Relevance. Dagestan Republic in terms of natural and climatic characteristics is the most favorable for the of ixodid ticks - carriers of pathogens of blood-parasitic diseases of farm animals. In this regard, further improvement of the set of scientifically grounded control measures and the search for new promising chemotherapeutic drugs of the prevention and treatment of pyroplasmidosis of cattle are major problem of great national economic importance.

Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in farms, unfavorable on pyroplasmidosis, in the conditions of Dagestan Republic. The object of the study was cattle, spontaneously invaded by various types of blood parasites. Experеmental and control groups in production experiments were selected according to the principle of analogues. In the first control group (n = 10) the drug was not used. The second (n = 10) was injected with the drug DAC 5% at a dose of 1 ml/20 kg (DV 2.5 mg/kg), intramuscularly, at the rate 5 ml per 100 kg of live weight. The animals of the third (n = 10) were injected with the injectable preparation forticarb 10% at a dose of 4 ml/100 kg (DV 4 mg/kg) of live weight, intramuscularly, once.

Results. It was found that with a single intramuscular injection of forticarb at the rate 2 ml/50 kg of live weight, the temperature and parasitic reaction in the body of sick animals decreased in a very short time. Therapeutic efficacy in pyroplasmidosis of cattle was 90%.

 Relevance. The work is devoted to the assessment of the effectiveness of the feed additive “Mucinol-extra” together with chitosan, on the hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood of heifers of the black-and-white breed. The goal was to study the effect of the probiotic “Mucinol-extra” on the physiological state of the body of heifers. Experimental data showed that the content of total protein, albumins and globulins increased in both experimental groups. At the same time, the total protein index in the second group increased by 10.5%. The use of the probiotic preparation “Mucinol-extra” had a positive effect on the concentration of glucose in the blood of the experimental group. The content of erythrocytes in the blood of heifers in the experimental group was 12.23% higher than in the control group. Accordingly, the hemoglobin content in the experimental group exceeded the control significantly by 11.5%. The influence of the probiotic “Mucinol-extra”, together with chitosan, promoted the stimulation of protein metabolism, an increase in the level of redox processes and an improvement in the functional state of the body of young cattle.

Methods. To study the effect of the probiotic “Mucinol-extra” on hematological parameters and biochemical parameters of blood serum, 2 groups of clinically healthy heifers of the black-and-white breed of 10 days of age were formed, selected according to a single physiological state, taking into account live weight, sex, age and clinical states. Each group consisted of 10 animals.

Results. It was found that feeding the heifers of the experimental groups with the probiotic preparation “MUTSINOL”-extra had a favorable effect on the hematological and biochemical parameters of the blood. 

 We studied the comparative efficacy of adjuvants and the antigenic activity of the selected viral strains of infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3 and respiratory syncytial infection of cattle. The dynamics of biosynthesis of antiviral antibodies after immunization in cows were determined. 

 Relevance. A significant increase in the proportion of factorial infectious diseases was established, the epizootic index in which reaches 1,0, the focal coefficient — 18,97, mortality — 100,0%, the insufficient effectiveness of diagnostic and antiepizootic measures determine the presence of conjugate foci and the threat of the formation of an enzootic zone. The widespread occurrence of these pathologies is facilitated by a decrease in the natural resistance of the body of animals when kept in limited areas, unconventional feeding and the use of chemotherapeutic and disinfectants.

The aim of the work was to conduct epizootological monitoring of the infectious pathology of sheep, based on the optimization of the scheme of bacteriological and mycological diagnostics.

Methods. The object of the study was sheep of the “Romanovskaya” breed, goats of the “Zaanenskaya” breed, and lambs of the “Aginskaya” breed. In a retrospective analysis of the epizootic situation for infectious diseases, statistical data were taken into account, assessing the extensive and intensive indicators of the epizootic process. For the intravital diagnosis of infectious diseases, washes from the mucous membranes of the oral and nasal cavity (n = 10), feces (n = 35) of sick lambs were studied. In addition, we studied the washings of objects in the reproductive rooms (n = 5). The  results of the experimental data were processed by the method of statistical analysis using the Student’s t-test, the results were considered reliable at р ≤ 0,05.

