An analysis of the epizootic situation of rabies in the Middle Eastern countries for the period 2020–2024 was carried out. The research objective was to analyze the features of the rabies epizootic situation in the Middle East, to assess the influence of socio-economic and political factors on the disease dynamics, and to develop recommendations for improving control measures. Based on data from international monitoring systems (WAHIS/WOAH, FAO), a direct correlation was revealed between the incidence level, the type of virus circulation, and the socio-political stability in the countries of the region. A typology of epizootic regimes was proposed: uncontrolled (Yemen, Syria), endemic (Saudi Arabia, Iran), sylvatic (Oman, Israel), and rabies-free (Persian Gulf states). It was shown that in conflict zones, “urbanization” of the virus occurs — the formation of stable urban foci with the involvement of stray dogs, while in stable countries, control is possible even with the preservation of natural foci. A comparison of the strategies of Israel and Yemen confirmed that achieving near-zero human mortality is possible not through complete virus eradication, but by combining mass animal vaccination and guaranteed availability of anti-rabies care for humans. Practical recommendations were developed, including the transition to CNVR (Catch-Neuter-Vaccinate-Release) programs, the creation of cross-border buffer zones, and economic incentives for the population. The obtained results can be used to improve national and regional rabies control programs.

Aquaculture of salmon, as well as other species of fish, has important economic, social and political significance, ensuring the food security of people all over the world. Intensification of any agricultural production inevitably brings risks related to the development of infectious diseases within the population; therefore, veterinary control and anti-epizootic measures are carried out on an ongoing basis for the most common and significant ones. However, the infectious pathology of hydrobionts includes a number of diseases previously not detected in our country, which pose a threat to Russian aquaculture due to the import of juveniles and fertilized caviar from abroad, specifically from countries with poor epizootic status, one of these – epizootic hematopoietic necrosis (EHN); this overview provides veterinarians and aquaculture professionals with insights into the pathogen’s etiology, epizootiology, clinical and pathological signs, transmission mechanisms, and disinfection protocols.

Relevance. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) is a widespread game species and an important source of meat in several regions of the world. Wild boar meat is characterized by high nutritional value, high protein content, and relatively low fat content, making it potentially attractive to consumers. However, the consumption of wild animal meat is associated with a number of biological, parasitic, and chemical risks that require veterinary monitoring and compliance with sanitary requirements.

Methods. A keyword search for potentially relevant articles was conducted in electronic databases and open access websites.

Results. This scientific review summarizes the literature on the quality characteristics of wild boar meat, the factors influencing its organoleptic and technological properties, and examines the main safety risks. Wild boar meat carries the risk of zoonotic infections and parasitic infestations, including trichinellosis, alariasis, and bacterial infections caused by Salmonella spp., E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and other microorganisms. Literature data have revealed a consistent pattern of heavy metal accumulation in wild boar. In addition to heavy metals, wild boar have been shown to accumulate radiocesium (¹³⁷Cs), with concentrations ranging from background levels to extreme values, particularly in regions affected by the Chernobyl accident. Wild boar meat can be considered a valuable food resource, provided that veterinary and sanitary inspections are conducted and heat treatment procedures are followed.

Relevance. The proportion of culled animals, particularly from high-producing herds, remains significantly high due to various diseases.

Methods. This study draws upon data from the breeding registry database “IAS SELEX — Dairy Cattle. Breeding Records in Farms,” encompassing 33,982 cows ann heifers culled from the dairy herds of 26 agricultural enterprises in the Republic of Tatarstan between 2001 and 2023. The culling was attributed to the following disease categories: obstetric-gynecological (OGD), internal non-communicable (INCD), surgical (SD), and infectious and invasive diseases (IID).

