vetpressАграрная наукаAgrarian science0869-81552686-701XРедакция журнала "Аграрная наука"10.32634/0869-8155-2026-405-04-8-19vetpress-4109Research ArticleВЕТЕРИНАРИЯVETERINARY MEDICINEКлинически значимые молекулярные мутации опухолей у собак и кошек: современное состояние диагностики, прогностической оценки и таргетной терапииClinically significant molecular mutations in canine and feline tumors: roles in diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and targeted therapyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9322-1464МеликоваЮ. Н.MelikovaYu. N.

Юлия Николаевна Меликова, кандидат ветеринарных наук, исполнительный директор ветеринарной клиники

ул. Большая Серпуховская , 62, к2, Москва, 115093

Julia Nikolaevna Melikova, Candidate of Veterinary Sciences, Executive Director of a Veterinary Clinic

62/2 Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya st., Moscow, 115093

melikova.u@newvettech.ruВиолинБ. В.ViolinB. V.

Борис Викторович Виолин, кандидат ветеринарных наук

Звенигородское шоссе, 5, Москва, 123022

Boris Viktorovich Violin, Candidate of veterinary sciences

5 Zvenigorodskoe shosse, Moscow, 123022

b_viol@yahoo.comООО «Новые ветеринарные технологии» (сокр. ООО «НьюВетТех»)РоссияLLC “New Veterinary Technologies” (LLC “NewVetTech”)Russian FederationВсероссийский научно-исследовательский институт ветеринарной санитарии, гигиены и экологии — филиал Федерального научного центра «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной ветеринарии им. К.И. Скрябина и Я.Р. Коваленко Российской академии наук»РоссияAll-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant — a branch of the Federal Scientific Centre VIEVRussian Federation20262104202604819Copyright © Меликова Ю.Н., Виолин Б.В., 20262026Меликова Ю.Н., Виолин Б.В.Melikova Y.N., Violin B.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.vetpress.ru/jour/article/view/4109

В последние годы молекулярная ветеринарная онкология развивается особенно активно благодаря внедрению современных методов геномного и транскриптомного анализа опухолей у животных. Мутации и сигнальные пути канцерогенеза становятся важными биомаркерами, позволяющими уточнять биологию опухолей, повышать точность диагностики, проводить прогностическую оценку и обосновывать применение таргетной терапии. Целью настоящего обзора является анализ современных данных о клинически значимых мутациях опухолей у собак и кошек и их роли в диагностике, прогностической оценке и лечении. В статье рассматриваются наиболее изученные молекулярные мишени, включая KIT, BRAF, HER2, PIK3CA и TP53, а также связанные с ними сигнальные пути опухолевого роста. Обобщены сведения о применении методов молекулярной диагностики, таких как полимеразная цепная реакция, иммуногистохимия, высокопроизводительное секвенирование и жидкостная биопсия. Особое внимание уделено значению молекулярных маркеров для сравнительной онкологии и перспективам интеграции многоомного профилирования опухолей в клиническую ветеринарную практику. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о формировании основ прецизионной ветеринарной онкологии, направленной на разработку более индивидуализированных стратегий диагностики и терапии опухолевых заболеваний у собак и кошек.

In recent years, molecular veterinary oncology has been developing rapidly due to the introduction of advanced genomic and transcriptomic methods for the analysis of tumors in animals. Mutations and oncogenic signaling pathways are becoming important biomarkers that help clarify tumor biology, improve diagnostic accuracy, enable prognostic assessment, and support the application of targeted therapy. The aim of this review is to analyze current data on clinically significant mutations in tumors of dogs and cats and their role in diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and treatment. The article discusses the most extensively studied molecular targets, including KIT, BRAF, HER2, PIK3CA, and TP53, as well as the associated signaling pathways involved in tumor development. The review also summarizes the application of molecular diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing, and liquid biopsy. Special attention is given to the importance of molecular markers for comparative oncology and to the prospects for integrating multiomics tumor profiling into clinical veterinary practice. These findings indicate the emergence of the foundations of precision veterinary oncology, aimed at developing more individualized strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors in dogs and cats

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.