The factors determining the success of wheat breeding for resistance to diseases are described. The results of studies of the world collection of spring wheat and varieties of domestic breeding for resistance to Puccinia Triticina Erikss. are highlighted. The sources with a high level of resistance to brown rustand of practical interest for the selection of spring soft wheat are identified. The results of work on obtaining transgressive lines of spring wheat with different genes resistant to brown rust are presented. For the development and optimization of protective measures assessed epidemic of resistance of varieties of winter and spring wheat to the pathogen septoria S. tritici. Found that released varieties of winter and spring wheat are presented in the study differ by an epidemic of resistance to the pathogen septoria S. tritici; wheat varieties require high-intensity protective measures against the disease. The article provides information on the peculiarities of the manifestation of viral diseases on spring wheat. The study of the biological characteristics of viral diseases and insect vectors detected the most common disease - barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The studies were carried out on the species composition and abundance of the Aphididae family, and the main vector of the BYDV, common cereal aphid (Schizaphis graminum Rond.) was identified. To identify donors suitable for the creation of wheat varieties resistant to the BYDV, the world’s collection of spring wheat was evaluated on a natural infectious background. The samples resistant to this disease were selected.

Stem rust is one of the most harmful and destructive diseases of wheat in all areas of this crop cultivation. Effective methods to reduce the disease progress are the cultivation of resistant wheat cultivars and fungicide treatments. Annually in ARRIP infection nursery (Bolshie Vyazemy, Moscow Region) the spring and winter wheat cultivars of VIR collection there were evaluated for stem rust resistance to prevent the fungi spread on wheat crops in Russian Federation and recommend them to breeders as sources and donors of sustainability. During the period2015-2018 there were tested 515 spring and 250 winter wheat cultivars of VIR collection for stem rust resistance in the natural infectious background. Stem rust signs were the first observed in the wheat milky-wax stage. Winter wheat cultivars were affected by stem rust more than spring. At the end of the plant vegetation the intensities of disease severity a lot of winter wheat samples were revealed 80-100%, but the spring wheat barely was reached 25%. There only 8 winter wheat cultivars domestic and foreign selection were displayed resistance to stem rust. They were Tanais, Continent, Bogdanka, Nastya (Russia), Sarlota, Venistar (Slovakia), Samurai, Emmit (Germany). Disease was progressed more poorly in the spring wheat cultivars than in the winter wheat cultivars because we couldn’t clear evaluate spring wheat cultivars for stem rust resistance. The prevailing modern weather in the Central region is favorable not only for the survival of the fungus, but also for active development and reproduction. Potentially stem rust in the Nonchernozem area of the Russian Federation remains a problem for grain producers.

The causative agent of Septoria leaf spot of wheat - Zimoseptoria tritici is one of the most harmful and common Septoria pathogens in Russia. Its great intraspecific variability provides the potential for selection of races with increased virulence to resistant varieties. The aim of the research was to reveal the frequency of occurrence of potentially dangerous races in the regional Z. tritici populations on wheat. The investigations were conducted from 2003 to 2018 on the basis of All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology. 304 monospores isolates from 7 regions of Russia were tested. The analysis of combinations of the interaction "cultivar-isolate" and of the diversity of morphological types of colonies of the fungus was discovered 260 races. The potential danger of the race was determined by the aggressiveness degree and the virulence genes spectrum. On these characteristic Z. tritici races were divided into 6 groups. The proportion of potentially dangerous races in regional populations ranged from 5.4 to 16.9%. The highest frequency of potentially dangerous races was observed in the North Caucasus and Central-Chernozem regions. The Volga region was the second most likely to detect such races. In other regions, the numbers of such races was 2-3 times lower, and in Siberia were not observed. The races, virulent to effective resistance Stb-genes, were discovered in all regions, except West-Siberian. Their share in populations was 16-28.6%, and they were more common among races with a wide range of virulence genes. These studies have concluded that the greatest probability of occurrence of potentially dangerous races Z. tritici exists in regions where favorable conditions and this species dominate in the Septoria complex. Expansion of the Z. tritici areal due to changing climatic conditions may lead to an increase in the proportion of aggressive and widely virulent races in other regions.

One of the most harmful causative agents of root rot of the wheat is the Drechslera sorokiniana fungus, which causes serious diseases in this crop - black embryo, thin stalks, black-brown spots on the leaves, a decrease in the number of productive stalks, grains in an ear, the average weight of grains. The frequency of occurrence of the pathogen on wheat in the Republic of Moldova is high, especially under wet conditions, and therefore there is a need to create resistant varieties. The purpose of the research is to identify some important genetic factors involved in the formation of the response of winter wheat to the fungus D. sorokiniana. In this regard, the main task was to establish the effect of fungus isolates on germination, root and stem growth at different wheat genotypes - lines, F₁ hybrids. The article presents the results of a study on: 1) the variability of the reaction and the contribution of wheat genotype when interacting with the used isolates; 2) the degree of domination of growth signs at wheat hybrids F₁ in optimal conditions and in the processing of grains with the culture filtrate of the fungus; 3) the influence of the parent factor on the response of wheat F₁ fusions to the pathogen. Studies were conducted at the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection of the Republic of Moldova. The material for the study was the lines, F₁ wheat hybrids, and culture filtrates of isolates of the fungus D. sorokiniana. Conclusion: interallell interactions and parental components of the genotype are of great importance in the reaction of wheat to the D. sorokiniana fungus.

