Relevance and methodology. The results of laboratory studies of solutions of disinfectants Penox-1 and Penox-2, carried out on rough tests surfaces made of concrete, wood and metlakh tiles, against Mycobacterium (strain B-5) and Bac. cereus spores (strain 96) are presented. Experiments were carried out to establish the modes of disinfection of Penox-2 in a comparative aspect with solutions of Penox-1. For protein protection of the test cultures, horse blood serum was applied to the test surface, at the rate of 0.5 g/100 cm². When developing disinfection modes, contaminated rough test surfaces were placed horizontally and vertically. Disinfection of the test surfaces was carried out by the method of wet disinfection, at the rate of 0.5 l/m², at exposure 1; 3 and 24 hours. The treatment was carried out twice with an interval of 60 min. All studies were carried out in 3-fold repetition. The criterion for the effectiveness of the agent in the disinfection of surfaces is 100% death of test cultures.

Results. It was found that with a single irrigation with solutions of the Penox-1 preparation, disinfection of test surfaces made of concrete, wood and metlakh tiles contaminated with mycobacteria and Bac. cereus spores was not achieved. Disinfection of the test surfaces from mycobacteria occurred with double irrigation, exposure for 24 hours, at the rate of 1 l/m2. Double irrigation of Bac. cereus spores did not result in decontamination of test surfaces. At the same time, the addition of chloramine B to the composition of the preparation Penox-2 at a concentration of 0.5–3.0% led to the disinfection of test surfaces from mycobacteria and Bac. cereus spores respectively after 1 and 3 hours, at the rate of 0.5 l/m², with single irrigation.

Poultry is poorly adapted to high temperature parameters of the environment, the greater the body weight and density of the poultry, the more pronounced the consequences of heat stress are. It is possible to avoid the negative effect of heat stress on the physiological parameters and health of poultry by using specific and non-specific drugs. The studies presented in the article were carried out according to generally accepted methods. As a result, it was found that under experimental conditions with artificially created heat stress for broiler chickens, the use according to the scheme: NSAIDs with the active ingredient acetylsalicylic acid and PRODACTIV®ACIDSE promotes the preservation of the main productive indicators.

Relevance. Despite the constant improvement of methods for correcting the intestinal microbiota, the occurrence of dysbacteriosis in various pathological processes not only does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. Therefore, the choice of the optimal therapeutic regimen for the correction of the lightest compensated degree of intestinal dysbiosis in cats, in our opinion, is an urgent direction of scientific research in veterinary medicine.

Methods. Evaluation of the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in cats with compensated intestinal dysbiosis (n = 15) is given. The animals were divided by the envelope method into two experimental groups: A₁ (n = 6) and A₂ (n = 9). The dynamics of individual hematological and immunological blood parameters of cats with grade 1 dysbiosis in the course of their therapy (before treatment, on days 7 and 14) is shown.

Results. With compensated intestinal dysbiosis in cats, the appointment of the Purina Pro Plan dietary food shows a therapeutic effect, which leads to an overall clinical improvement as early as after 6.16±0.60 days. However, the use of the probiotic «Lactobifadol» against the background of diet therapy normalizes appetite after 2.39 days, an unpleasant odor from the oral cavity after 0.84 days, feces after 0.89 days, accelerates the overall clinical improvement of animals with intestinal dysbiosis of the 1st degree by 2.16 days earlier, when compared with the indicators of cats of the A₁ group.

Relevance. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that an analysis of the epizootic situation of infectious anemia of horses in the Russian Federation has been carried out, with the identification of regions with a high degree of risk for this chronic infection. The dynamics of the spread of the disease in disadvantaged regions for the period 2018–2020 was analyzed.

Methods. The main method of laboratory diagnosis of infectious anemia of horses is the study of blood serum in the diffuse precipitation in agar gel (AGID). For the analysis, we used the statistical data presented in the official reporting form 4-vet according to the Order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation dated 02.04.2008 No. 189 (“On the Regulations for the provision of information to the system of state information support in the field of agriculture”).