Results. Analyzing the data of veterinary reporting, systematization and statistical processing of epizootic indicators, it was found that out of the total number of sheep and goats (144,274), the number of sick animals with bacterial diseases was 35, of which pasteurellosis — 5,72%, escherichiosis — 60,0%, staphylococcosis — 2,86%, streptococcosis — 22,86%. In the structure of infectious pathology of sheep and goats for the period 2014–2018 there is a dynamics of changes in the nosological profile with a predominance of the share of escherichiosis — 22,86% and 20,0% in years 2014 and 2015, respectively. The etiological structure of the infectious pathology of lambs is represented by bacteria: E. coli; K. pneumoniae — 4 (10,5%); P. vulgaris — 3 (7,9%); E. cloacae — 2 (5,3%); P. aeruginosa — 1 (2,7%); S. aureus — 1 (2,7%); S. epidermidis — 1 (2,7%); C. albicans — 2 (5,3%); C. parapsilosis — 1 (2,7%). 

 Monieziasis is a helminthiasis of domestic and many species of wild ruminants. It is caused by cestodes of the genus Moniezia of the family Anoplocephalidae, which parasitize the small intestine. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of monieziasis among sheep in the Astrakhan region and to identify the corresponding risk factors. The Astrakhan region, located in the south of the European part of Russia, is a region of traditional development of sheep breeding. The relief of this area  is mainly semidesert plains with a sharply continental climate. One thousand  five hundred Soviet verino sheep from various districts of the Astrakhan region were examined using the Fulleborn method to detect eggs of the genus Moniezia in fecal samples. Histological sections of mature proglottids were stained for histological examination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In the course of the study it was found that 397 (26.46%) samples of fecal matter from Soviet merino sheep were found to be infected with monieziasis . The percentage of infection with moniesiasis, depending on the age of the sheep, was 35.61% and 22.12% among young and adult sheep, respectively. Monieziasis was more common among female sheep (41.52%) than among males (13.85%). The highest incidence of monieziasis in sheep of the Soviet merino breed was found in spring (37.02%), followed by autumn (30.28%), summer (19.86%), and the lowest in winter (22.65%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies revealed that several eggs of the genus Moniezia accumulated within proglottids and proglottids containing bilateral genital pores and craspedot. 

 One of the forms of activity of a veterinary specialist can be his work as a forensic expert. Currently, more and more disputes arise regarding the provision of veterinary services, death or disease of animals as a result of various cases of poaching. In this connection, there is a need for a more detailed study of the comparative anatomical features of the structure of domestic and wild animals. In our work, we studied the anatomical features of the structure of the skull of two animal species: roe deer and ram. The presented materials present the results of a study of the structure and comparison of the skulls of a roe deer and a ram, as well as the determination of their age from the bones of the skull. 

 This work is devoted to the general monitoring of mineral exchange in Holstein bullsproducers (n = 50) of black-and-white color in the conditions of the Leningrad region. The mineral exchange of bulls was studied depending on the selection (American (n = 7), Russian (n = 11) and European (Netherlands) (n = 32)) in the age range from 2 to 5.5 years. Such parameters as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, alkaline phosphatase, copper and zinc were studied using a biochemical analyzer Chem Well 2902 (Awareness Technology, USA) and an atomic absorption spectrometer “Kvant-2A”. It was found that the studied indicators for the content of minerals in blood serum are mainly at the level of reference values. There are significant differences in the bulls of
Russian and European breeding (P < 0.001). Above the reference values  concentrations of phosphorus were noted in young bulls, magnesium in all age groups, which affected the ratio of changes in the ratio of calcium and phosphorus at a highly reliable level (P < 0.001). There was also a shortage of copper in bulls of Russian and European origin (9.52 mmol/l and 8.35 mmol/l versus 9.81 mmol/l and 19.888 mmol/l in the norm). A relatively low level was observed in bulls of younger age (up to 24 months — of 6.33 mmol/l), and a zinc surplus in adult bulls over 37 months — of 59.2–62.4 mmol/l against 53.05 mmol/l the norm. We believe that it is necessary to constantly monitor the mineral metabolism of breeding bulls, not only taking into account their origin and age, but also their individual condition. 

 The article deals with the issues related to the characteristics of protective forest strips and their impact on the yield of agricultural crops in the Troitsky farm of the Mikhailovsky district of the Volgograd region.

