Influence of various sources of amino acids on composition of intestinal microflora of meat chickens and roosters of parent herd of cross “Smena 9”

Relevance. The intensin’s microbiota plays a crucial role in feed digestion and nutrient digestion in farm poultry, influencing zootechnical performance.

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of the addition of lysine and methionine in various forms to the diet on the composition of the intestinal microflora of chickens and roosters of the «Smena 9» cross, as well as to establish a connection between the composition of microflora in different diets with the zootechnical indicators of birds.

Methods. Physiological reseach were carried out on meat chickens of the Plimutrock breed and roosters of the Cornish breed of the parent herd of the domestic cross “Smena 9” selection of the “Smena” SSC. 4 groups were formed (control 1A and experimental 2A-4A) such as of 9 laying heads and 4 groups of 9 rooster heads (control 1B and experimental 2B-4B). Analysis of samples of the contents of blind processes of the intestine of birds was carried out by PCR.

Results. As shown by the quantitative PCR method, the studied feeding factors: various sources of lysine and methionine and a 5% reduced level of metabolic energy of feed had a different effect on the composition of the microflora of chickens and roosters of the parent stock of the new cross «Smena 9». For example, with a decrease in the level of metabolic energy in the diets of chickens, there was a decrease from 1.2 to 5.0 times in such representatives of the normoflora as Bacteroidetes and Eubacteriaceae, compared with similar groups with a basic amount of metabolic energy (p < 0.05). When lysine was introduced into the diet in the form of monochlorohydrate and DL-methionine, a decrease in the weight of ovaries with an oviduct by 6.9 g was noted against the background of a decrease in the level of metabolic energy compared with the corresponding group with a base content of metabolic energy (p ≤ 0.05), whereas when using lysine in the form of sulfate and methionine in the form of a hydroxyanalog of methionine, a similar effect was reduced not noted (p > 0.05). At the same time, shifts in the composition of microflora against the background of changes in diets did not have any connection with the studied zootechnical parameters in chickens and roosters.

1. Vieira S.L., Lemme A., Goldenberg D.B., Brugalli I. Responses of growing broilers to diets with increased sulfur amino acids to lysine ratios at two dietary protein levels. Poultry Science. 2004; 83(8): 1307–1313. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.8.1307

2. Wickramasuriya S.S. et al. Differential Effects of Dietary Methionine Isomers on Broilers Challenged with Acute Heat Stress. The Journal of Poultry Science. 2019; 56(3): 195–203. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0180072

3. Bauriedel W.R. The Effect of Feeding d-Methionine on the d-Amino Acid Oxidase Activity of Chick Tissues. Poultry Science. 1963; 42(1): 214–217. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0420214

4. Jackson M. A closer look at lysine sources: L-lysine sulfate plus fermentation co-products. Feed International. 2001; 22: 18–20.

5. Henry M.H. et al. The Performance of Broiler Chicks Fed Diets Containing Extruded Cottonseed Meal Supplemented with Lysine. Poultry Science. 2001; 80(1): 762–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/80.6.762

6. Schutte J.B., Pack M. Biological efficacy of l-lysine preparations containing biomass compared to l-lysine-HCl. Archiv für Tierernaehrung. 1994; 46(3): 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450399409381775

7. Jia H. et al. Effects of L-lysine·H2SO4 product on the intestinal morphology and liver pathology using broiler model. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2019; 10: 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0318-9

8. Egorova A.V., Efimov D.N., Emanuylova Zh.V., Komarov A.A. The effects of selection of paternal Cornish line of broiler breeders at the Center for Genetics & Selection “Smena”. Ptitsevodstvo. 2020; (3): 4–9 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.33845/0033-3239-2020-69-3-4-9

9. Egorova A.V. The Principal Directions in Selection of Broiler Breeder Females. Ptitsevodstvo. 2017; (3): 16–21 (in Russian). https://elibrary.ru/ylkcfr

10. Konopleva A.P., Efimov D.N., Baykovskaya E.Yu., Emanuylova Zh.V. The Reproductive Performance in Cornish Cocks of SM5 Line of Smena-9 Broiler Cross at 34-50 Weeks of Age. Ptitsevodstvo. 2021; (11): 16–20 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.33845/0033-3239-2021-70-11-16-20

11. Konopleva A.P. The Effective Techniques of Rearing and Management of Cocks of Broiler Crosses in Preparental and Parental Flocks. Ptitsevodstvo. 2021; (5): 43–49 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.33845/0033-3239-2021-70-5-43-49

12. Savory C.J., Lariviere J.-M. Effects of qualitative and quantitative food restriction treatments on feeding motivational state and general activity level of growing broiler breeders. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 2000; 69(2): 135–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00123-4

13. de Jong I.C., Enting H., van Voorst A., Blokhuis H.J. Do low-density diets improve broiler breeder welfare during rearing and laying? Poultry Science. 2005; 84(2): 194–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.2.194