Results. The research yielded new insights into the duration of key productive and reproductive intervals. For culled first-calf heifers, the average lactation length was 401.18 days; the calving to-first-insemination interval was 98.08 days; and the calving-to-conception interval (service period) was 160.75 days. For culled cows, the average lactation length was 345.74 days; the dry period lasted 62.60 days; the calving-to-first-insemination interval was 86.32 days; the calving-to-conception interval (service period) was 146.27 days; and the calving interval was 415.30 days. In culled first-calf heifers, significant correlations in lactation duration were found between specific nosology groups: OGD with INCD, and OGD with IID. For the service period, significant correlations were observed between OGD and INCD, OGD and SD, INCD and SD, and SD and IID. Among culled dairy cows, the most frequent significant differences in the duration of the studied periods were found in comparisons involving OGD and INCD. When analyzing average values across all lactations, significant differences occurred with comparable frequency in the OGD–INCD, OGD–SD, and INCD–SD pairs. Considering the last completed lactation and the maximum lactation, the most pronounced significant differences were consistently observed between the groups with OGD and INCD.

Relevance. Objective of this study was to synchronize oestrus in Simmental heifers of a specific age on a farm engaged in the sale of pregnant heifers by administering progesterone at various intervals — both in cyclic and acyclic animals — followed by an assessment of the effectiveness of the applied synchronization protocols.

Methodology. The study used one hundred Simmental heifers. From the total livestock, five equal groups were formed by random sampling. Control group (n = 20): monitoring of oestrus signs without any hormonal treatment and threefold insemination. Group 1 (n = 20): Day 0 — GnRH + progesterone implant; Day 5 — implant removal, PGF2α + progesterone administration; Day 8 — GnRH + insemination. Group 2 (n = 20): Day 0 — GnRH + progesterone implant; Day 5 — implant removal, PGF2α + progesterone; Day 8 — GnRH + first insemination and Day 9 — repeated insemination. Group 3 (n = 20): Day 0 — GnRH + progesterone implant; Day 8 — implant removal, PGF2α + progesterone; Day 11 — GnRH + insemination. Group 4 (n = 20): Day 0 — GnRH + progesterone implant; Day 8 — implant removal, PGF2α + progesterone; Day 11 — GnRH + first insemination and Day 12 — GnRH + repeated insemination.

Results. The pregnancy rates in the groups were 30%, 65%, 80%, 30%, and 15%, respectively. The highest rate was recorded in the second group. It has been established that this particular procedure should be recommended to all farms seeking to obtain pregnant heifers.

Relevance. Toxic gases, NH₃ and H₂S, play an important role in the formation of the sanitary state of the air environment in pig breeding premises. Their emission is determined by a complex of interrelated technological and biological factors. At the same time, the role of animals as a potential source of gas production remains insufficiently studied.

Methods. The object of the study was the production facilities of the technological module for keeping sows. The concentrations of NH₃ and H₂S were determined by gas chromatography in the air of the farrowing, insemination and waiting rooms during the sanitary break (control period) and during the housing of a technological group of animals (experimental period). The variability of the parameters was assessed using a set of statistical methods.

Results. The concentration of gases in the indoor air depends on the room type and its production load. During the sanitary break, the concentration of NH₃ and H₂S is 2.27–3.21 times lower than during the housing of the technological group of sows. The levels of NH₃ and H₂S increase in the sequence “farrowing room – insemination room – waiting room” by 2.90–3.10 times for ammonia and by 2.81–3.86 times for hydrogen sulfide in both control and experimental periods. The concentration of NH₃ exceeds that of H₂S by 2.47–3.86 times. During all periods of facility operation, gas concentrations do not exceed the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC). One-way ANOVA confirmed a significant influence of the factor “room type” (equivalent to the physiological status of sows) on the formation of the gas air environment and on the correlation between hydrogen sulfide and ammonia concentrations.

Relevance. This review addresses the current challenge of preventing and treating bacterial gastrointestinal infections in young farm animals, specifically escherichiosis. Conventional therapy, including the parenteral administration of hyperimmune sera, has limited efficacy due to insufficient delivery of antitoxic antibodies to the intestinal lumen. The development of next-generation combined enterosorbents, which integrate the properties of a carrier and a specific antitoxin, is considered a promising alternative.

Methods. The work presents an analysis of modern approaches to modifying sorbent surfaces for the immobilization of biologically active molecules. Particular attention is paid to chemical functionalization based on silanization using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as a method that ensures the formation of stable covalent bonds between the silicon dioxide surface and antibodies. Information on existing classes of enterosorbents used in animal husbandry is summarized, and the choice of highly dispersed silicon dioxide as an optimal platform for creating a targeted drug is justified.

