Эпизоотический гемопоэтический некроз рыб

Аквакультура лососевых, а равно, и иных видов рыб, во всем мире имеет важное экономическое, социальное и политическое значение, обеспечивая продовольственную безопасность жителей. При интенсификации любого сельхозпроизводства неизбежны риски, связанные с развитием в популяции инфекционных заболеваний, поэтому ветеринарный контроль и противоэпизоотическая деятельность осуществляются на постоянной основе в отношении наиболее распространенных и важных из них. Инфекционная патология гидробионтов включает целый ряд заболеваний, ранее не выявлявшихся в нашей стране, но угрожающих российскому рыбоводству в связи с завозом молоди/оплодотворенной икры из-за рубежа, из стран с неблагополучной эпизоотической ситуацией. Одно из таких: эпизоотический гемопоэтический некроз (epizootic haematopoietic necrosis, EHN), данный обзор позволит ветеринарам и сотрудникам рыбоводной отрасли познакомиться с этиологией и эпизоотологией возбудителя, клиническими и патологоанатомическими признаками заболевания, а также мерами дезинфекции и механизмом передачи патогенного начала.

1. Макаров В.В. Международное эпизоотическое бюро и Список МЭБ. Российский ветеринарный журнал. 2017; (7): 22–26.EDN ZIBDIJ

2. Bryan L.K., Baldwin C.A., Gray M.J., Miller D.L. Efficacy of select disinfectants at inactivating Ranavirus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2009; 84: 89–94.https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02036

3. Chinchar V.G. Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae): emerging coldblooded killers. Archives of Virology. 2002; 147(3): 447–470.https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050200000

4. Drury S.E.N., Gough R.E., Calvert I. Detection and isolation of an iridovirus from chameleons (Chamaeleo quadricornis and Chamaeleo hoehnelli) in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record. 2002; 150(14): 451–452.https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.150.14.451

5. Fijan N., Matasïn Z., Petrinec Z., Valpotić I., Zwillenberg L.O. Isolation of an iridovirus-like agent from the green frog (Rana esculenta L.). Veterinarski Arhiv. 1991; 61: 151–158.

6. Hyatt A.D. et al. Comparative studies of piscine and amphibian iridoviruses. Archives of Virology. 2000; 145(2): 301–331.https://doi.org/10.1007/s007050050025

7. Speare R., Smith J.R. An iridovirus-like agent isolated from the ornate burrowing frog Limnodynastes ornatus in northern Australia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1992; 14: 51–57.https://doi.org/10.3354/dao014051

8. Whittington R.J., Becker J.A., Dennis M.M. Iridovirus infections in finfish — critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2010, 33(2): 95–122.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x

9. Wolf K., Bullock G.L., Dunbar C.E., Quimby M.C. Tadpole Edema Virus: A Viscerotropic Pathogen for Anuran Amphibians. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1968; 118(3): 253–262.https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/118.3.253

10. Zupanovic Z. et al. Isolation and characterisation of iridoviruses from the giant toad Bufo marinus in Venezuela. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1998; 33: 1–9.https://doi.org/10.3354/dao033001

11. Chinchar G. et al. Family Iridoviridae. Virus Taxonomy. Fauquet C.M., Mayo M.A., Maniloff J., Desselberger U., Ball L.A. (eds.). Classification and Nomeclature of Viruses. Eight Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press. 2005; 145–161.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-249951-7.50010-9

12. Pozet F., Morand M., Moussa A., Torhy C., de Kinkelin P. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a pathogenic icosahedral deoxyribovirus from the catfish Ictalurus melas. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1992; 14: 35–42.https://doi.org/10.3354/dao014035

13. Ahne W., Ogawa M., Schlotfeldt H.J. Fish Viruses: Transmission and Pathogenicity of an Icosahedral Cytoplasmic Deoxyribovirus isolated from Sheatfish (Silurus glanis). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 1990; 37(1–10): 187–190.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1990.tb01045.x

14. Ahne W., Schlotfeldt H.J., Thomsen I. Fish Viruses: Isolation of an Icosahedral Cytoplasmic Deoxyribovirus from Sheatfish (Silurus glanis). Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 1989; 36(1–10): 333–336.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1989.tb00611.x

15. Bloch B., Larsen J.L. An indovirus-like agent associated with systemic infection in cultured turbot Scophlhalmus maximus fry in Denmark. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1993; 15: 235–240.https://doi.org/10.3354/dao015235

