<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpress</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Аграрная наука</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Agrarian science</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0869-8155</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-701X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Редакция журнала "Аграрная наука"</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32634/0869-8155-2026-404-03-42-49</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpress-4053</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЗООТЕХНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ZOOTECHNICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияние изотопов УДЧ металлов на физиолого-биохимические показатели цыплят-бройлеров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The influence of ultra-fine metal isotopes on the physiological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0561-7002</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кван</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kvan</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Вилориевна Кван, доктор биологических наук</p><p>ул. 9 Января, 29, Оренбург, 460000</p><p>пр. Победы, 13, Оренбург, 460018</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga Vilorievna Kvan, Doctor of Biological Sciences</p><p>29 January 9th st., Orenburg, 460000</p><p>13 Pobedy Ave., Orenburg, 460018</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kwan111@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1159-0531</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гречкина</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grechkina</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Виктория Владимировна Гречкина, кандидат биологических наук</p><p>ул. 9 Января, 29, Оренбург, 460000</p><p>ул. Челюскинцев, 18, Оренбург, 460014</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Viktoriya Vladimirovna Grechkina, Candidate of Biological Sciences</p><p>29 January 9th st., Orenburg, 460000</p><p>18 Chelyuskintsev st., Orenburg, 460014</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Viktoria1985too@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шейда</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sheida</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Владимировна Шейда, доктор биологических наук</p><p>ул. 9 Января, 29, Оренбург, 460000</p><p>пр. Победы, 13, Оренбург, 460018</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena Vladimirovna Sheida, Doctor of Biological Sciences</p><p>29 January 9th st., Orenburg, 460000</p><p>13 Pobedy Ave., Orenburg, 460018</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena-shejjda@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вершинина</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vershinina</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ирина Александровна Вершинина, кандидат биологических наук</p><p>ул. 9 Января, 29, Оренбург, 460000</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina Aleksandrovna Vershinina, Candidate of Biological Sciences</p><p>29 January 9th st., Orenburg, 460000</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gavrish.irina.ogu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный центр биологических систем и агротехнологий Российской академии наук; Оренбургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and &#13;
Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Orenburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный центр биологических систем и агротехнологий Российской академии наук; Оренбургский государственный аграрный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and &#13;
Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Orenburg State Agrarian University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный центр биологических систем и &#13;
агротехнологий Российской академии наук; Оренбургский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and &#13;
Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Orenburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный научный центр биологических систем и &#13;
агротехнологий Российской академии наук</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Scientific Center of Biological Systems and &#13;
Agrotechnologies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>49</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кван О.В., Гречкина В.В., Шейда Е.В., Вершинина И.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кван О.В., Гречкина В.В., Шейда Е.В., Вершинина И.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kvan O.V., Grechkina V.V., Sheida E.V., Vershinina I.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/4053">https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/4053</self-uri><abstract><p>В исследовании изучали показатели роста и развития цыплят-бройлеров, переваримость компонентов корма, морфо-биохимические показатели крови, а также обмен элементов в теле под влиянием изотопов УДЧ. Контрольная группа получала ОР, I группа — ОР + изотоп УДЧ Fe (17 мг/кг корма), II группа — ОР + изотоп УДЧ Cu (1,7 мг/кг корма). Было отмечено изменение динамики набора живой массы по сравнению с контролем, наиболее выраженное в I опытной группе (на 2,1–6,0%). Переваримость органического вещества и сырого жира была выше контроля в I и II опытной группе, переваримость сырого протеина была выше контроля на 9,55–16,7% во всех опытных группах. В крови птицы I и II опытной группе отмечали повышение числа лимфоцитов, в I группе – повышении гемоглобина и его снижение — во II группе. Биохимические показатели сыворотки крови птицы (АСТ, креатинин, общий билирубин) свидетельствуют об усилении обменных процессов в I и II группы. В I и II группе отмечалась тенденция к уменьшению содержания в теле птицы токсичных элементов и увеличению — эссенциальных. Для II опытной группы было характерно увеличение эндогенных потерь по сравнению с контролем.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The study examined the growth and development indicators of broiler chickens, the digestibility of feed components, the morpho-biochemical parameters of the blood, and the metabolism of elements in the body under the influence of UFC isotopes. The control group received OR, group I — OR + UFC Fe isotope (17 mg/kg of feed), group II — OR + UFC Cu isotope (1.7 mg/kg of feed). A change in the dynamics of live weight gain was noted compared to the control, most pronounced in the first experimental group (by 2.1–6.0%). Digestibility of organic matter and crude fat was higher than the control in the first and second experimental groups, digestibility of crude protein was higher than the control by 9.55–16.7% in all experimental groups.