Results. The article presents the results of the analysis of the prevalence of infectious anemia of horses in the country based on the results of serological studies in the AGID performed by the state veterinary laboratories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2018–2020. In total, 1,426,642 one-hoofed animals were examined in the Russian Federation for three years at EIAV, 1,322 horses positively responding to AGID were found (0.1%). The largest number of sick horses was found in the constituent entities of the Siberian and Ural Federal Districts. Horses infected with the EIAV virus were found in all 12 constituent entities of the Siberian Federal District, 640 animals (0.1% of those examined). A tense epizootic situation has developed in the Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk and Tomsk regions, the Altai Republic, and the Trans-Baikal Territory. In 5 constituent entities of the Ural Federal District, horses responding positively to EIAV were found, only 584 samples (0.3%), the largest number — in the Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions. Isolated cases of horse disease EIAV were registered in the Amur Region, the Sakha Republic and the Primorsky Territory of the Far Eastern Federal District, as well as in other regions of the country. Thus, the epizootic situation according to EIAV on the territory of individual constituent entities of the Russian Federation remains tense, which indicates the need for constant monitoring of the spread of infection.

As a result of the research, 37 strains of yeast cultures were isolated. Taking into account the toxicological status, biosafety, antagonistic properties to the native microflora of animals and the protein-amino acid composition, a strain of yeast-like fungi isolated from the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory system of cattle was selected. Based on phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, the strain was assigned to the genus Hanseniaspora. The isolate does not show toxic effects, which is confirmed in experiments on ciliates Tetrachymena pyriformis, and is biosafe in concentration 2,0·108 when administered orally to Wistar white rats. Based on a review of the literature and studies, the isolated yeast strain is promising for use as a probiotic supplement.

Relevance. In this article, the effect of an energy feed additive on obtaining healthy offspring and subsequent high milk productivity is established. As a result of feeding different doses of an energy feed additive with the same composition of the feed mixture to dry cows 14 days before calving, calves with an average live weight at birth were obtained in the second experimental group: heifers — 43 kg, bulls — 40.3 kg, in the third experimental group heifers at birth had a live weight of 36.6 kg, bulls — 43.6 kg. After 20 days of milk drinking, the heifers obtained from cows of the second experimental group, who were fed 190 g of energy feed additive, retained growth energy and exceeded the bulls by 1.3 kg, in the third experimental group, the bulls obtained from cows fed 200 g of energy feed additive, had higher growth energy and exceeded the heifers by 6.8 kg. Morphobiochemical blood parameters under the action of energy feed additive were within the physiological norm. However, the number of red blood cells increased in the second experimental group by 1.3 and in the third experimental group — by 2.0%, the hemoglobin content was higher by 3.6 and 6.0%, respectively. The concentration of total protein averaged 75.88 g/l.

Methods. The studies were carried out on dry cows when feeding an energy feed additive as part of a feed mixture to understandits effect on reproductive functions. The productivity of newborn calves was taken into account by weighing. Morphobiochemical blood parameters of dry cows were determined by generally accepted methods in the Bryansk MVL FSBI. Daily monitoring of the feed mixture intake by animals was carried out.

Results. The introduction of different amounts of energy feed additives into the diet provided the need for metabolic energy of dry cows, led to an increase in the reproductive functions of cows, obtaining viable calves and high growth energy during the dairy period.

Relevance. The article presents the results of using domestic and imported breeding rams on Akzhaik ewes. The productive indicators of offspring obtained from the use on Akzhaik ewes along with Akzhaik rams also rams of North Caucasian and Kuibyshev breeds were studied. The results of growth and development of young animals, control slaughter of rams in 4.5 months, as well as wool qualities of ewes are given. It was established that all the sires of meat-wool breeds with cross-bred wool used in the experiment were characterized by rather high hereditary indicators of meat and wool productivity, with slightly better offspring of rams of imported selection. The resulting young stock has the physique and good precocity inherent in meat-and-wool sheeps.

Results. Research has established that all semi-fine-fleeced rams of meat-wool breed with cross-bred wool used in the experiment were characterized by rather high hereditary indicators of meat and wool productivity, with slightly better offspring of rams of imported selection. Rams of both local and imported selection steadfastly pass on their meat and wool qualities to their offspring. The resulting young stock has the physique and good precocity inherent in meat-and-wool sheep. In the farms of the region engaged in the breeding of meat-wool semi-fine-wool sheeps, for the improvement and increase in productivity, it is possible to use breeding material of both domestic and imported selection.