Methodology. The characteristics of forest strips are typical. The spatial orientation of protective forest strips, species composition, height, undergrowth, number of rows, distance between rows and seats in a row, density and safety of plantings, width, openwork, design of forest strips are considered. Forest strips with sunflower biocenosis represent the ecosystem. The inter-lane space was taken into account from the forest strip at a distance of: 5; 10; 15; 25 and 35 heights (H). The control was the middle of the inter-lane cell. The bio-productivity of sunflower was determined by the  phases of development: leaf area, assimilating surface, photosynthetic potential. For the analytical expression of the spatial dynamics of the photosynthetic potential an exponential dependence was used. Oil content at the end of the growing season was measured on the basis of interstate standards GOST 10857-64, GOST 13586.3 and GOST 10853-88 using a digital laboratory moisture-oil meter VMTSL-12M. The aim of the research was to identify the reclamation effect of the influence of protective forest strips on the bioproductivity of sunflower with minimal tillage (or no-till  technology).

Conclusion. Features of the bio-productivity of sunflower hybrid in the inter-lane space are expressed in the patterns of development of assimilating the surface on logistics and photosynthetic potential is exponential. The yield of the hybrid varies depending on the weather conditions, the presence of nutrients in the soil and does not differ  fundamentally by year. Consequently, the cultivation of the LG-5456 hybrid in humid years in the zone of influence of forest strips using the no-till technology showed good results. The obtained data prove that forest-reclamation plantings in agricultural landscapes are one of the most durable and environmentally friendly factors for increasing the productivity of agricultural land.  

 Relevance. The article is devoted to the actual problem of studying non-traditional fodder crop — pierced leaf sylphia (Silphium perfoliatum), which is promising for introduction on reclaimed lands of the non-chernozem zone  of the Russian Federation.

Methods and results. The research was carried out at the test site of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands — a branch of the Federal Research Centre “Soil Science Institute named after V.V. Dokuchaev”(Tver region). The experiments were carried out in 2017–2020. Soil on the experimental site isdrained soddy-podzolic loamy soil. The arable layer is characterized by the following agrochemical indicators: pHKCL — 6.7, the content of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen — 50.1 mg/kg of soil, mobile phosphorus (P2O5) — 272.0 mg/kg of soil, and the concentration of  exchangeable potassium (K2O) — 78,0 mg/kg of soil. When cultivated on the reclaimed lands of the Tver region, pierced leaf sylphia provided high yields of green mass — 73.0±2,7 t/ha or 13.1±0,8 t/ha of dry matter. The maximum height of the shoots of pierced leaf sylphia reaches during the flowering period, which, in the conditions of drained lands, begins 90–100 days from the beginning of spring regrowth, which indicates the late  maturity of this culture in the conditions of the non-chernozem zone. The flowering period is the best period for harvesting sylphs for animal feed, since it is at this time that one kilogram of green feed contains 0.12–0.15 feed units, 170 g of dry matter, 16.5 g of crude protein, 24 mg of carotene, 41 g of fiber, 4.5 g of calcium, 0.4 g of phosphorus, which corresponds to the zootechnical norms of animal feeding. The introduction of pierced-leaved sylphia into the system of feed production on reclaimed lands, including in a green conveyor, allows obtaining the maximum amount of nutrients per unit area, using innovative technologies for the cultivation of forage plants, increasing the quality of feed and the concentration of energy in 1 kg of dry matter to 10,0–10.5 MJ. 

 Rational use of moisture by crops in conditions of its lack is an urgent task of agriculture. The research was carried out in the agriculture department of the Prikumsk experimental selection station in 2014–2020 in a 6-field grain-fallow crop rotation. The purpose of the research is to study the moisture supply of winter wheat crops by various predecessors. The main difference in the moisture content of fallow and non-fallow crops was observed in the autumn period. The content of productive moisture in a meter layer of soil before sowing in a pure fallow is 2.4 times higher than in a semi-fallow. In favorable years for humidification (2014–2016), the moisture reserves in the arable soil layer (0–20 cm) by their predecessors practically did not differ (24.6 and 23.5 mm), while in dry years (2017–2020) they differed significantly (10.8 and 4.1 mm). The formation of the yield for pure fallow was significantly influenced by moisture reserves for sowing winter wheat in the arable (r = 0.86) and 1 m soil layer (r = 0.80), precipitation in April and May (r = 0.77), May (r = 0.75) and the total moisture supply of crops (r = 0.91), and for the semifallow — the total moisture  supply (r = 0.80). The accumulation of moisture in the cold period depended on its autumn content in the 1st soil layer, had a significant negative relationship for the pure vapor (r = -0.79 in mm and -0.85 in %) and manifested itself as a tendency for the semi-vapor (r = -0.70 and -0.69). The greater the autumn reserves of moisture in the soil, the less its amount accumulated over the winter and, conversely, the greatest replenishment of moisture was observed with the minimum autumn reserves. The efficiency of using moisture by fallow crops was 1.7 times, and the yield was 1.9 times higher compared to the non-steam predecessor. 

