</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin M.-H. et al. Sperm chromatin structure assay parameters are not related to fertilization rates, embryo quality, and pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, but might be related to spontaneous abortion rates. Fertility and Sterility. 2008; 90(2): 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.06.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin M.-H. et al. Sperm chromatin structure assay parameters are not related to fertilization rates, embryo quality, and pregnancy rates in in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, but might be related to spontaneous abortion rates. Fertility and Sterility. 2008; 90(2): 352–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.06.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zini A., Boman J.M., Belzile E., Ciampi A. Sperm DNA damage is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss after IVF and ICSI: systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction. 2008; 23(12): 2663–2668. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den321</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zini A., Boman J.M., Belzile E., Ciampi A. Sperm DNA damage is associated with an increased risk of pregnancy loss after IVF and ICSI: systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction. 2008; 23(12): 2663–2668. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den321</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy C., Ahlering P., Rodriguez H., Levy S., Sutovsky P. Sperm chromatin structure correlates with spontaneous abortion and multiple pregnancy rates in assisted reproduction. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 2011; 22(3): 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.11.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy C., Ahlering P., Rodriguez H., Levy S., Sutovsky P. Sperm chromatin structure correlates with spontaneous abortion and multiple pregnancy rates in assisted reproduction. Reproductive BioMedicine Online. 2011; 22(3): 272–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2010.11.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Абилов А.И. и др. Метаболический профиль и спермопродукция у голштинских быков-производителей зарубежной селекции при содер­жании в разных климатических и геохимических условиях в России и Казахстане. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2021; 56(4): 730–751. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2021.4.730rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abilov A.I. et al. Metabolic profiles and sperm production in imported Holstein bull sires under different climatic and geochemical conditions of Russia and Kazakhstan. Agricultural Biology. 2021; 56(4): 730–751. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2021.4.730eng</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Рогозин Д.С. Мужская фертильность: обзор литературы октября — декабря 2020 года. Вестник урологии. 2021; 9(1): 105–112. https://doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2021-9-1-105-112</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rogozin D.S. Male fertility: a review of the publications from October — December 2020. Urology herald. 2021; 9(1): 105–112 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2021-9-1-105-112</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vince S., Žura Žaja I., Samardžija M., Majić Balić I., Vilić M., Đuričić D., Milinković-Tur S. Age-related differences of semen quality, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa antioxidative and oxidative stress variables in bulls during cold and warm periods of the year. Animal. 2018; 12(3): 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117001811</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vince S., Žura Žaja I., Samardžija M., Majić Balić I., Vilić M., Đuričić D., Milinković-Tur S. Age-related differences of semen quality, seminal plasma, and spermatozoa antioxidative and oxidative stress variables in bulls during cold and warm periods of the year. Animal. 2018; 12(3): 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731117001811</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oduwole O.O., Peltoketo H., Huhtaniemi I.T. Role of Follicle- Stimulating Hormone in Spermatogenesis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2018; 9: 763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00763</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oduwole O.O., Peltoketo H., Huhtaniemi I.T. Role of Follicle- Stimulating Hormone in Spermatogenesis. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2018; 9: 763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00763</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McLachlan R.I., Wreford N.G., Robertson D.M., de Kretser D.M. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 1995; 6(3): 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(94)00215-p</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McLachlan R.I., Wreford N.G., Robertson D.M., de Kretser D.M. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis. Trends in Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism. 1995; 6(3): 95–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/1043-2760(94)00215-p</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu H.-Y., Zhang H.-X., Xiao Z., Qiao J., Li R. Regulation of anti- Müllerian hormone (AMH) in males and the associations of serum AMH with the disorders of male fertility. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2019; 21(2): 109–114. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_83_18</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu H.-Y., Zhang H.-X., Xiao Z., Qiao J., Li R. Regulation of anti- Müllerian hormone (AMH) in males and the associations of serum AMH with the disorders of male fertility. Asian Journal of Andrology. 2019; 21(2): 109–114. https://doi.org/10.4103/aja.aja_83_18</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Darbandi M. et al. Reactive oxygen species and male reproductive hormones. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2018; 16: 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0406-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Darbandi M. et al. Reactive oxygen species and male reproductive hormones. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 2018; 16: 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0406-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hess R.A., Cooke P.S. Estrogen in the male: a historical perspective. Biology of Reproduction. 2018; 99(1): 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hess R.A., Cooke P.S. Estrogen in the male: a historical perspective. Biology of Reproduction. 2018; 99(1): 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioy043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