</p><p>In the blood of birds from experimental groups I and II, an increase in the number of lymphocytes was observed, in group I — an increase in hemoglobin and its decrease in group II. Biochemical parameters of the bird’s blood serum (AST, creatinine, total bilirubin) indicate an increase in metabolic processes in groups I and II. In groups I and II, a tendency towards a decrease in the content of toxic elements in the bird’s body and an increase in essential elements was noted. In group III, the content of Zn, Cr, Al and Ni in the bird’s body increased. In experimental group I, a decrease in endogenous losses of Fe and Cu was observed. For experimental group II, an increase in endogenous losses was characteristic compared to the control.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>УДЧ</kwd><kwd>кормление</kwd><kwd>метаболизм</kwd><kwd>коэффициенты переваримости</kwd><kwd>элементный обмен</kwd><kwd>эндогенные потери</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>UDC</kwd><kwd>feeding</kwd><kwd>metabolism</kwd><kwd>digestibility coefficients</kwd><kwd>elemental exchange</kwd><kwd>endogenous losses</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-16-00111</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was carried out at the expense of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation №. № 25-16-00111</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кван О.В. Эндогенные потери веществ: оптимизация микронутриентной обеспеченности рационов сельскохозяйственных животных (обзор). Животноводство и кормопроизводство. 2023; 106(4): 148‒163. https://doi.org/10.33284/2658-3135-106-4-148</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kvan O.V. Endogenous losses of substances: optimization of micronutrient supply of farm animal diets (review). Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production. 2023; 106(4): 148‒163 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.33284/2658-3135-106-4-148</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gadde U., Kim W.H., Oh S.T., Lillehoj H.S. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2017; 18(1): 26‒45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252316000207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gadde U., Kim W.H., Oh S.T., Lillehoj H.S. Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry:  a review. Animal Health Research Reviews. 2017; 18(1): 26‒45. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1466252316000207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh V.V, Singh V.K, Tewari D., Gautam S., Singh V.B, Singh P. Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed Diets Supplemented with a Phytogenic Mixture. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2019; 36(1): 58‒64. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2019.00010.0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh V.V, Singh V.K, Tewari D., Gautam S., Singh V.B, Singh P. Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed Diets Supplemented with  a Phytogenic Mixture. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition. 2019; 36(1):  58‒64. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2019.00010.0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiao L. et al. Preparation, characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies of copper/zinc- loaded montmorillonite. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2017; 8: 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0156-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiao L. et al. Preparation, characterization, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity studies of copper/zinc- loaded montmorillonite. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2017; 8: 27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-017-0156-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu S.Y., Macelline S.P., Chrystal P.V., Selle P.H. Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12: 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00550-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu S.Y., Macelline S.P., Chrystal P.V., Selle P.H. Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production. Journal of Animal Science and</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yadav S., Jha R. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2019; 10: 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0310-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Biotechnology. 2021; 12: 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00550-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Espinosa C.D., Stein H.H. Digestibility and metabolism of copper in diets for pigs and influence of dietary copper on growth performance, intestinal health, and overall immune status: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12: 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-020-00533-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yadav S., Jha R. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2019; 10: 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0310-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Byrne L., Murphy R.A. Relative Bioavailability of Trace Minerals in Production Animal Nutrition: A Review. Animals. 2022; 12(15): 1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151981</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Espinosa C.D., Stein H.H. Digestibility and metabolism of copper in diets for pigs and influence of dietary copper on growth performance, intestinal health, and overall immune status: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12: 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-020-00533-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sai Kumar B.A.A. Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism, Water, and Minerals. Das P.K., Sejian V., Mukherjee J., Banerjee D. (eds.). Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. Singapore: Springer. 2023; 391–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Byrne L., Murphy R.A. Relative Bioavailability of Trace Minerals in Production Animal Nutrition: A Review. Animals. 2022; 12(15): 1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12151981</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кван О.В., Сизова Е.А., Вершинина И.А., Камирова А.М. Изучение влияния ультрадисперсных частиц меди и железа на минеральный обмен в организме цыплят-бройлеров, находящихся на полусинтетической диете. Аграрная наука. 2022; (6): 48–51. https://doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-360-6-48-51</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sai Kumar B.A.A. Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism, Water, and Minerals. Das P.K., Sejian V., Mukherjee J., Banerjee D. (eds.). Textbook of Veterinary Physiology. Singapore: Springer. 2023; 391–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9410-4_16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сизова Е.А., Мирошников С.А., Лебедев С.В., Левахин Ю.И., Бабичева И.А., Косилов В.И. Сравнительные испытания ультрадисперсного сплава, солей и органических форм Cu и Zn как источников микроэлементов в кормлении цыплят-бройлеров. Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2018; 53(2): 393–403. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2018.2.393rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kvan O.V., Sizova E.A., Vershinina I.A., Kamirova A.M. Study of the effect of ultrafine particles of copper and iron on mineral metabolism in the body of broiler chickens on a semisynthetic diet. Agrarian science. 2022; (6): 48–51 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-360-6-48-51</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scherzad A., Meyer T., Kleinsasser N., Hackenberg S. Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Genotoxicity. Materials. 2017; 10(12): 1427 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10121427</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sizova E.A., Miroshnikov S.A., Lebedev S.V., Levakhin Yu.I., Babicheva I.A., Kosilov V.I. Comparative tests of various sources of microelements in feeding chicken-broilers. Agricultural Вiology. 2018; 53(2): 393–403. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2018.2.393eng</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гарипова Н.В., Рязанов В.А. Ультрадисперсные частицы железа в животноводстве. Микроэлементы в медицине. 2022; 23(4): 3–13. https://doi.org/10.19112/2413-6174-2022-23-4-3-13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scherzad A., Meyer T., Kleinsasser N., Hackenberg S. Molecular Mechanisms of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle-Induced Genotoxicity. Materials. 2017; 10(12): 1427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10121427</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мирошников С.А., Гарипова Н.В., Холодилина Т.Н., Курилкина М.Я., Дускаев Г.К. Продуктивное действие и переваримость кормов при использовании в кормлении птицы микрочастиц железа. Животноводство и кормопроизводство. 2018; 101(2): 7–16.EDN XZCKLZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garipova N.V., Ryazanov V.A. Ultrafine iron particles in animal husbandry (a review). Trace elements in medicine. 2022; 23(4): 3–13 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.19112/2413-6174-2022-23-4-3-13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adegbeye M.J. et al. Nanoparticles in Equine Nutrition: Mechanism of Action and Application as Feed Additives. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2019; 78: 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miroshnikov S.A., Garipova N.V., Kholodilina T.N., Kurilkina M.Ya., Duskaev G.K. Productive action and digestibility of feeds after using iron microparticles for feeding of poultry. Animal Husbandry and Fodder Production. 2018; 101(2): 7–16 (in Russian).EDN XZCKLZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan X., Yang F., Nie C., Ma L., Cheng C., Haag R. Biocatalytic Nanomaterials: A New Pathway for Bacterial Disinfection. Advanced Materials. 2021; 33(33): 2100637. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202100637</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adegbeye M.J. et al. Nanoparticles in Equine Nutrition: Mechanism of Action and Application as Feed Additives. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science. 2019; 78: 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.04.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisinin V.I., Miroshnikov S.A., Sizova E.A., Ushakov A.S., Miroshnikova E.P. Metal particles as trace element sources: current state and future prospects. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 2018; 74(3): 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000491</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan X., et al. Biocatalytic nanomaterials: a new pathway for bacterial disinfection. Adv Mater. 2021;33(33):e2100637. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202100637</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сизова Е.А. Влияние включения в рацион наночастиц меди на уровень кадмия в организме цыплят-бройлеров. Вестник мясного скотоводства. 2017; (1): 13–20.EDN YHPSKZ</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisinin V.I., Miroshnikov S.A., Sizova E.A., Ushakov A.S., Miroshnikova E.P. Metal particles as trace-element sources: current state and future prospects. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 2018; 74(3): 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933918000491</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebedev S. et al. Use of chromium nanoparticles as a protector of digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters for various sources of fat in the diet of calves. AIMS Agriculture and Food. 2021; 6(1): 14–31. https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2021002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sizova E.A. Effect of copper nanoparticles introduced to the diet on cadmium level of broiler chickens. Herald of beef cattle breeding. 2017; (1): 13–20 (in Russian).EDN YHPSKZ</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xiao M. et al. Taurine regulates mucosal barrier function to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced duodenal inflammation in chicken. Amino Acids. 2018; 50(11): 1637–1646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2631-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedev S. et al. Use of chromium nanoparticles as a protector of digestive enzymes and biochemical parameters for various sources of fat in the diet of calves. AIMS Agriculture and Food. 2021; 6(1): 14–31. https://doi.org/10.3934/agrfood.2021002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гречкина В.В., Кван О.В., Шейда Е.В., Быков А.В. Экспериментальная оценка биотоксичности изотопов Cu-63 и Fe-56 в отношении смоделированной микрофлоры. Актуальные проблемы прикладной биотехнологии и инженерии. Сборник материалов Международной научно-практической конференции. Оренбург: Оренбургский государственный университет. 2025; 174–181.EDN MPETUC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xiao M. et al. Taurine regulates mucosal barrier function to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced duodenal inflammation in chicken. Amino Acids. 2018; 50(11): 1637–1646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-018-2631-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grechkina V.V., Kvan O.V., Sheyda Ye.V., Bykov A.V. Experimental assessment of the biotoxicity of Cu-63 and Fe-56 isotopes in relation to modeled microflora. Actual problems of applied biotechnology and engineering. Collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference. Orenburg: Orenburg State University. 2025; 174–181 (in Russian).EDN MPETUC</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grechkina V.V., Kvan O.V., Sheyda Ye.V., Bykov A.V. Experimental assessment of the biotoxicity of Cu-63 and Fe-56 isotopes in relation to modeled microflora. Actual problems of applied biotechnology and engineering. Collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference. Orenburg: Orenburg State University. 2025; 174–181 (in Russian).EDN MPETUC</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