Varieties and forms of alfalfa, selected for high-yield field crop rotations, may be completely unacceptable for cultivation in other, less favorable conditions due to the high degree of damage to the complex of diseases under the general name leaf spot. Therefore, in the system of adaptive breeding it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive assessment of varieties and new varieties in different ecotopes. The purpose of the study was to study the development and prevalence of leaf spots in the cultivation of M. varia Mart. for seed purposes in various ecotopes of the region. Presented for discussion studies conducted in 2016-2018. On experimental plots of Chernjansky branch of CJSC «Krasnoyaruzhskaya Grain Company» of the Belgorod Region. In the experiment, 8 varieties and varieties of M. varia Mart. (factor A) in various ecotopes of the Belgorod region on different soil differences (factor B). In comparative trials in various ecotopes, four plant populations had the highest productivity on fertile soils (A2, A4, A7, A8). Population A5 and A6 showed good ecological adaptation on meadow soils. These forms had a general morphological difference from the other forms - a pronounced wax coating on the leaves. Forms with a pronounced manifestation of mf-mutation at the highest productivity on the soils of field crop rotations, sharply reduce seed yield in conditions of meadow ecotopes. The degree of damage to plants by spots increases with cultivation in meadow ecotopes due to the special conditions of the microclimate, contributing to the development of fungal diseases. The least affected spots are the populations created on the basis of the selection of forms with high expression of mf mutations with simultaneously a high level of wax coating. Evaluation of the source material in the contrasting conditions of various ecotopes makes it possible to more accurately identify the breeding value of sample samples and their resistance to diseases.

The article describes laboratory methods for isolating members of the Phytophthora genus from soil and plant tissues (bio baits, inoculation of medium, flotation, etc.). Currently, of great interest is the issue of preventing the development of root rot of fruit and berry crops, among the causes of which are the activity of soil micromycetes. The experimental material was used to analyze the possibility of using classical methods of identifying late blight pathogens (Phytophthora oomycetes) in the soil and plant elements (fruit plantations) in routine examinations. It has been established that the bio bait method has a certain advantage over the seeding method. Using bio baits, it is possible to analyze a large volume of soil, in contrast to the method of planting on solid nutrient medium, where a small amount of soil can be placed in the volume of a Petri dish. But the flotation method allows you to get results faster than the bait method. We suggest using an integrated approach for solving phytopathological problems when examining fruit and berry crops, combining the method of flotation and / or bait with apple slices and planting on specialized nutrient media (tomato or carrot agar).

Fungi of the genus Fusarium (class Deuteromycetes, order Hyphomycetales) are widely distributed in nature and occur everywhere. Most species of the genus are soil saprotrophs that live on dead plant residues, in the rhizosphere of plants, on the surface of roots. A wide range of adaptive reactions of this species causes the transition of some species to facultative parasitism and the existence of virulent races affecting higher plants. They cause rot of roots, seeds, fruits, tubers, roots. More than 200 species of cultivated and wild plants are affected, causing their tracheomycosis withering, growth retardation, root and stem rot, "black leg" of seedlings, etc., as a rule, plants weakened by adverse environmental factors are exposed to Infection. All forms of Fusarium progress at high temperatures and humidity. As a result, a collection of fungal microorganisms in the form of living samples, "palettes of regions", permanent drugs. The analysis of literature sources has allowed to conclude that more than 100 thousand species of fungi and fungi-like organisms are currently described. Their classification is constantly reviewed and improved due to the rapid development of molecular identification methods. Spores of fungi are transported by air currents and have no barriers to settlement. Therefore, the geographical distribution of mushrooms is carried out on the principle of "omnipresence": everything is everywhere, but the environment selects. The main factor of environment for fungi - nutrient substrate (saprotrophs), the host - plant (pathogens). Search for fungal organisms - objects to solve the problem must be carried out among the fungi associated with plants.

The results of field studies on the inhibitory effect of biological products on phytopathogens Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium sporotrichioides are presented. A comparative analysis of the effect of growth regulators Kresacin and Zircon on the fungi of the genus Fusarium on the cultures of spring wheat, spelled bare grain, oat, filmy and bare grain in vivo was performed. It was revealed that the treatment of spring wheat and oat crops with Krezacin and Zircon helps to improve plant adaptation to the action of stress factors - the pathogen, which leads to the formation of a stable yield. The most effective is the treatment of plants in the flowering phase with Krezacin at a concentration of 15 mg/l. The use of drugs led to a decrease in internal infection in the grains relative to the control. The combined use of plant treatments with growth regulators and a suspension of the fungus Fusarium in the flowering phase of wheat and oats contributes to the low formation of infected grain. The use of the drug Krezacin and fungal suspensions contributes to a greater resistance of plants to the disease, thereby inducing the plant defense mechanisms, improving their immunity to the pathogen in comparison with Zircon.

Fire blight of fruit crops causes great economic damage to fruit production, most severely affecting on apples and pears. The causative agent, Erwinia amylovora is of quarantine concern in a number of countries of the world, moreover the disease has a wide geographic distribution: cases of E. amylovora defeat have been recorded in more than 40 countries. Specific bacteriophages can serve as a biological control method of the fire blight epiphytotics. The aim of the study was to create a collection of E. amylovora bacteriophages, potential agents for controlling fire blight of fruit crops. The objectives of the study included isolation of bacteriophage cultures from environmental samples and the maintenance of the viability of the culture collection under laboratory culture conditions. The article provides information on the primary characterization of the morphological and physiological properties of new bacteriophages isolated from different regions in Belarus in 2017-2018. А high level of stability and lytic activity was shown under laboratory cultivation for Hena1, Hena2, Roscha1 and Dichka bacteriophages. Using TEM, the morphology of bacteriophage particles was investigated, and Hena1, Hena2, Roscha1 and Dichka were attributed to Myoviridae family. The necessary organic additives to the nutrient medium for cultivation of bacteriophages Micant and Stean were established: 2.5% sorbitol, 0.4% glycine or2.5% glucose.