Relevance. Poultry farming is one of the promising sectors of agriculture. High growth rate and good meat quality are the main factors in breeding. A convenient tool for studying the phenotypic characteristics of breeds and crosses, as well as the genetic characteristics of new breeding forms, is the creation of model animal populations.

Methods. The aim in this study was to obtain first-generation crossbreeds from crossing of egg and meat-egg chicken breeds, in order to evaluate the incubation results of crossbreeds and compare them with the source breeds, as well as to study the growth and development rates in the obtained chickens’ hybrids. In the experiment, we used poultry breeds Russian white with the egg-production and Pushkin with meat and egg functions. Starting from the day the chicks were hatched with a period of once a week the measure taking of weight from the chickens were carried out. In addition, starting from the first week of life, the linear measurements, such as body length, depth, width and chest circumference, were carried out once a month. The dynamics of growth and development in crossbreeds was evaluated before the onset of maturity and oviposition in females.

Results. Fertility of eggs during interbreed insemination was 81%, which differed from the indicators within the parental breeds by an average of 10%. The hatchability of eggs was less by 35.89 and 43.23% (p < 0.05) in comparison with the Russian white and Pushkin breeds. Upon reaching this period at the age of 5 months, the mass of females was 1554.8 ± 111.72, and of males — 1916.9 ± 63.88 g, and the relative increase, showing the intensity of weight gain over the entire period, was 189.6% and 191.6% respectively. Thus, the obtained individuals cannot compete with the initial breeds in their productive qualities in practical production. However, individuals of the first generation can be used to create a model population of individuals of the second generation, in which it will be possible to determine the associations of genes with economically useful traits with phenotypic diversity.

Reducing age of economic use of cattle is one of the problems of modern cattle breeding. One of the options for increasing productivity in cattle breeding is breeding for productive longevity, through the search and use of genetic markers. We have selected the genotype of the kappa-casein protein as a genetic marker. If the influence of allelic forms of this gene on milk productivity is well studied, then the question of its interaction with lifelong productivity indicators remains open. The purpose of our research was to determine the effect of the kappa-casein genotype of Holstein bulls on the longevity and lifelong productivity of their daughters. The analysis included the indicators of 1,476 animals with at least one completed lactation. Depending on the linear affiliation and genotype of the kappa-casein gene of the breeding bulls, their daughters were divided into 4 groups. The frequency of occurrence of the CSN3^A allele in the studied bulls was 81.91%, the CSN3^B allele — 18.09%. The highest frequency of occurrence of the desired CSN3^B allele was in bulls of the Reflection Sovering line — 20.83%, which is 3.69% more than in bulls of the Vis Back Ideal line. The analysis of the life expectancy of animals showed that it turned out to be the longest in the daughters of bulls from the Reflection Sovering line (2.46 lactation) and especially with the CSN3^B genotype — 2.59 lactation. The greatest lifetime milk yield (18,490 kg) was characterized by the daughters of bulls with the CSN3^AB genotype in the Reflection Sovering line. Their superiority over animals from the same lineage, but with the CSN3^AA genotype, was 1004 kg, the Vis Back Ideal line with the CSN3^AA genotype was 1472 kg and with the CSN3^AB genotype was 1343 kg. The highest average milk yield in 1 day of a cow’s life was also in animals of the Reflection Sovering line with the CSN3^AB genotype — 9.05 kg.

Natural silk was and remains the most elite and luxurious material. Silk is made from cocoons of the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The silkworm is part of the Holometabola group (insects with complete transformation). This means that the silkworm goes through several stages of development: egg, larva with four molts, pupa, butterfly. Each stage, depending on the breed and conditions of maintenance, is characterized by a certain duration and the so-called amity of development. In Uzbekistan, it is customary to carry out one feeding per year, timed to the beginning of the mulberry vegetation, therefore, tens of billions of caterpillars are simultaneously subjected to reproduction for 28–30 days. Changing the duration of any of the stages of development of the silkworm leads to destabilization of the feeding process and, as a result, to large material losses. Selection by motor activity, which implies the selection of the most active, and therefore the most viable individuals, leads to an acceleration of the metabоlism of the silkworm, synchronizes the development of a huge number of organisms at all stages of development, allows to coordinate with accuracy up to 1 day the work of all departments of the silk industry, accurately calculate time, human resources, the use of technical means and monetary costs for each stage and the entire cycle of reproduction of the silkworm.