Results. The practical significance of the work lies in the scientific rationale for an approach to creating an innovative agent for the specific prophylaxis of escherichiosis. This agent will provide targeted delivery and prolonged activity of antitoxic antibodies directly at the site of infection, thereby helping to reduce economic losses in animal husbandry.

Relevance. Perinatal hypoxia is a condition characterized by oxygen deficiency in the body of the fetus or newborn. The relevance of prenatal hypoxia and its long-term effects is associated with the mechanisms underlying numerous pathological conditions in which oxidative stress plays a significant role. The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of mRNA expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in rat brain and heart tissue after exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia to identify common pathophysiological mechanisms of organ damage during neonatal hypoxia, which are relevant for veterinary neonatology and comparative pathology.

Methods. The study was conducted on Wistar rats of both sexes (20 mature females and 10 mature males, which were equally divided into two groups by randomization, and from which offspring were obtained). Group 1 was a control group, while animals in Group 2 simulated the state of human preterm pregnancy: rat pups were exposed to acute normobaric hypoxia on the second postnatal day.

Results. Subsequently, the expression of Sod1, Cat, GPX1, and GSR mRNA in brain and heart tissue was assessed using real-time PCR. An increase in Sod1, Cat, and GSR mRNA expression was observed in the brain and heart tissue of male and female rats immediately after exposure to ANH. Subsequently, a decrease in gene expression was observed 1, 7, and 14 days after exposure to ANH, while the opposite trend was observed for GPX1 mRNA. This trend reflects the transition from the acute response to hypoxia (the alarm stage) to a long-term adaptation phase.

The development of feeding standards for cattle, taking into account the most important elements of nutrition, which include the trace element chromium, is in demand. The purpose of the studies was to study the hormonal status and biochemical parameters of the blood of repair heifers when feeding different amounts of chromium propionate and to identify correlations between the studied parameters. The work was carried out on repair heifers (15 heads) of black-and-white Holstein breed aged from 6 to 9 months at JSC Enterprise Yemelyanovka (JSC OSP AGRO) in the village of Yemelyanovka, Moscow region. Heifers were divided into 3 groups: group I — control (basic diet, n = 5), group II — experimental (basic diet + 3.75 mg/head per day of chromium propionate, n = 5) and group III — experimental (basic diet + 2.81 mg/head per day of chromium propionate, n = 5) at 0.02 mg/kg bw. At the end of the 90-day experiment, animal blood samples were taken and their hormonal status was studied for triidothyronine (T3 ), thyroxine (T4 ), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and cortisol, as well as individual biochemical parameters. Feeding chromium to repair heifers in addition to the main diet revealed pronounced differences between the studied groups in terms of cortisol content, when comparing the control group with group II by 56.0 (p < 0.05) and with group III by 9.5%. Minor differences were noted between groups II and III in thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations, 21.70 pmol/l and 19.64 pmol/L; 10.39 pmol/l and 9.64 pmol/L, respectively. The studies revealed high positive correlations in the II and III experimental groups between glucose and cortisol (r = 0.890; p < 0.05 and r = 0.931; p < 0.05) and between glucose and T3(r = 0.890; p < 0.05 and r = 0.915; p < 0.05).

Relevance. The development of horse breeding in Kyrgyzstan requires objective methods for assessing the reproductive potential of stallions. Automated sperm analysis enhances the efficiency of breeding selection and artificial insemination.

Methods. The study was conducted at the “Rial” stud farm (Chuy Region, Kyrgyzstan). Three Russian trotter stallions were examined: Landysh (19 years), Argamak (16 years), and Alyans (16 years). Ejaculate quality was assessed visually, by microscopy, and using an SQV-V automated sperm analyzer (Israel) at the Intelmed laboratory (Bishkek). Volume, color, pH, concentration, motility, morphology, and motility dynamics during storage (1, 3, and 6 hours at 37 °C) were evaluated.