Two strains of streptomycetes with antimicrobial activity were isolated from the chernozem of the central part of Moldova. The ability of strains to actively inhibit the growth ofphytopathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium (growth inhibition zone with a diameter of 28.0-34.0 mm), B. cinerea, A. alternata (22.029.0 mm), and S. sp. 9 - completely suppress the growth of S. sclerotiorum and, to a lesser extent, phytopathogenic bacteria (zones of growth inhibition - 14.0-16.0 mm). As a result of the selection, natural variants were found in which antifungal activity and the ability to synthesize substances with phytohormonal activity were determined when cultivated on a liquid complex medium M-I. Natural variants № 2, 6 and 7 of strain S. sp. 9 had the ability to completely suppress the growth of A. alternata, and the growth of S. sclerotiorum - var. № 2, 6, 7 of strain S. sp. 9 and var. 10 strains of S. sp. 12. The stimulating effect of exometabolites of natural variants of the studied strains was established: an increase in the number of roots by 4.6-13.8 % after triticale seeds were treated with aqueous solutions of exometabolites at a concentration of 1:200, the length of roots was 6.8-20.0%, and also the weight of the roots (by 25.0-50.0%) and shoots (by 12.9-14.3%). That is, strains of streptomycetes isolated from the chernozem of the central part of Moldova and their natural variants with high antagonistic properties against phytopathogenic fungi can be recommended as the basis of biological preparations for crop production, and their exometabolites obtained after cultivating the strains on the complex medium M-I, with presowing seed treatment of triticale to enhance the process of rooting.

As a result of surveys of wheat crops in the Moscow region in 2009-2017 there were collected 27 wheat samples leaf rust infected. Isolates from single pustule were studied by the standard method. To study the frame of leaf rust population there was used a set of 42 Lr-lines monogenic of cv. Thatcher. For the period from 2009 to 2017 there were studied for virulence 120 isolates of P. triticina. Isolates differed significantly in virulence. By virulence formulas all leaf rust isolates were attributed to 103 phenotypes, differing by one or two or several genes. During all the years of testing the population of P. triticina was showed high virulence affecting from 30 to 34 Lr-lines of wheat. Annually in the population of P. triticina there were found out 18 virulence genes with a high frequency (average 78.0-98.9%): p1, p2c, p3a, p3b, p3ka, p10, p14a, p14b, p17, p18, p21, p27 + p31, p30, p32, p33, p39, p40, pB, and 7 genes were never met: p24, p29, p41, p42, p47, p51, p53. The genes p2a, p2b, p11, p15, p20, p23, p25, p26, p46 were constantly detected in the fungus population, but their frequency varied greatly over the years (on average, from 34.5 to 72.0%). As for the genes p9, p16, p19, p28, p36, p38, p44, p45, they there were not found every year in the population of P. triticina. Depending on the stability of the isogenic Lr-line of wheat, the type reactions to disease development were differed: from high susceptibility to immunity. By the number of virulent isolates of the fungus to wheat Lr-lines there were determined the degree of effectiveness of resistance genes. Lr-genes so as Lr24, Lr29, Lr41, Lr42, Lr47, Lr51, Lr53 were effective to leaf rust. They can be recommended for breeders as donors of resistance to leaf rust.

Diseases of Root rot and Black point caused by fungi of genera Bipolaris, Fusarium and Alternaria are widespread and harmful in all territory of cereals cultivation in the Russian Federation. Species of these fungi are very variable by morphological, pathogenic and phytotoxic properties. Products of metabolism of these fungi lead to change of biochemical properties of the infected plants, causing specific symptoms of the disease. The purpose of researches was identification of degree of patogenicity and toxicity of fungi species causing Root rot and Black point from different agroclimatic regions of the country. In the laboratory of ARRIP State collection of phytopathogenic microorganisms there were determined pathogenic and toxic properties for 60 collection strains B. sorokiniana, F. oxysporum, F. heterosporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. gibbosum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum, F. tricinctum, F. acuminatum, A. alternata, A. tenuissima. The fungal strains belonged to the populations from the Orenburg, Vladimir, Tula, Moscow, Krasnodar regions, the Republic of Mordovia, collected in 2012-2017. The pathogenicity and toxicity of fungal strains was studied using the bioassay method on seeds. The results allowed to conclude that all tested strains of fungi irrespective of their origin had pathogenic and toxic activity, causing inhibition of germination of wheat seeds, the development of the root system and the stems of the seedlings. The natural populations of genera Bipolaris, Fusarium and Alternaria are characterized by the presence of differing on patogenicity and toxicity species and strains that promotes their survival and adaptability to various agroclimatic conditions.

In order to form an information base for predicting the development of diseases of agricultural crops, in particular, winter wheat, a correlation analysis was made of the links between the main meteo-data (temperature, precipitation, SCC) and the level of development and major diseases of winter wheat (brown rust, powdery mildew, root rot and spike fusarium) for a 36-year period (1972-2007). The original long-term meteo-data (“Moldgidrometeo” and meteorological stations of the Research Institute of Field Crops “Selectia”) were also structured in 3 soil-climatic regions of Moldova, subjected to mathematical processing (cluster and system analysis, etc.). The data of annual surveys of the republican plant protection station and the plant protection laboratory of the Research Institute of Field Crops "Selectia" for the same period were subjected to similar processing. As a result, a reliable correlation was established between the seasonal parameters of air temperature (mainly negative), precipitation volumes and SCC (mostly positive) with the level of development of winter wheat diseases (by the criterion of the percentage of occurrence of pathogens and the percentage of affected plants). The calculated coefficients of the level of correlation between these objects are the necessary information basis for the prognosis of the development of diseases (annual, seasonal and operational), including and on electronic media. In addition, an assessment was made of the consequences for the phytosanitary situation on winter wheat sowings for 2 possible scenarios: subsequent climate warming up to +10.5... + 11.5 °C (decrease in the level of development for brown rust, ear fusarium, and root rot (but, on the contrary, an increase in the percentage of affected plants); a possible cooling of the climate to +8.0... + 8.9 ° С (accented enhanced development of brown rust and fusarium ear, as well as root rot, but a decrease in the level of plant damage), in addition a moderate increase in the development of powdery mildew is predicted.