 In this work, we studied biological products used for growing on barley. Empirical data on the influence of biological products on the development of barley, photosynthetic activity, productivity and profitability are presented. The experiments were carried out in the Rostov region in 2016–2020, the temperature regime, distribution and amount of precipitation were different from the long-term ones. When using Emistim, barley formed the largest leaf area on the plant, more than the control by 223%. The survival rate of barley was from 70,9 to 77,9%. Productive bushiness increased by 5–10%. Treatment of plants with Binoram and Emistim preparations formed an average of 1.34 productive stems on the plant, Vitazim and Biodux — 1,33. Under the influence of biological preparations the plants formed a full-fledged grain. Biodux and Binoram made it possible to obtain a mass of 1000 grains by 2,4 g more than the control. The highest yield was obtained when exposed to Emistim — 3,76 t/ha, which exceeded the control by 1,03 t/ha. Confidence at 95% significance level was noted for all variants. On average, over the years of experiments, it is most cost-effective to use Biodux for vegetation. 

 Relevance. The article presents the results of research on some possibilities of solving the actual problems of agricultural production of winter grain crops in the Republic of North Ossetia — Alania. In particular, the article is devoted to the study of the influence of growth regulators Stabilan and HEFC, BP.

Methods. Field experiments were carried out in the rain-fed conditions of the steppe zone of the Mozdok district, in the scientific and production department of the SKNIIGPSH VNC RAS “Oktyabrsky”, located in the village. The studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods.

Results. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was proved that the treatment with growth stimulators contributed to an increase in the density of standing plants. The period of tubulation in all the experimental plots came in the first decade of May. With the use of growth regulators HEFC and Stabilan, the plants came into ear 2–3 days later than in the control variant. In the following phases of development — flowering, milky-waxy and full maturity — the same trend was observed. It was found that the grain yield increases, the increase in relation to the control was up to 1.36 t/ha. The use of growth regulators Stabilan and HEFC for the studied varieties of winter wheat respectively showed the highest mass of 1000 grains. The highest grain size was determined for the Alekseich variety — 789 g/l and for the Adel variety — 782 g/l, on the variant with the use of the HEFC growth regulator. The highest yield was obtained on the variant with the use of the HEFC growth regulator — 4.63 t/ha. The highest index in terms of protein content was found in the Alekseich variety — 16.0%, while the Adel variety has the same indicator at 15.31%. The largest percentage of ash in the studied varieties was found in the control variant. The calculation of economic efficiency allowed us to determine that with a maximum yield of 4.63 t/ha in the variant with the use of the HEFC growth regulator on the Alekseich variety, the conditional net income was 15.1 thousand rubles/ha, with a level of production profitability of 48.2%. In a similar variant with the Adel variety the yield was 4.43 t/ha with a level of production profitability of  41.5%. 

 Relevance. The great variety and decorativeness of ornamental grasses and sedges have recently attracted the attention of modern landscape designers and gardeners around the world. In biotechnology, miscanthus is used as an alternative to wood, a renewable raw material for the production of bioethanol and cellulose. In the Stavropol Botanical Garden, under conditions of introduction, a collection of ornamental grasses and sedges is studied, including 36 species, 43 varieties and 23 specimens, belonging to both cold and warm season plants. Along with ornamental grasses and sedges of the temperate zone (3–4th zone of winter hardiness), plants from the southern regions (5–6th zone of winter hardiness) have been increasingly attracted recently, however, the temperature factor is limiting for their wide use. The objective of this work is to study a promising range of cold and warm season cereals and sedges for use in landscaping in connection with the thermal resources of our climatic zone.

Methods. To assess the thermal resources of the conditions of the introduction site, the sums of effective temperatures before the beginning of the generative period were calculated. Mathematical processing was carried out according to standard methods.

Results. It is shown that in the cereals of the cold season studied by us the generative phase, on average, begins on the 7–97th day of the growing season, when the sum of effective temperatures reaches 5.5–691 °C. In cereal species of the warm season it occurs on the 101–174th day of the growing season, when the sum of effective temperatures reaches 914–1537 °С. A strong correlation was found between the sum of effective temperatures and the date of the beginning of the generative phase (r = 0.82–0.99). The temperature conditions in our zone allow us to grow a wide and varied range of ornamental grasses and sedges belonging to the genera Festuca, Glyceria, Koeleria, Leymus, Phalaris, Phragmites, Carex Miscanthus, Erianthus, Imperata, Pennisetum, Chasmanthium, Arundo, Panicum. 

