Современные инновационные технологии послеуборочной обработки и хранения фруктов и овощей. Обзор

Эффективная послеуборочная обработка является ключевым фактором сохранения качества и безопасности свежих фруктов и овощей, увеличения продолжительности их хранения, снижения пищевых потерь и, как следствие, укрепления продовольственной безопасности. Традиционно применяемые подходы (охлаждение, химические консерванты и фунгицидные обработки) обладают рядом ограничений, включая экологическую нагрузку, регуляторные ограничения и недостаточную эффективность по увеличению срока хранения. Целью данного исследования является обзор и критическая оценка современных инновационных технологий послеуборочной обработки и хранения свежей плодоовощной продукции, их эффективность по предотвращению микробиологической и физиологической порчи, снижению потерь сырья и увеличению срока хранения. В качестве материалов для настоящего обзора использованы результаты научных исследований, опубликованные в период 2018–2025 гг. Научный поиск источников по теме исследования проводили, по ключевым словам, в библиографических базах Scopus, Web of science и Google Scholar. В настоящем обзоре систематизированы современные достижения в области послеуборочных технологий для фруктов и овощей с акцентом на нанотехнологические решения, съедобные покрытия и ряд инновационных физических методов, включая хранение в контролируемой атмосфере, обработку холодной плазмой, импульсным светом и ультрафиолетовым излучением диапазона UV-C. Сопоставление технологий выполнено по критериям их результативности в увеличении срока хранения, снижении микробной контаминации и сохранении органо- лептических характеристик и пищевой ценности. В совокупности рассмотренные подходы демонстрируют высокий потенциал для сокращения послеуборочных потерь и поддержания стабильного качества широкого спектра плодоовощной продукции. Вместе с тем их внедрение, особенно в развивающихся странах, ограничивается барьерами, связанными с оценкой безопасности и нормативным регулированием, рыночной приемлемостью для потребителей и производителей, а также необходимостью дальнейшей оптимизации составов покрытий и режимов обработки для различных культур и условий логистики. Дальнейшие научные исследования должны быть направлены на разработку и оптимизацию интеллектуальной упаковки, расширение междисциплинарного взаимодействия, таких как послеуборочная микробиология, материаловедение, пищевая инженерия и повышение осведомлённости потребителей о качестве свежей продукции и способах его мониторинга.

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