A new version of the program "Protection of wheat from a complex of diseases". The program is developed on the basis of four well-known programs that have passed state registration. The decision on the methods of protection is taken in accordance with the standard scheme of our advisory systems. These programs are poorly adapted for joint use in the case of the simultaneous development of several diseases. The new version adds the ability to compare diseases by the level of their manifestation on plants and allows the transition from one module to another. To select the prevailing pathogen in the case of small differences between them, the diseases are compared in the levels of FSP and the magnitude of crop losses. If there are no significant differences, you can work with any disease by priority of the consumer.

In Azerbaijan, since 1996, especially in recent years, due to the epiphytotics of yellow rust, a sharp decline in the yield and quality of bread wheat has been observed. In this context, the objective of the research was to study the impact of yellow rust on the quality indicators of bread wheat. The material was the hybrid lines obtained from crossing with the Aran variety and the lines obtained from the reciprocal crossing of varieties (Irneriya x Complex hybrid). The experiments were conducted in the irrigated conditions of the Absheron Peninsula, in the experimental section of the Research Institute of Crop Husbandry. Analyzes of grain quality were carried out in the grain quality laboratory of Research Institute of Crop Husbandry. Resistant (R), moderately resistant (20MS) and highly susceptible (30MS-60S) hybrids to yellow rust were revealed. A negative correlation (r = -0.768***) was found in F₄ between 1000 grains weight and the plant height. There were positive relationship between the plant height and gluten content (r = 0.621*; r = 0.631), the gluten content and protein content of the grain (r = 0.618*), sedimentation index and yellow rust resistance (r = 0.656*) and 1000 grains weight (r = 0.761**). This shows that yellow rust has a negative effect on grain quality. It is established, that the grain quality not only depends on the genotype of hybrids but also on the resistance and climatic conditions. Inheritance of these indicators and resistance to yellow rust depend on the parent pairs. Therefore, in order to obtain bread wheat varieties with high productivity, high grain quality and resistance, it is necessary to pay attention to their donor qualities. The study of hybrids has shown that the inheritance of some traits and resistance to diseases largely depend on their participation manner in crosses. Consideration of this indicator in breeding for resistance to yellow rust and for grain quality is recommended.

Breeding of spring wheat varieties resistant to soil phytopathogens is a complex and urgent task of breeding. The the research aim was to assess the spring wheat varieties on the root rot damage and the impact on the soil pathogens population. During the research the following tasks were performed: the root rot development analysis on underground organs of 12 spring wheat varieties, the varietal disease etiology was clarified, the B. sorokinana conidia number in the varieties rhizosphere soil was determined. The studies were conducted at the Institute of Cytology and genetics breeding site the in the Ob region Northern forest-steppe. Studies have not revealed the immune and highly resistant to Fusarium-Helminthosporium root rot forms among the studied varieties. All varieties were affected above the biological harmfulness threshold, but the differences in the disease development reached 1.7 times. The Fusarium fungi dominance in the root rot pathocomplex was revealed in most varieties. The variety Siberian 17 was identified, which showed a lower complex susceptibility to Fusarium-Helminthosporium root rot, it had uninfected by pathogens roots and moderately infected the stem bases. It was The resistance to common and Fusarium root rot differential expression was revealed: Fusarium root rot relative resistance variety Manu showed, and to Helminthosporium one - Remus. The number of B. sorokiniana conidia in the rhizosphere soil was determined by varieties. The most intensive phytopathogen propagation was identified under the variety Novosibirskaya 15, the conidia number had reached 34 harmfulness thresholds there. Significantly, to 3.6 times less phytopathogen propagation was marked on the Tone and Manu varieties. The varieties influenced the B. sorokiniana conidia viability: the correlation coefficient between the conidia total number in the varieties rhizosphere soil and the degraded ones proportion was r = 0.864±169 (P < 0.01).

The main factors that influence the growth and development of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in arid conditions of the South-East of Kazakhstan are identified. It was determined germination energy and germination of seeds of different genotypes of sweet sorghum. Sorghum seed was found to be affected by fungal and bacterial microflora. Phytoexamination showed that sweet sorghum was affected by microflora belonging to the genera Fusarium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Helminthosporium, which cause mold and seed rot. On the basis of the symptom of the manifestation of the disease and the results of isolation and identification of fungi and bacteria, it was established that the plants of sweet sorghum were affected by Fusarium wilt, root rot and sample SAB-11 was affected by dusty smut. As a result of the studies, the genotypes of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) resistant to biotic stress factors of the environment in the arid conditions of the South-East of Kazakhstan were selected.

Bacterial leaf stripe, caused by Burkholderia andropogonis, is one of the main sorghum diseases in the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The purpose of the research was to examine the main ways of infection of sorghum by Burkholderia andropogonis. The studies were carried out on experimental fields of the Volga region Scientific Research Institute of Selection and Seed-growing and in the laboratories of Plant Protection and Microbiology of the Samara State Agricultural Academy in 2010-2015. The severity of sorghum leaf stripe in the stage of physiological maturity was 9-60%, with a maximum in high-drought (2010), minimum in wet and cool (2011) years. Losses of grain sorghum yield from B. andropogonis were on average up to 30 %. The main overwintering and primary inoculum sources reported are infested seeds. Up to 97-100 % of the sorghum seeds were infected with B. andropogonis. After sowing infected seeds, bacteria spread through the vascular system in seedlings and developing plants, penetrating into emerging and ripening seeds. The main indirect vector of bacterial leaf stripe is the flea beetle Phyllotreta vittula feeding on sorghum leaves. In the first half of July, adults of the new generation of P. vittula facilitate the penetration of the pathogen from B. andropogonis exudate into the tissues of sorghum through wounds that feeding beetles form on the upper surface of young leaves. The role of flea beetles P. vittula in the spread of the bacteria B andropogonis in crops of sorghum recorded for the first time.

