Многочастотный высокоинтенсивный ультразвук в пищевой промышленности: применение, эффективность, проблемы и перспективы

Актуальность. Ультразвуковая обработка, основанная на явлении акустической кавитации, является эффективным способом интенсификации тепло- и массообмена в пищевых технологиях. Вместе с тем традиционные одночастотные системы часто формируют стоячие волны с чередованием узлов и пучностей акустического давления, что обусловливает неоднородность поля, нестабильность воздействия и ограничивает точность управления процессом при промышленном масштабировании. Цель исследования — обобщить и систематизировать данные о молекулярных механизмах действия и практических направлениях применения многочастотного ультразвука (МЧУ) в пищевой промышленности, а также объяснить причины его преимуществ по сравнению с одночастотными режимами.
Методы. В качестве материалов для обзора отобраны научные публикации 2015–2025 гг., проиндексированные в базах Scopus,Web of Science и Google Scholar. Выполнен критический анализ работ, посвященных формированию акустического поля, характеристикам кавитации, влиянию параметров (частота/частоты, мощность, режим, геометрия реактора) на свойства пищевых матриц и технологические показатели.
Результаты. Обзор результатов научных исследований показал, что многочастотный высокоинтенсивный ультразвук (МЧУ) обеспечивает более равномерное распределение кавитационной активности и снижает негативные эффекты, связанные со стоячими волнами. Выявлено, что эффективность МЧУ объясняется не простым суммированием воздействий разных частот, а нелинейными взаимодействиями, приводящими к синергии: стабилизации кавитации, расширению зоны эффективной обработки и повышению воспроизводимости. Это улучшает результативность процессов в широком диапазоне задач — от модификации белков и структурирования дисперсных систем до обработки сложных пищевых тканей, сохраня при этом качество продукции. Многочастотный высокоинтенсивный ультразвук можно рассматривать как перспективную платформу для модернизации пищевых технологий. Для внедрения в промышленность необходимы углубленные исследования молекулярных механизмов, стандартизация параметров обработки и разработка систем интеллектуального управления для обеспечения контролируемости и масштабируемости.

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