14. Oviedo-Rondón E.O., Hume M.E., Hernández C., Clemente-Hernández S. Intestinal Microbial Ecology of Broilers Vaccinated and Challenged with Mixed Eimeria Species, and Supplemented with Essential Oil Blends. Poultry Science. 2006; 85(5): 854–860. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.5.854

15. Sugiharto S. Role of nutraceuticals in gut health and growth performance of poultry. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences. 2016; 15(2): 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.06.001

16. Liu H.N. et al. Effects of dietary supplementation of quercetin on performance, egg quality, cecal microflora populations, and antioxidant status in laying hens. Poultry Science. 2014; 93(2): 347–353. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03225

17. Merciera Y., Francesch M., Badiola I., Pérez De Rozas A., Geraert P.-A. Effects of Methionine Sources and NSP Enzymes on Broiler Gut Microflora. 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition. Proceedings. Strasbourg. 2007; 332.

18. Stadtman E.R., Van Remmen H., Richardson A., Wehr N.B., Levine R.L. Methionine oxidation and aging. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) — Proteins and Proteomics. 2005; 1703(2): 135–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.08.010

19. Clarke S.F. et al. The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity. New insights. Gut Microbes. 2012; 3(3): 186–202. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.20168

20. van Der Wielen P.W.J.J., Biesterveld S., Notermans S., Hofstra H., Urlings B.A., van Knapen F. Role of Volatile Fatty Acids in Development of the

21. Cecal Microflora in Broiler Chickens during Growth. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2000; 66(6): 2536–2540. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.6.2536-2540.2000

22. De Vadder F. et al. Microbiota-Generated Metabolites Promote Metabolic Benefits via Gut-Brain Neural Circuits. Cell. 2014; 156(1–2): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.016

23. Stanley D. et al. Identification of chicken intestinal microbiota correlated with the efficiency of energy extraction from feed. Veterinary Microbiology. 2013; 164(1–2): 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.01.030

24. Beam A., Clinger E., Hao L. Effect of Diet and Dietary Components on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2021; 13(8): 2795. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082795

25. Erridge C., Attina T., Spickett C.M., Webb D.J. A high-fat meal induces lowgrade endotoxemia: evidence of a novel mechanism of postprandial inflammation. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007; 86(5): 1286–1292. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1286

26. Ghoshal S., Witta J., Zhong J., de Villiers W., Eckhardt E. Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides. Journal of Lipid Research. 2009; 50(1): 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M800156-JLR200

27. Kumar S., Adhikari P., Oakley B., Kim W.K. Changes in cecum microbial community in response to total sulfur amino acid (TSAA: DL-methionine) in antibiotic-free and supplemented poultry birds. Poultry Science. 2019; 98(11): 5809–5819. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez380

28. Kollarcikova M. et al. Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for prediction of new opportunistic pathogens in chicken ileal and cecal microbiota. Poultry Science. 2019; 98(6): 2347–2353.https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey594

29. Murphy E.C., Frick I.-M. Gram-positive anaerobic cocci — commensals and opportunistic pathogens. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 2013; 37(4): 520–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12005

30. Yan L. et al. Effects of corn particle size on growth performance, gastrointestinal development, carcass indices and intestinal microbiota of broilers. Poultry Science. 2022; 101(12): 102205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102205

31. Dai D., Qi G.-h., Wang J., Zhang H.-j., Qiu K., Wu S.-g. Intestinal microbiota of layer hens and its association with egg quality and safety. Poultry Science. 2022; 101(9): 102008. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.psj.2022.102008

32. Liu T., Tang J., Feng F. Medium-chain α-monoglycerides improves productive performance and egg quality in aged hens associated with gut microbiota modulation. Poultry Science. 2020; 99(12): 7122–7132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.049

33. Feng J. et al. Dietary oregano essential oil supplementation improves intestinal functions and alters gut microbiota in late-phase laying hens. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2021; 12: 72. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00600-3

34. Liu G. et al. Effects of Sex and Diet on Gut Microbiota of FarmlandDependent Wintering Birds. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2020; 11: 587873. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.587873

35. Kers J.G., Velkers F.C., Fischer E.A.J., Hermes G.D.A., Stegeman J.A., Smidt H. Host and Environmental Factors Affecting the Intestinal Microbiota in Chickens. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00235

36. Kurata S., Hiradate Y., Umezu K., Hara K., Tanemura K. Capacitation of mouse sperm is modulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration. Journal of Reproduction and Development. 2019; 65(4): 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2019-008

37. Fujinoki M., Takei G.L γ-Aminobutyric acid suppresses enhancement of hamster sperm hyperactivation by 5-hydroxytryptamine. Journal of Reproduction and Development. 2017; 63(1): 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.2016-091