Results. Ejaculate volume ranged from 30.8 to 76.0 mL, concentration — 0.298–0.500 billion/mL. The proportion of live spermatozoa after 1 hour was 60–75%, and abnormal forms — 8–24%. After 3 hours of storage, motility decreased by 5–7%, after 6 hours — by 12–14%. The greatest decrease (14% by the 6th hour) was recorded in stallion Alyans. The Farris index (2170–9100) exceeded the minimum acceptable threshold for cryopreservation. Semen from all three stallions is suitable for artificial insemination and cryopreservation. The high Farris index and acceptable level of abnormal sperm forms support the recommendation of these sires for a genetic resource cryobank.

Relevance. Russia and India represent two important yet contrasting centers of goat breeding with different breed formation histories. A comparative analysis of the genetic diversity of breeds from these remote regions using the CytB gene had not been conducted previously. Such a study allows for the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships and assessment of the contribution of historical factors to the formation of the gene pool.

Methods. Based on whole-genome sequencing (NGS), CytB gene sequences were obtained for 155 individuals from 15 goat breeds of Russia and India. The analysis involved calculation of genetic diversity indices (Hd, π), construction of a median-joining haplotype network and a Bayesian phylogenetic tree, determination of haplogroups, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA).

Results. Both groups exhibited high haplotype diversity, while the nucleotide diversity (π) of Russian breeds was 1.5 times higher (0.00260 vs. 0.00176 in Indian breeds). Haplogroup A dominates (overall frequency 77.4%). It is prevalent in Russian breeds (89.5%). Haplogroup B was found only in Indian goats (30.4%), indicating differences in maternal lineages. Phylogenetic analysis revealed no clear geographical clustering, except for the distinct separation of haplogroup B. AMOVA showed that the main variation (82.26%) is concentrated within breeds. Differences between Russian and Indian populations as groups are minimal (5.93%).

The study demonstrates both a common origin (dominance of haplogroup A, weak intergroup differentiation) and the specifics of the genetic history of Russian and Indian breeds (different nucleotide diversity, presence of a haplogroup B unique to India).

Relevance. The development of mechanization tools, as well as the creation of new highly productive variety resources, require timely adaptation of agricultural technologies, which is possible only through special scientific research in conditions as close as possible to production conditions. The aim of the work was to study the effect of various means of mechanization for pre- and post-sowing treatment of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil on its characteristics and productivity of oats.

Methodology. The research was carried out at the pilot production base of the Educational scientific-Innovative Production Center Agrotechnopark of the Tver State Agricultural Academy, Tver in 2023–2025. The object of research is oats of the Yakov variety. All work was performed in full compliance with the current regulatory and methodological documentation, mathematical processing using the MS Excel software package (USA).

Results. It was found that the maximum experimental yield of oats, equal to 2.34 t/ha, was formed with a soil treatment system including KBM-6H (before sowing) and ZKKSH-6 (after sowing). In terms of the growth of the oat response, the machines for pre-sowing processing were placed as follows: KPS-4.0+BZSS-1.0 → AKSh-3.6 → KBM-6NU, post-sowing: KVG-1.4 → 3KKSH-6. The use of only pre-sowing treatment with the KBM-6NU unit ensured the yield of oat grain at the level of 2.12 t/ha, which was 24.0% higher than with KPS-4.0+BZSS-1.0 and 8.2% higher than AKSh-3.6. Rolling the soil after sowing increased the yield of oats by 4.6 — 7.0% when using KVG-1.4 and 8.7 — 14.2% — 3KKSH-6. The resulting yield increases resulted from the effective rationalization of the tillage system, which ensured the optimization of its structural and aggregate composition, improved hydraulic regime, increased field germination of oat seeds and reduced clogging of seedlings.

The research was conducted in 2014–2022 in the crop rotation laboratory of the technology of cultivation of grain crops «ASC» Donskoy» in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The purpose of the research is to select varieties of soft winter wheat that, due to their biological characteristics, extend the recommended sowing time for the zone without reducing crop productivity. Taking into account the peculiarities of the varieties of soft winter wheat, the varieties Aksinya and Polina should be used for early sowing according to any predecessors. Early sowing of Lilith, Kaprizulya, Kapitan, Volny Don, Volnitsa, Zodiac varieties is allowed, as they have a high adaptive potential. A delay in sowing these varieties later than the optimal time is unacceptable, as it leads to a significant decrease in yield (by 8–18.9%).