Relevance. Modern agricultural production is characterized by an increase in anthropogenic impact on agrocenoses, which poses a threat to obtaining environmentally safe crop production. Among the toxicants, heavy metals are particularly dangerous, along with pesticides. Metals, including copper, which play a dual role in the “soil — plant” system, are absolutely necessary for plants and at the same time highly toxic when received in excess quantities, deserve special influence in this regard.

Methods. The study of the amounts of copper was carried out in microfield experiments with artificial soil contamination with copper sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O) at the level of 2 MPC, 4 MPC and 10 MPC. The soil of the experimental field is medium-loamy leached chernozem, high-siliceous rock diatomite was used as a copper detoxifier at the rate of 5 t/ha. The experimental crop was spring wheat of the Margarita variety selected by the Ulyanovsk Research Institute of Agricultural Sciences. The repetition of the experiment is fourfold, the location of the plots is randomized, the accounting area of the plots is 1 m².

Results. The threshold value of copper, beyond which the biological activity of chernozems significantly decreases in the conditions of the Middle Volga region, is the level of pollution in the amount of more than 4 MPC. The introduction of diatomite into the soil in its pure form was accompanied by an increase in the activity of soil microorganisms, when combined with copper sulfate — a relative decrease. Artificial contamination with copper did not cause significant changes in the content of humus , phosphorus and potassium compounds in the arable layer. It is shown that the copper content in the soil at the level of 10 MPC led to a significant suppression of the activity of soil biota and a decrease in the yield of spring wheat by 0.58 t/ha, or by 29%.

The study of the anthropogenic transformation of land in Azerbaijan began with the study of the directions of changes in irrigated lands. Studies show that when ignoring the laws of soil and ecology, anthropogenic influences lead to the fact that the lands in Azerbaijan, as elsewhere on earth, are subjected to various degrees of degradation. Uncontrolled and intensive grazing of cattle on high and medium mountain areas, on the borders of summer pastures with forests, has led to a decrease in the upper borders of forests, increased erosion processes, high water and flash flooding. Soil degradation in many regions of the Azerbaijan, including the Jeyranchol plain, has created important economic, biological, environmental, and other problems. Based on the conducted research, it was determined that about 80% of the land resources of Azerbaijan have been subjected to natural and anthropogenic degradation to some extent.

The aim of the work was to study the influence of various methods of primary tillage and fungicides on the indicators of the structure of the crop and the productivity of spring barley. The studies were carried out in 2018–2020 on podzolized chernozem in the forest-steppe zone of the European part of Russia on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. It was found that weather conditions significantly affect the formation of a productive crop stalk. In years with a dry growing season, the number of ears per unit area is significantly reduced. The use of plowing significantly increased the number of productive stems and the number of grains per ear compared to disc forging and direct sowing. Fungicides had a greater effect on the increase in the mass of 1,000 seeds. Analysis of the biological yield of barley showed that plowing increased the productivity of the crop in comparison with direct sowing and disc forging by 0.40–0.45 t/ha. The use of fungicides significantly increased the grain yield of spring barley. At the same time, the largest grain harvest for 3 years of the study, on average by factor, was observed with the double use of the preparations Spirit and Kolosal Pro. The increase in grain yield in these variants relative to the control was 0.58–0.61 t/ha. The highest productivity of the culture in the experiment was obtained on the option of two-fold application of the fungicide Kolosal Pro on the background of plowing.

To accelerate the maturation of soybeans and the possibility of timely mechanized harvesting, chemical preparations — desiccants (for drying plants on the root) are used. The results of 2-year tests of desiccants on their effect on grain moisture and crop yield are presented. It was found that when using desiccants, the moisture content of soybean grain decreased on the 7th day of the spraying field by the amount from 12,0 to 12,6% and the yield increased by 119,8–134,6%.