There is a brief chronological history of talented scientist and biologist of the XX century N.I. Vavilov was presented. N.I. Vavilov was organizer and leader in agricultural science in the USSR. He was the first in the world who created the largest genetic bank of cultivated plants. N.I. Vavilov discovered the law of homological rows and established the centers of an origin of cultural plants. N.I. Vavilov is founder of the doctrine of plant immunity.

The current issues of raising the level of grain production in the Nonchernozem zone of the Russian Federation due to the intensification of grain farming using biological factors in agriculture, the intensification of the selection process and the improvement of the seed production system in modern economic conditions are considered.

Actual problem in ensuring food security of the country are improving the sustainability of crops to pests and diseases and adaptive-integrated protection of agrocenoses and crops from pests. In order to identify the spatial distribution of biological and environmental patterns of immunity, creating a healthy crop habitat agrolandscape-ecological zoning of fodder agroecosystems of the East-Siberian natural-economic region was performed. The zoning was carried out using materials of agroclimatic, natural-agricultural, landscape-ecological, soil-ecological, biogeochemical zoning, landscape, ecological, ecological-geographical, soil and geobotanical maps, data of state land accounting, stock materials, statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and the Federal State Statistics Service. Used the results of the previous zoning of natural grasslands of the country, stock materials of All-Russian Williams Fodder Research Institute and Federal Land Cadastre Service of Russia. On the territory of the East Siberian natural and economic region allocated 136 units of zoning, including 11 large (Arctic, Arktotundrovaya zones, Tundra and Forest tundra, of Northern taiga, of Middle taiga, of Southern taiga, Deciduous-forest zone, Forest steppe, Steppe and Dry steppe zones and Mountain areas), 34 medium (22 plains and 12 mountainous provinces) and 91 small (49 plains and 42 mountainous districts). Agricultural land occupies 25 million hectares, or 6% of the area, including hayfields and pastures 16.3 million hectares (3.5 million hectares of grasslands and 12.8 million hectares of pasture), or about 4% of the area and 66 % of the agricultural land. Negative processes that degrade the quality of lands of the East Siberian are: 1) eroding (20% of arable land, 9% pastures are erosion dangerous, 31% of arable land, 12% pastures are deflation danger; 2) overwetting (10% of hayfields, 4% pastures); 3) waterlogging (11% of hayfields, 6% pastures); 5) stoniness land (7% of arable land, 2% of hayfields, 24% pastures).

The phytosanitary situation in the agro-biogeocenoses of the Middle Amur Region was considerably complicated due to noncompliance of the rules of crop rotation, oversaturation with a monoculture (soybean), instability of the hydrothermal regime, contributing to a large extent to the spread of a whole complex of diseases. Therefore, continuous monitoring of the gene pool of cereal crops for virulence to fungal diseases in the Middle Amur Region is particularly relevant. In this regard, the purpose of research is to screen the world collection of crops in the Middle Amur Region in order to create varieties that are tolerant to infectious diseases. Based on this, the main tasks of breeding work are to screen the world collection of cereals, isolate efficient sources and donors, and create new varieties and lines of grain crops with high resistance to the most harmful diseases. Over the past twenty years, screening of collection samples of grain crops for phytopathological resistance to fungal diseases and against a natural infectious background has been carried out on the experimental and specifically selected fields of the Far Eastern Research Institute of Agriculture. The object of research is spring wheat, spring oats, spring barley. As a result of research, a decrease in the damage of varieties of grain crops by all types of rust diseases and helminthosporium patches was established. By repeated hybridization and individual selections with the inclusion of effective sources and donors, varieties that are resistant to infectious diseases were created: spring oats - Express, Tigroviy, Premier, Marshal; spring wheat - Khabarovsk, Zaryanka, Lira 98, Elizaveta, Priamurskaya; spring barley - Yerofey, Rus', Musson, Kazminsky. The new generation varieties were transferred to the State Varietal Testing - Cardinal oats, Anfeya wheat and Khabarovsk barley with high immunity to pathogens of various etiologies. New lines of spring wheat, oats and barley, combining high productivity with resistance to the local pathogenic complex of diseases, were identified. There are varieties of spring triticale with high resistance to infectious diseases - AC Certa (Canada), Lana (Belarus), Skory (Leningrad region), Lotos (Belarus), Mykola (Ukraine), Yarilo (Krasnodar region), Pamyat’ Merezhko (Vladimir region .).

Common bunt (Tilletia caries (D.C.) Tul. & C. Tul. (syn. Tilletia tritici (Bjerk.) G. Winter) and T. laevis J.G. Kuhn (syn. T. foetida (Wallr.) Liro) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat in many wheat-producing countries. Contamination of wheat with common bunt spores leads to significant (up to 40%) yield losses. Most varieties currently cultivated are susceptible to one or more common bunt races. The search for new sources of sustainability is needed. Most sources of bunt resistance have poor agronomic indicators. The challenge is to introduce resistance genes, while simultaneously eliminating bad agronomic traits. The purpose of research was the screening of bread wheat genetic resources of Kazakhstan and world breeding for resistance to common bunt and productivity in conditions of the foothill zone of Zailiysky Alatau (48° N, 77° E and 740 m above sea level). The assessment of resistance to common bunt of a wide range of bread wheat materials of local (79 varieties) and 70 accessions world breeding (СИММИТ - CBUNT-RN 2015-2016) in the foothill zone of the Zailiysky Alatau shows an ambiguous level of resistance depending on the climatic conditions of the year of research. To adapt to the needs of organic farming, CB-resistant breeding lines and registered varieties must be assessment by using spores with a certain virulence.