When the optimal sowing dates for the zone occur, in addition to the above-mentioned varieties, the varieties Izyuminka, Lydia, and Krasa Dona should be sown, The Donskaya step, The Lark, Yubiley Dona, Chef, Etude.

At the end of the optimal sowing time for non-steam precursors, it is allowed to sow such varieties as Don Steppe, Chef, Etude, Yubiley Dona. In comparison with other varieties, their adaptive potential makes it possible to reduce productivity to a lesser extent (by 0.06–0.24 t/ha). In case of late sowing, it is recommended to sow the Akros varieties as the most adapted. It is not recommended to sow these varieties earlier than the end of the optimal time for the zone, and late sowing will allow for an additional yield of 0.52–0.75 t/ha. Thus, using a set of varieties of the «ASC» Donskoy» breeding, it is possible to expand the range of sowing dates from 10 calendar days to 30 calendar days.

Relevance. Leguminous crops are the main source of plant protein in the world, and in the Russian Federation this is sown peas. In the technology of cultivars of this crop, especially in new cultivation areas, an important role in the formation of high yields is played by the establishment of optimal sowing dates and sowing rates. Therefore, the purpose of the field experiment was to determine the most effective combination of sowing dates and sowing rates, which ensures the highest yield of promising varieties of sown peas.

Methods. Empirical studies are represented by field observations, surveys and analyses aimed at realizing the goal of the field experiment.

Results. As a result of research, the influence of the studied factors on the density of crops, growth processes, photosynthetic activity of crops, yield and adaptability of promising varieties was revealed. It was established that the timing of sowing had the greatest impact on the yield structure of pea grain. When sowing in the 1st decade of March, the mass of grain from one plant increases, mainly due to an increase in the number of beans. The inverse correlation between the seeding rate and the grain weight from one plant and the number of beans was noted. The combination of the earliest sowing period and the average sowing rate (1.4 million pcs./ha) ensures that the selection varieties of the Nemchinovka Federal Research Center Nemchinovsky 50 and Nemchinovsky 100 harvest at the level of 5 tons/ha, however, the Nemchinovsky 50 variety has the best adaptability to specific soil and climatic conditions, since it has the lowest score according to the results of the comprehensive rating 

Relevance. Sorghum is a unique plant species, both in terms of its biological characteristics and its economic value. The main purpose of broom sorghum (also known as technical sorghum) is to produce brooms and brushes. The grain, when crushed, is a high-quality concentrated feed, while the leaves and stems are used for silage. To improve the efficiency of breeding, it is important to consider the correlations between the various characteristics of the crop. Our research aims to study the vegetative, generative, and structural characteristics of sorghum, as well as to analyze the moderate and strong correlations between these characteristics.

Methods. The objects of the study were 27 samples of broom sorghum, which were grown 
during 2022–2024 on the experimental field of the Russian Research Institute of Sorghum 
and were evaluated in accordance with generally accepted recommendations and methods.

Results. The variability of the main morphological features of broom sorghum was established. A factor analysis was conducted on 8 features and 27 varieties. Strong and medium correlations were identified, as well as the features that contribute the most to the accumulated variance. The first hypothetical factor accounts for 32,26% (the highest value is for the features: the prominence of the panicle stem, the area of the flag leaf, and the largest leaf).

Relevance. Plant proteins and protein supplements are playing an increasingly important role in food technology, contributing to the creation of functional and nutritionally valuable products. Using proteins from sunflower, pea, pumpkin, and rice not only improves the amino acid composition and technological properties of bakery products but also increases their biological value. Optimizing crispbread recipes with plant proteins contributes to the creation of products that comply with the principles of healthy eating and sustainable environmental management, while simultaneously reducing environmental and economic production costs.

Methods. The objects of the study were a protein composition consisting of sunflower, pumpkin, pea, and rice proteins, as well as crispbreads made using this protein composition. The obtained samples were examined according to GOST 9846-88, using GOST 5670-96, GOST 21094-2022, GOST R 54731-2011.