The article presents the results of research on the effect of mineral fertilizers on sunflower yield in the western zone of Azerbaijan. One of the main values of mineral fertilizers is to improve the quality of the crop, the rate of growth and fertility. The soil needs fertilizing, because it is very difficult for plants to cope with certain substances in the soil, weather conditions, insects, weeds and other harmful factors. Therefore, for the full growth and development of plants, a number of minerals are needed, among them nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus. In many cases, nature itself restores its mineral composition of soils, which requires a lot of time, as well as the presence of organic humus. For this, dried grasses and fallen leaves are suitable. In agriculture, the situation is different. After harvesting in autumn, the land remains desiccated in terms of nutrients. All minerals are simply taken with plants and exported by farmers when harvesting fields. Hence the urgent need for additional nutritious top dressing. The use of mineral fertilizers is one of the most important elements in the technology of sunflower cultivation, providing an increase in the yield and quality of seeds. Therefore, the correct determination of doses of mineral fertilizers for the first time in the zone is one of the urgent tasks. In this regard, we tried to determine the doses of mineral fertilizers on the effect of sunflower yield. As a result of the conducted studies it can be concluded that in order to obtain a large and high-quality harvest of sunflower seeds and restore soil fertility on chestnut irrigated soils of the Ganja-Kazakh zone, it is recommended that farms use mineral fertilizers in the norm N₁₂₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀ annually.

Relevance and methods. Sowing of agricultural crops using direct seeding technology is becoming more widespread in the fields of the Stavropol Territory and other regions of our country. In the first years of the development of this technology, changes in the species composition of weed vegetation and increase the infestation of cropsare possible, in this regard, effective protection of crops from weed vegetation plays an important role in increasing the yield and economic efficiency of crop cultivation. In 2018–2020, at the experimental field of the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agricultural Center, located in the zone of unstable moisture of the Stavropol Territory on ordinary chernozem, studies were conducted to identify the effectiveness of the use of soil herbicides in sunflower crops sown at various times (April 5–10, April 25–30 and May 15–20) using direct seeding technology. In the experiment, the sunflower was sown in the studied time with the use of only a continuous herbicide 5–7 days before sowing and with the use of the same continuous herbicide in combination with the introduction of soil herbicides after sowing. Results. On average, over the years of research, it was found that the use of a continuous herbicide is most effective 5–7 days before sowing, followed by the use of a tank mixture of soil herbicides in the post-sowing period when sowing the crop in the second decade of May. This scheme of herbicide application, combined with the postponement of the sowing period to May 15–20, reduces the number of growing weeds in crops during the growing season to 8–19 pcs./m² and increases the yield to 2.32 t/ha.

The article presents the results of field studies of the effect of different doses of chicken manure on the agrochemical properties of leached chernozem and crop yields of the crop rotation link, carried out in the training and production center of the Penza State Agrarian University in 2017–2019. Studies have shown that the use of different doses of manure in direct action led to an increase in the content of mobile forms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. In the aftereffect, in the second and third years, there is a decrease in their content to the level of the initial values. The pH_sol indicator in direct action increased by 0.06–0.16 units. In the second and third years, a decrease in the pHsol was observed up to the level of the original values. The total increase in grain yield of cultivated crops in experiments from the direct action and aftereffect of the introduced doses of manure from 2 to 10 t/ha was 0.46–2.76 t/ha of grain units compared to control. The highest total productivity was at a manuredose of 10 t/ha. The payback of 1 ton of manure for three years of operation was 229.5– 309.5 kg/t. The highest payback was noted at doses from 4 to 8 t/ha.

