Multifrequency high-intensity ultrasound in the food industry: application, efficiency, problems and prospects

Relevance. Ultrasonic processing, based on the phenomenon of acoustic cavitation, is an effective method for enhancing heat and mass transfer in food processing. However, traditional singlefrequency systems often generate standing waves with alternating nodes and antinodes of acoustic pressure, which leads to field inhomogeneity, instability of the effect, and limits the precision of process control at industrial scale. The aim of this study is to summarize and systematize data on the molecular mechanisms of action and practical applications of multi-frequency ultrasound (MFUS) in the food industry, as well as to explain its advantages over single-frequency modes.
Methods.  Scientific publications from 2015–2025, indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, were selected for this review. A critical analysis of studies on acoustic field formation, cavitation characteristics, and the influence of parameters (frequency/frequencies, power, mode, and reactor geometry) on the properties of food matrices and process parameters was conducted.
Results. A review of scientific research results showed that multi-frequency high-intensity ultrasound (MFUS) ensures a more uniform distribution of cavitation activity and reduces the negative effects associated with standing waves. It was found that the effectiveness of MHIU is notdue to the simple summation of the effects of different frequencies, but to nonlinear interactions leading to synergy: cavitation stabilization, expansion of the effective processing zone, and increased reproducibility. This improves process efficiency across a wide range of applications — from protein modification and structuring of dispersed systems to processing complex food tissues — while maintaining product quality. Multi-frequency high-intensity ultrasound can be considered a promising platform for modernizing food technologies. Industrial implementation requires in-depth research into molecular mechanisms, standardization of processing parameters, and the development of intelligent control systems to ensure controllability and scalability.

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