Results. The study showed that the addition of a plant protein composition to crispbread recipes has a positive effect on the technological properties of the dough and the organoleptic properties of the finished product. However, replacing more than 30% of the flour results in a deterioration in the dough’s rheological properties and the development of a specific flavor. Based on the experimental data, optimal dosages of the protein mixture were determined — 10% and 20% to ensure compliance with physicochemical standards and high consumer properties. The sample with a 20% flour replacement shows promise for the industrial production of functional foods, including dietary and sports nutrition products.

Relevance. Lactoferrin is a natural cationic iron-binding glycoprotein naturally present in animals and humans, particularly in human and bovine colostrum and milk. Its multifunctional properties, including antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activity, have generated significant interest in its use as a food ingredient, dietary supplement, and component of functional foods.

Methods. A keyword search for potentially relevant articles was conducted in electronic databases and open-access internet searches.

Results. The use of lactoferrin is a potentially promising area for the food industry due to its enhanced immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects, as well as its extended shelf life. Today, lactoferrin is most actively used as a dietary supplement for infant formulas, specialized milk- and whey-based dairy products, processed meat products, and dietary supplements. The global lactoferrin market faces certain challenges: the development of new, more efficient methods for purifying and producing lactoferrin, as well as the open question of the legal nature of the use of lactoferrin (including recombinant).

A five-level architecture has been developed for a software-hardware complex designed for processing streaming data in distributed monitoring and diagnostic systems of technological parameters for agricultural facilities. The relevance of this work is determined by the growing volume of sensor telemetry in the agricultural sector, given the limited bandwidth of rural communication channels. The architecture integrates field sensor nodes based on ESP32-S3 microcontrollers equipped with humidity, temperature, and multispectral modules; LoRaWAN gateways on Raspberry Pi with RAK2287 boards; a distributed Apache Kafka bus comprising three brokers; an Apache Spark Structured Streaming analytical engine; and an analytical storage system based on PostgreSQL with the TimescaleDB extension. A comparative evaluation was conducted of three architectural patterns — Lambda, Kappa, and a hybrid edge-cloud model — assessing median latency, throughput, message loss rate, and total cost of ownership. A methodology for calculating the Monitoring Quality Index (IQM) is proposed, with weights derived from the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) based on consistent expert judgments. Verification was performed using a testbed comprising 240 sensor nodes under continuous 14day stress testing at four polling frequencies. The hybrid architecture achieved a median latency of 92 ms, a throughput of 14,600 messages per second, a message loss rate of 0.11%, and reduced cloud traffic by a factor of 4.8 through edgelevel aggregation of 78% of incoming messages. The proposed methodology was verified statistically.

The objective of the study was to develop a pedagogical model for developing big data technology competencies in students majoring in agriculture and to experimentally test its effectiveness in the context of the digital transformation of the agro-industrial complex. The study involved a two-year longitudinal pedagogical experiment (2023–2025) involving 156 students from Murmansk Arctic University (control and experimental groups of 78 students each). The model included four components: cognitive, operational-activity, motivational value, and reflective-evaluative. The experimental group completed a modular course entitled «Big Data in the Digital Agro-Industrial Complex» (72 hours), a practical course on industry datasets with up to 18% omissions (36 hours), and projects based on agricultural holdings (48 hours). Statistical analysis included Pearson’s χ² test, Mann–Whitney test, and Spearman correlation. The proportion of students with a high integrated competency level in the experimental group increased from 7.7% to 47.4% (in the control group, from 7.7% to 17.9%). The differences are statistically significant: χ² = 22.14 with χ²crit = 9.21 (p ≤ 0.01, df = 2). The greatest increase was recorded for the operational-activity component (+25.5 points), and the smallest for the motivational-value component (+13.5 points). The rank correlation coefficients between the components were ρ = 0.62–0.74, confirming the systemic integrity of the competency. The proposed four-component model statistically significantly outperforms the traditional approach to developing digital competencies in agricultural specialists. The model is recommended for multi-center testing in other federal districts.