Septoria is one of the main pathogens that cause great harm to the production of wheat in the Northern Trans-Urals, where during epiphytotic years it reduces the absolute mass of the grain (mass 1000 grain) by 28-46% and the yield to 50% or more. The most effective method to combat the pathogen is the creation of varieties of soft spring wheat with horizontal resistance and hardiness to the pathogen. The purpose of the research: - to study an extended set of variety samples of various ecological and geographical origin and to identify yield genotypes well adapted to local conditions, with a complex of economically valuable traits. In artificially created provocative conditions and in the years of epiphytotics of septoria, evaluate genotypes for resistance to the pathogen, isolate immune forms and recommend them as sources for creating varieties resistant and hardiness to septoriosis. By accumulating additive components of horizontal immunity, create genotypes that are resistant and hardiness to the pathogen. The tasks of the study included the detection of morphological traits that counteract infection with spores of Septoria; creation and evaluation of pathogen-resistant genotypes. Studies were conducted in 2015-2018. on the basis of the Research Institute of Agriculture of Northern Trans-Ural - a branch of the Tyumen Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of RAS. The research material is 420 variety samples of the VIR collection of various ecological and geographical origin and220 lines of competitive variety testing of local breeding. The local population of septoria was used as inoculum. As a result of research, it was revealed that horizontal stability is due to a smooth, elastic cuticule and thickened epidermis, which is typical for resistant varieties: k-64893, 64891, k-64895 (China), k-64980 and k-64976 (Canada), which is typical and for the hardiness: K-65813 (China), K-66031, K-66032, K-66033 (Switzerland). In genotypes created locally, horizontal resistance to septoria is depends on the degree and quality of pubescence of leaves and vaginas, strong wax coating on stems, leaves, ears, and thickened epidermis, which is characteristic of stable lines: Grenada, Lutescens 463 SP-2/15, Erythrospermum 314 SP-2/15 and Erythrospermum 405 SP-2/15 and five hardiness, including variety Atlanta-1. The variety Grenada is registered by the State Commission of varieties testing from 2019 to 9 regions (Ural) of the Russian Federation, Atlanta-1 since 2018 is studied in the State Commission.

Understanding crop physiology provides us with an exciting information and knowledge for better crop management towards increasing productivity. Based on this fact, many physiological aspects of cereal crops (wheat, rice, sorghum and barley) have been studied during the last two decades in Iraq with interesting achievements. These aspects included : physiological aspects of tillering in wheat and its relationship to the crop management and grain yield ,seed priming of rice and sorghum for better seed germination and field establishment, accurate timing of agrochemicals application (e.g. nitrogen fertilizer and plant growth regulators) based on certain critical growth stages to increase grain yield of wheat and barley, and proposed strategies for saving water in rice cultivation among them growing rice successfully, under sprinkler irrigation for saving water and increasing water use efficiency (WUE). The objective of these four case studies was to improve the cereals management and, hence, increasing their grain yield via physiological approaches. Considerable increases in the grain yield of these cereals crops have been achieved via the combination of crop physiology and crop management. Full details of the methodologies and achievements will be presented for each case study. In conclusion, this approach, may represents a good and effective strategy to increase crop productivity and saving water.

The research goalis to classify wheat-alien forms of spring wheat according to diseases resistance on an infectious background. Uredospores of stem (Puccinia graminis), yellow (P. striiformis) and leaf rust (P. triticiana) from the collection of microorganisms (NIIBB, Otar) were used as inoculum. 9 introgression lines of spring wheat were found: Kazakhstanskaya 10 x T.dicoccum (North), 6569 x T.millillinae-1, 6569 x T.millitinae-2, 6628 x T.millitinae, 6625 x T.timopheevii-1, 6625 x T.timopheevii-2, 6625 x T.timopheevii-3, 6628 x T.timopheevii-1 and 6628 x T.timopheevii-2, which show horizontal resistance to three kinds of rust. Against the background of artificial infection with the causative agent of stem rust, they showed high resistance until the end of the growing season, disease development degree varied from 0 to 5%, and the PCRB and resistance index did not exceed 107.5 and 0.08, respectively. The sources - wild relatives T.militinae, T.dicoccum, T.timopheevii and T.kiharae in the phases of an adult plant were immune to rust species. Lines 6583 x T.timopheevii (South and North) and 6625 x T.timopheevi-3 showed high resistance to leaf rust, and lines 6569 x T.millitinae-1, -2, 6628 x T.millitinae, 6625 x T.timopheevii -1 and -2 show immunity to this pathogen Puccinia triticiana.

The results of a long-term study of collection samples of spring wheat from the VIR gene pool are presented. By means of personal contacts a large specimen of Faraon (USA) was obtained. In the process of studying the varietal population, a biotype was isolated, which was improved by the desired economically valuable traits. The biotype of the Pharaoh is distinguished by a large grain, the mass of 1000 grains is 50-70 g. The protein content is 15-18%. The vitrification is 99%. At the same time it is resistant to a complex of diseases - powdery mildew, brown rust, enzymatic mycosis seed depletion (EMIS). Technological evaluation of the biotype showed the possibility of using it for macaroni purposes. BR-34 (Brazil) has been isolated biotype, studied biochemical and technological properties. Origin of samples from Russia, USA, France, Mexico, India, Sweden, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Kenya, Australia, Belgium, Ukraine, Netherlands, Switzerland, Poland, Finland, Brazil, UK. Evaluation of the collection from different countries revealed the following: samples from Germany, the Netherlands, England, France, Sweden, Poland, the USA are late-ripening, short-stemmed, with a low mass of 1000 grains and yield. Samples from the USA stand out against brown rust. Samples from Mexico are short-stemmed. Samples from India are donors of short stalk and productivity. Highlighted samples on early maturity, coarse grain, short stalk, weight of 1000 grains, yield, resistance to diseases are recommended for use in breeding programs at the Moscow Research Institute of Nemchinovka and other research institutes.

