Методы идентификации микропластиков в пищевых системах

В 1970-х годах ученые начали сообщать о наличии пластиковых предметов в миллиметрах и позже в диапазоне микрометров в окружающей среде и питьевой воде. В 2004 году мелкие частицы пластмассы, обнаруженные в окружающей среде, были впервые названы микропластиком, а в 2008-м в ходе международного научно-исследовательского семинара — пластиковыми частицами размером менее 5 мм. Тем не менее вопросы, касающиеся допустимых размеров, видов полимеров, конфигурации и возникновения микропластика, до сих пор остаются предметом дискуссий в научном сообществе.

Верхний предел размера часто устанавливается до 5 мм. По своему происхождению микропластики делятся на первичные и вторичные. Методы, используемые для анализа микропластика в различных системах, разнообразны. Довольно простым является обнаружение невооруженным глазом или с помощью светового микроскопа. Идентификация микропластика иногда подтверждается окрашиванием или обычной флотацией (так как плотность пластика меньше плотности воды). Однако для идентификации микропластика требуются более сложные методы — термоаналитические или спектроскопические методы. Научный обзор посвящен методам идентификации микропластиков в пищевых системах. Рассматриваются различные подходы к выявлению и анализу микропластиков, включая визуальную идентификацию, оптическую и электронную микроскопию, флуоресцентную микроскопию, инфракрасную и рамановскую спектроскопию, а также термоаналитические методы. Особое внимание уделено преимуществам и недостаткам каждого метода, а также их применению в реальных условиях. В заключение делается вывод о перспективности рамановской микроскопии и инфракрасной спектроскопии для идентификации микропластиков в пищевых системах и сельскохозяйственной продукции. 

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