16. Ariel E., Holopainen R., Olenen N.J., Tapiovaara H. Comparative study of ranavirus isolates from cod (Gadus morhua) and turbot (Psetta maxima) with reference to other ranaviruses. Archives of Virology. 2010; 155(8): 1261–1271.https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-010-0715-z

17. Ahne W., Bearzotti M., Bremont M., Essbauer S. Comparison of European Systemic Piscine and Amphibian Iridoviruses with Epizootic Haematopoietic Necrosis Virus and Frog Virus 3. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B. 1998; 45(1–10): 373–383.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1998.tb00806.x

18. Holopainen R., Ohlemeyer S., Schütze H., Bergmann S.M., Tapiovaara H. Ranavirus phylogeny and differentiation based on major capsid protein, DNA polymerase and neurofilament triplet H1-like protein genes. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2009; 85: 81–91.https://doi.org/10.3354/dao02074

19. Hyatt A.D. et al. First identification of a ranavirus from green pythons (Chondropython viridis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2002; 38(2): 239–252.https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.239

20. Mao J., Tham T.N., Gentry G.A., Aubertin A., Chinchar V.G. Cloning, Sequence Analysis, and Expression of the Major Capsid Protein of the Iridovirus Frog Virus 3. Virology. 1996; 216(2): 431–436.https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.1996.0080

21. Marsh I.B., Whittington R.J., O’Rourke B., Hyatt A.D., Chisholm O. Rapid differentiation of Australian, European and American ranaviruses based on variation in major capsid protein gene sequence. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 2002; 16(2): 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1006/mcpr.2001.0400

22. Ariel E., Bang Jensen B. Challenge studies of European stocks of redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus. Journal of Fish Diseases. 2009; 32(12): 1017–1025.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01088.x

23. Langdon J.S., Humphrey J.D. Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis, a new viral disease in redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., in Australia. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1987; 10(4): 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1987.tb01073.x

24. Langdon J.S. Experimental transmission and pathogenicity of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and 11 other teleosts. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1989; 12(4): 295–310.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00318.x

25. Whittington R., Reddacliff G. Influence of environmental temperature on experimental infection of redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus, an Australian iridovirus. Australian Veterinary Journal. 1995; 72(11): 421–424.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1995.tb06193.x

26. Becker J.A., Tweedie A., Gilligan D., Asmus M., Whittington R.J. Susceptibility of Australian Redfin Perch Perca fluviatilis Experimentally Challenged with Epizootic Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (EHNV). Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 2016; 28(2): 122–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2016.1159621

27. Reddacliff L.A., Whittington R.J. Pathology of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis L). Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1996; 115(2): 103–115.https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80033-8

28. Langdon J.S., Humphrey J.D., Williams L.M., Hyatt A.D., Westbury H.A. First virus isolation from Australian fish: an iridoviruslike pathogen from redfin perch, Perca fluviatilis L. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1986; 9(3): 263–268.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1986.tb01011.x

29. Whittington R.J., Philbey A., Reddacliff G.L., Macgown A.R. Epidemiology of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) infection in farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): findings based on virus isolation, antigen capture ELISA and serology. Journal of Fish Diseases. 1994; 17(3): 205–218.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00216.x

30. Whittington R.J. Reddacliff L.A., Marsh I., Kearns C., Zupanovic Z., Callinan R.B. Further observations on the epidemiology and spread of epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus <t-3>(EHNV) in farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss<t0> in southeastern Australia and a recommended sampling strategy for surveillance. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 1999; 35: 125–130.https://doi.org/10.3354/dao035125

31. Becker J.A., Gilligan D., Asmus M., Tweedie A., Whittington R.J. Geographic Distribution of Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in Freshwater Fish in South Eastern Australia: Lost Opportunity for a Notifiable Pathogen to Expand Its Geographic Range. Viruses. 2019; 11(4): 315.https://doi.org/10.3390/v11040315

32. El-Matbouli M., Saleh M., Soliman H. Biosecurity risks associated with epizootic ulcerative syndrome and iridovirus in ornamental fish imported into the European Union. Veterinary Record. 2014; 174(12): 303.https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102219

33. Borzym E., Maj-Paluch J. Experimental infection with epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) and European perch (Perca fluviatilis L). Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy. 2015; 59(4): 473–477.https://doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0070