Systemic effect of the oncological process on the dog’s body

The article presents the results of an analysis of a non-randomized study of the prevalence of paraneoplastic syndromes in primary spontaneous malignant neoplasms in dogs. The study was conducted in 2022–2024 on the basis of the Department of Diseases of Small Domestic, Laboratory and Exotic Animals and the Research Laboratory of Oncology, Ophthalmology and Animal Biochemistry of the Russian Biotechnological University “ROSBIOTECH”. The object of the study were 948 dogs with primary spontaneous malignant neoplasms confirmed by morphological methods.

The aim of the work was to study the frequency of paraneoplastic syndromes in dogs with neoplasia.

The diagnosis of paraneoplastic syndrome was made by excluding other possible etiological factors for the development of clinical and laboratory abnormalities identified during a comprehensive examination of dogs. As a result of the study, the incidence of paraneoplasia was 54.54% of cases. Hematological (44.41%) and gastrointestinal (37.13%) paraneoplastic syndromes were most often recorded, less often endocrine (3.27%) and ophthalmological (3.38%), extremely rarely renal (1.27%), osteoarticular (0.42%) and dermatological (0.42%). The main hematological manifestations of the systemic effect of the oncological process were: anemia (12.87%), neutrophilic leukocytosis (12.76%) and thrombocytopenia (8.86%). Gastrointestinal paraneoplastic syndrome in most cases was manifested by a decrease in body weight (33.65%) and hyporexia (18.04%), inflammatory and erosive ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract (7.59%). During the study, a case of a nonspecific systemic reaction to a malignant tumor in the form of fever in the absence of infectious and inflammatory processes (0.11%) was registered.

1. Tikhenko A.S., Khankhasykov S.P. Oncological pathology as a cause of the death of dogs and cats in the Irkutsk city. Vestnik of Buryat State Academy of Agriculture named after V. Philippov. 2021; (4): 95–101 (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.34655/bgsha.2021.65.4.013 2. Kayukova E.V., Kayukova T.V. Modern concepts of carcinogenesis. Zabaykal’skiy meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2017; (4): 39‒44 (in Russian). https://elibrary.ru/ykexuf 3. Krakhmal N.V., Zavyalova M.V., Denisov E.V., Vtorushin S.V., Perelmuter V.M. Cancer invasion: patterns and mechanisms. Acta Naturae. 2015; 7(2): 17‒28. https://doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2015-7-2-17-28 4. Mamedov M.К. Systemic action of the malignant tumor to host organism as a basis of the natural history of oncologic diseases. Biomedicine. 2007; (1): 3‒10 (in Russian). 5. Vilmis D.A. Paraneoplastic syndromes in dogs and cats. Young people’s knowledge for the development of veterinary medicine and the agro-industrial complex of the country. Proceedings of the XII International scientific conference of students, postgraduates and young scientists dedicated to the 215th anniversary of St. Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine. St. Petersburg. 2023; 552‒554 (in Russian). https://elibrary.ru/xboglm

2. Almir P.d.S., Olívia M.M.B. Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Dogs. Approaches in Poultry, Dairy & Veterinary Sciences. 2018; 3(2): 229‒230. https://doi.org/10.31031/APDV.2018.03.000560

3. Elliott J. Paraneoplastic syndromes in dogs and cats. In Practice. 2014; 36(9): 443–452. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.g5826

4. Finora K. Common paraneoplastic syndromes. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2003; 18(2): 123‒126. https://doi.org/10.1053/svms.2003.36629

5. Turek M.M. Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes in dogs and cats: a review of the literature. Veterinary Dermatology. 2003; 14(6): 279‒296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2003.00346.x

6. Ignatenko N.A. Paraneoplastic dermatological syndromes: how to recognize? VetPharma. 2017; (1): 76‒81 (in Russian).

7. Childress M.O. Hematologic Abnormalities in the Small Animal Cancer Patient. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 2012; 42(1): 123‒155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.09.009

8. da Silva Soares E. et al. Platelet count and MCHC as independent prognostic markers for feline mammary carcinomas. Research in Veterinary Science. 2023; 164: 105024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105024

9. Pelosof L.C., Gerber D.E. Paraneoplastic Syndromes: An Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2010; 85(9): 838‒854. https://doi.org/10.4065/mcp.2010.0099

10. Martynovskaya E.N. Direct causes of death of oncological patients. Smolenskiy meditsinskiy al’manakh. 2018; (2): 24‒28 (in Russian). https://elibrary.ru/ovtscz

11. Tumielewicz K.L., Hudak D., Kim J., Hunley D.W., Murphy L.A. Review of oncological emergencies in small animal patients. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 2019; 5(3): 271‒296. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.164

12. Pavlova V.Yu., Sokolov S.V., Gaidai A.V. Paraneoplasticsyndrome: prognostic significance. Lechaschi Vrach. 2020; (4): 48 (in Russiаn). https://doi.org/10.26295/OS.2020.47.23.008

13. Osadchuk M.A., Vasilieva I.N., Kozlov V.V., Mitrokhina O.I. Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for oncogenesis. Russian Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2023; 26(1): 70-79. (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.17116/profmed20232601170