Presented are the results of studying the inheritance of the phenotypic reaction in reciprocal F₁ and F₂ winter triticale hybrids (x Triticosecale Wittm.) on a natural infectious background for septoria in climatic conditions of the Republic of Moldova are presented. The aim of this work was to identify sources of resistance among the genotypes of local triticale that are well adapted to septoria and study of the genetic control of the trait. The reaction of reciprocal F₁ and F₂ hybrids on susceptibility of septoria varied in the range of 0.1-3.1 points and 0-2.8 points, respectively. It has been established that the resistance of triticale to Septoria tritici can be both dominant and recessive, depending on the response of the parental genotypes and the direction of the crossing. The overdominance of S. tritici resistance was manifested in F₁ hybrids from reciprocal crossing of resistant genotypes (Podoima/Talovscaia 12 and Ingen 40). In the less favorable climatic conditions for the development of the disease (2017), F₂ hybrids obtained from crosses of the Podoima /Talovscaia 12, Ingen 40 and Ingen 93 genotypes manifested tolerance. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.52, p < 0.05) was established between the degrees of susceptibility shown in F1 and F₂ hybrids. When creating varieties resistant to septoria and winter triticale lines, it is recommended to use adapted and less affected against the natural infectious background resistance donors Ingen 40 and Podoima /Talovscaia 12.

Within the program framework of the MA RK 0.0722 “Creation and implementation of cereal varieties with genetically identified stress-indicator properties based on molecular breeding, genomics and biotechnology....” in the harvest of 2015-2018 studied: a) “Emmer” block, including 6 synthetic forms of the breeder Kozhakhmetov K. (Almaty), 2 emmer varieties “Gramme” and “Pharaon” by the breeder Temirbekova S. (Moscow) and 2 common wheat varieties “Diva” and “Umai”, breeder Kushnir U. (Israel) 2 standard; b) synthetics (19 + 3 standards) and c) advanced nursery samples of wide hybridization (11). The resistance to brown rust was established (0- 5%) for varieties of emmer and wheat Diva and Umai [Lr46], as well as introgressive spring forms 6625 x T.timopheevii and Kazakhstanskaya 10 x T.dicoccum. The CVT block consisted of resistant forms with a lesion of no higher than 15% relative to the Kazakhstanskaya 10 cultivars standard (10-75%) and the presence of the Lr14 Lr46 genes, plus Lr34 for 6625 x T.timopheevii-12 and Lr68 for 6628 x T.militinae, 6628 x T.timopheevii, 6569 x T.militinae-1,2. Comprehensive resistance to two types of rust had varieties of emmer Pharaon and wheat Diva, Umai (0-5%). Of the spring wheat samples, obtained from crossing with wild relatives, 6625x T.timopheevii distinguished themselves by complex resistance, with standard varieties up to 100%. Synchronously, the stability is marked by a series of decreasing yields: Diva (4.4 q/ha) > Umai = Gremme = Kazakhstanskaya 10 x T.kiharae> 6625 x T.timopheevii (3.84.0 q/ha) in the emmer block; VEK (3.5-5.1 q/ha)> 6625 x T.timopheevii-9 (3.2-4.7 q/ha) > Gunticum (3.1-4.8 q/ha) in the CVT block.

The article describes the results of studies on the indicators of photosynthetic activity of barley of various biological groups, depending on sowing terms and seeding rate in the conditions of dry land of the steppe part of the Crimean peninsula. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the leaf surface area, photosynthetic potential and net productivity of photosynthesis of barley plants change under the influence of the studied agrotechnical factors and their increase contributes to an increase in yield. The size of the crop is most influenced by the leaf surface area. An increase in this indicator has a positive effect on the potential yield.

The work was carried out on the Dagestan OS VIR in the conditions of South-flat Dagestan. The field resistance of barley samples to fungal diseases (powdery mildew, dwarf rust) was studied. On a natural infectious background, 558 local barley varieties from the world collection of VIR of different ecological and geographical origin, systematic affiliation and type of development were estimated. Local forms, being most adapted to the dynamics of environmental conditions of a certain region, where their formation took place, can be used in the study of ecological and geographical confinement of the sign. The studied local varieties cover all the main centers of cultural diversity in N. I. Vavilov: Abyssinian, Persian, Central Asian, East Asian, Mediterranean, European-Siberian and new World. The front-Asian, Mediterranean and European-Siberian centers were more widely represented. According to resistance to pathogens, the samples were distributed in the corresponding 5 classes: very low (1 point), low (3 point), medium (5 point), high (7 point), very high (9 point). The hydrothermal regime of South-planar Dagestan favors the development of fungal diseases. Powdery mildew and dwarf rust are widespread in the region. The observed annual incidence of infectious background allows us to assess the resistance of accessions to these pathogens. Powdery mildew appears in early spring when barley plants are in the tillering phase. The second peak is observed in the earing phase. The disease affects the leaf, the vagina of the leaf, the stem, and in some years can cover the ear. Most studied barley is susceptible to powdery mildew. The causative agent is characterized by broad environmental plasticity. Practically during the whole ontogenesis of plants the possibility of their damage is determined by the presence or absence of genetically determined resistance. Dwarf rust appears much later powdery mildew in the phase of "earing-pouring grain." Sometimes the leaves of plants due to weather conditions, early ripening varieties or severe defeat powdery mildew dry before the disease manifests. Therefore, dwarf rust usually develops on late-maturing samples. "Care" of the plant from the disease is not genetically determined resistance. As sustainable (9 point) is marked 75 varieties, susceptible - 85 (1 point) Among the barleys, Persian, Mediterranean, European-Siberian origin discovered both susceptible and resistant forms, and medium - and East Asian barleys differ in the sensitivity to the pathogen. The samples resistant to powdery mildew and dwarf rust were isolated and can be used as sources.

