Adaptation possibilities and changes in the bioecology of Cydia pomonella L. in the central region of the non-black soil zone of russia on the background of global warming

Relevance. Climate change has a significant impact on the bioecology of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the Central region of the Nonchernozem zone of Russia. 

Methods. During the research, both original and conventional methods were used. Pheromone traps, to study the flight dynamics of C. pomonella, were installed in orchards before apple blossom. Before the emergence of the first butterflies and at the end of the summer, the traps were inspected daily, the rest of the time 1–2 times a week. Dispensers were changed 1 time in 5 weeks, adhesive inserts as they become dirty. Caterpillars leaving for cocooning were caught in trapping belts — corrugated cardboard on one (inner) side 20 cm wide. 

Results. The timing of the departure of butterflies of the overwintered generation varies greatly by year — both by dates (from 14.05 to 31.05), by the phenophases of apple tree development (from «rosebud — the beginning of flowering» to «the end of flowering»), and by the sum of effective temperatures (SET) (from 40.0 to 122.6 ºС). In the Moscow region, from April to October, the accumulation of SET above 10 ºC is noted at the level of 1009.2–1229.3 ºC, which, along with the adaptive capabilities of northern pest populations, ensures the annual development of the second generation of C. pomonella. The ratio of the number of the first and second generations depends on the weather conditions of specific periods of vegetation, however, the number of the second generation exceeds the economic threshold of harmfulness (EPV) several times every year. The photoperiod in this zone does not play a decisive role in influencing both the dynamics of summer and the number of butterflies of the second generation. 

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