 The aim of the research is to solve the problems of preserving the natural properties of cotton fiber and seeds. After analyzing the reasons that deteriorate the quality of cotton fiber and seeds, a new non-waste technology for cleaning cotton is proposed, as well asadditional resources for making a profit, which are biofertilizer, bio-solution and alkali.

Methods and results. In laboratory conditions, biofertilizers and a solution were obtained with properties close to those of biofertilizers and solutions with the addition of dust extracted during cotton cleaning. To do this, in 30 kg of land collected from the fields, which could be moved by a light wind, were added5 kg of sheep manure, 5 kg of cattle manure, 3 kg of chicken manure, 0.5 kg of nitrate, 0.5 kg of urea, 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizers as catalysts, they were placed in a 100 liter container, filled with water and following the procedure the desired product was obtained. The use of biological solution and biofertilizer contributes to the restoration of the fertile structure of the soil, an increase in cotton yield by 25–30%, improvement of the natural properties of cotton fiber and seeds, ecology. 

 Within the framework of increasing the export potential of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the most 4 priority areas for the development of agriculture have been identified, among them it is important to diversify crop production. In this regard, in the near future, the crop production industry will continue to work on diversification, replacing part of the wheat area with more demanded crops (fodder and oilseeds), which is also important for reducing the dependence of crop productivity on weather conditions.  According to the morphological characteristics of the genetic horizons of the profile and the agrochemical parameters of the arable layer of the soil of the experimental plots, they are characteristic for dry steppe zone 1 of Western Kazakhstan. The area of the plots during the cultivation of barley is 50 m2, the repetition is threefold, the arrangement of the plots is systematic. In the experiments the zoned barley variety “Donetskaya 8” was used. Seeding rate was used asrecommended for the dry-steppe zone of WKO. In the system of biologized agriculture, microbiological preparations and bioorganic fertilizers recommended and available on the market were used for the study of pre-seeding treatment of seed material and spraying during the growing season of barley. As a result of the study, an agroecological and bioenergy assessment was carried out for barley of the harvest of 2020, cultivated in biologized raw material conveyors for the production of  concentrated feed, used in the diversification of crop production.Pre-seeding treatment and the use of biological products and biofertilizers during the growing season promotes the activation of a number of growth, physiological and biochemical processes of plants, which leads to an increase in barley yield. With the combined use of the biological product  Biodux, biofungicide Orgamica S and biofertilizers Organit N, Organit P (biologized technology), the maximum indicators of productivity and feed, energy-protein value of feed barley were obtained. 

 The article studies and analyzes the effect of fertilizer rates and the number of irrigations on the water-physical properties of the soil under mixed crops. In world practice of agricultural crops mixed crops are used, mainly cereals and legumes, to provide an increase in the productivity and quality of crops, they alsocontribute to the maintenance of soil fertility. Long-term studies have shown that alfalfa roots and stubble residues are of great importance for maintaining and restoring soil fertility. First, the soil is enriched with nutrients that can be absorbed by the roots, and thenthe root system enriches the soil with organic matter, which, in turn, improves the water-physical properties of the soil. From our studies we came to the following conclusions: optimization of the amount of fertilizer and irrigation rates in mixed crops of barley and alfalfa has a significant effect on the water-physical properties of the soil. We advise farmers to use organic and mineral fertilizers in alfalfa crops at a rate of 10 t/ha + N₁₅P₆₀K₃₀. 

 The article deals with the problem of assessing the amount of fines for environmental pollution. Individual cases are analyzed on the example of Russia and the United States on the problems of disposal and storage of manure. It was revealed that in the USA the amount of fines is calculated for each day of detected pollution. In addition, the law in the United States obliges to store manure in closed tanks, which is not the case in Russian legislative practice. Russian livestock farms are distinguished by high economic efficiency, however, if violations of environmental legislation are detected, they pay insignificant fines in the range of 700–800 thousand rubles in accordance with the Code of Administrative Offenses. It is necessary to develop a mechanism for equalizing economic profits and costs for third parties, as well as the creation of a modern monitoring system and open data on the facts of environmental pollution and related environmental indicators. The paper is written under the RANEPA’s State research assignment.