For a number of decades, Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (formerly the Orel experimental fruit-berry station) has been studying a large collection of apple cultivars of common selection, which includes: Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Antonovka Krasnobochka, Anis, Babushkino, Borovinka, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Korichnoye Polosatoye, Korobovka, Osenneye Polosatoye, Papirovka, Papirovka Tetraploidnaya, Renet Zolotoy Kursky, Skryzhapel, Suyslepskoye and others (more than 20 cultivars in total) with different dates of fruit maturation. Most of them are highly adaptable and hardy in the conditions of Central Russia. Korichnoye Polosatoye, Anis, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Papirovka and Osenneye Polosatoye are highly resistant cultivars of common selection. Some of them produce quite large fruits: Antonovka Krupnoplodnaya (150 g), Aport (201 g), Titovka (205 g). Antonovka Krupnoplodnaya, Aport, Renet Zolotoy Kursky and Titovka are distinguished by an attractive appearance of fruits. Some cultivars of common selection have a good taste of fruit: Antonovka Krasnobochka, Aport, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Korichnoye Polosatoye, Korobovka, Suyslepskoye and Chernoye Derevo. A number of cultivars of common selection are characterized by an increased content of sugars (Babushkino), ascorbic acid (Babushkino), sum of P-active substances (Ossenneye Polosatoye) — 415 mg/100 g at average values of indicators of biochemical composition in apple cultivars of national selection: sugars — 9,4%, ascorbic acid — 13,1 mg/100 g, sum of P-active substances — 247 mg/100 g. The article gives a brief economic and biological characteristics of 20 new apple cultivars developed at the Institute with the participation of cultivars of common selection (which is 36.5% of the assortment). The authors of the article conclude that cultivars of common selection are of great interest in creating new competitive adaptive apple cultivars.

Here we are testing the specific primers NEM06FWD2/NEM06REV2 and nem06FWD1/ nem06REV1 for the R6m-1 resistance gene to root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. in breeding samples of sugar beet. Sugar beet plants of domestic and foreign breeding lines were the object of the study. To identify the relationship between R6m-1 gene, which is localized on the chromosome 1 and controls the stable level of the kinase activity signal, with sugar beet resistance to phytopathogens, PCR-analysis of 10 sugar beet samples were carried out using 2 pairs of molecular genetic markers. DNA amplification revealed a fragments ~500 bp and ~100 bp in length and as a result of sequencing of nucleotide sequences of R6m-1 gene region with subsequent alignment by Geneious Prime program, 3 single nucleotide substitutions (A/G, G/C, and G/A) in the resistant MS11018 genotype and one nucleotide substitution (A/G) and 3 deletions in a foreign hybrid Humber were identified. It can be assumed that these SNPs can form resistance by amino acid substitutions in the polypeptide chain. Finally, possibility to differentiate homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for this allele was shown.

Relevance. The Republic of Kalmykia is located in the еuropean part of the arid belt of the Russian Federation, in which there is the water demand for social and industrial needs, for land reclamation development, for pasture lands watering and irrigated agriculture. The natural hydrographic network is very poorly developed. Local surface flood runoff is accumulated in numerous small water bodies (lakes, ponds and reservoirs). The qualitative composition of these waters is distinguished by a relatively high salt content (the degree of mineralization ranges from 2 to 6 g/l). The useful water runoff, depending on the average moisture content per year, varies from 0.5 to 30 million m³, which makes it possible to organize small areas of irrigation of the oasis (focal) type based on a database of water bodies. The largest volumes of drainage and waste water are formed in the Sarpinskaya, Chernozemelskaya and Pravo-Egorlykskaya irrigation and drainage systems, which makes it possible to reuse them. To prevent negative processes developing on the soils of the arid area when crops are irrigated with highly saline water, it is important to develop a technology for their usage.

Methods. Long-term field studies on the development of an environmentally safe technology for growing fodder crops under irrigation with mineralized waters were carried out on zonal light-chestnut solonetz, light and medium loamy and brown semiarid soils. The objects of the research were agrocenoses of perennial (Medicago sativa L., Elytrigia elongata (Host) Nevski) and annual fodder crops (Amaranthus paniculatus, Sorghum sudanense, Sorghum saccharatum (L.) Pers.). The irrigation regime was maintained at a level not lower than the limit of water movement in the form of capillary currents (75–80% HB).

Results. Agrotechnological measures have been developed to create optimal environmental conditions for growing fodder crops with highly saline water irrigation, including: the right choice of site, the selection of salt-resistant crops and the development of reclamation-forage crop rotations, the parameters of the water and nutrient regimes of the soil, ensuring hay yields at the level of 12–15 t/ha.