To solve the problem of long-term barley resistance to main biotic factors, the major role belongs to study of the original selection material and scientifically-based methods of parent choice. The goal of our study was to find the sources, characterized with high resistance to gelmintosporiosis pathogens of barley. The field environmental tests were laid up on the experimental fields of Moscow and Ryazan agricultural universities, in 2016-2018. In this article, the results of the spring barley sample collections studies, aimed toward their evaluation by the resistance to barley mesh barley spot and dark brown barley spot are presented. The immunology evaluation of the original material of different origin demonstrated, that the degree of gelmintosporiosis-caused barley diseases at experimental locations depended greatly of meteorological conditions per year. It was determined, that the greatest variation of barley spot resistance (V=46,8-69,8) was observed during the years of their maximum spread. The most valuable original material for cultivar’s adaptive potential increase are those genotypes, that have group resistance to diseases. Due to that, the main goal of our study was to evaluate the collection samples by their resistance to the local pathogens populations, and highlight the samples, simultaneously resistant to mesh barley spot and dark brown barley spot. Twelve samples were chosen, that demonstrated highest group resistance to gelmintosporiosis-caused diseases. By using the methods of stability and plasticity evaluation, we were able to determine the varietal differences in perspective material, and obtain the additional data to chose the most highly-adaptive forms. The results allowed us to recommend Nadejny, Talovsky 9, Binom, Krasnoyarujsky 6, Yakub, Getiman and Vziretz cultivars as initial material for new (with high and stable pathogen resistance) cultivars development. The evaluation of differentiating ability allowed to determine the selection environments with the best-developed pathogen complex as the best selection backgrounds for the selection of genotypes, characterized by high adaptive potential, stably maintaining the resistance gelmintosporiosis-caused barley spot regardless of weather conditions.

The relevant task for forage selection is to detect the initial plant source with high resistance to diseases. Phytosanitary monitoring of herbages allows to control the constantly changing epidemiological situation, as well as to identify in time new diseases and diseases which are close to the epidemic threshold. This in its turn allows to determine the forage selection strategy for disease resistance. Positive results in the development of disease-resistant plants couldn’t be possible unless not only an assessment of diseases resistance on special infectious fields is conducted, but also there are active breeding studies. A very valuable source for breeding high disease resistant forages are wild herbs as well as cultivars of forages produced in different climatic zones. The aim of the research was to find plants resistant to two economically important diseases: red clover (Trifolium pratense) resistant to clover rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum) and ryegrass (Lolium sp.) resistant to leaf spot disease caused by Drechslera siccans. The study was conducted on artificial infectious fields of the immunity laboratory of the Federal Research Center «All-Russian Williams Fodder Research Institute». Data on disease resistance for 85 collection samples of red clover (Trifolium pratense), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and hybrid ryegrass (Lolium x hybridum) were obtained. Twelve samples of red clover with high resistance to clover rot (Sclerotinia trifoliorum) and Fusarium spp. and one sample with complex resistance to these pathogens were distinguished. An assessment of leaf disease incidence on red clover revealed one sample with high complex resistance to rust and ascochyta blight and three samples with resistance to anthracnose. According to the results of the evaluation of the ryegrass resistance to Drechslera siccans it was found that three samples were not affected by the pathogen. Thus the long-term studies on the assessment of disease incidence of collection plants of red clover and perennial ryegrass make it possible to recommend distinguished samples as sources of increased resistance.

Used the triple test cross method. Genotypes: (pure lines, tester and hybrids) planted (in field Voronezh / Russian Federation) by using randomized complete block design with two replications for the deduction of epistates, to infer the superior gene action, estimated of components of variability and genetic parameters of Plant high\\cm Ear Length\\cm, Number row\\ear, 100-grain Weight\\g and Grain yield/g Zea mays L. The results showed that the mean of variance, both genotypes, hybrids, and parents were highly significant to all characters. Analysis of variance to infer the superior gene action, indicated that the mean variability of the pure lines was not significant, this confirms the lack of epistates of all traits. Additional genetic variability has shown an important role in the inheritance of most characters.

The maximum yield of corn grain was obtained in the complex application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N₁₂₀P₁₂₀K₁₂₀ against the background of the aftereffect under manure and plant protection products and amounted to 8.42 t / ha. Applied means of plant protection increased the yield by an average of 12.5-41.0%. The greatest payback of 1 kg of NPK yield increment was noted in the variant with application of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ and was 14.4-22.1 kg. Thus, the integrated application of chemicalization means contributes to the maximum realization of the productivity potential of maize for grain and the return on investment. The methods of basic tillage did not have a significant effect on the yield of corn.

The comparative analysis of influence external factors on formation of productivity of varieties summer soft spring wheat selections FIC «Nemchinovka» is resulted. Essential influence is rendered with hydrothermal conditions both as a whole of the vegetative period, and in critical growth phases and developments of plants, is especial in the beginning of formation of reproductive bodies. Lack of a moisture at a high temperature mode results in a shortage of a grain yield. Solar radiation defines photosynthetic activity of plants of a spring wheat and in damp years at high-intensity technology 7-8 million in m² on hectare day can reach, efficiency of photosynthesis thus makes 1.6-1.7 kg of a grain/ hectares from 1 thousand in m² assimilation surfaces. The basic contribution to increase of productivity brings agrotechnology. She assumes, designed for planned productivity, system of fertilizer and system of chemical protection of plants, at observance of culture of other agrotechnical receptions of cultivation. Productivity of varieties of spring wheat with growth of intensity grows, and at high-intensity technology with biological efficiency of used pesticides of 99% reaches 9-10 т/hectares a grain. Thus the maintenance of protein in a grain makes 15.5-16.0%.

As a result of the breeding of pea peas, the yield of varieties increases, and its stability over the years decreases as a result of a decrease in their resistance to stressful environmental factors. Studies were carried out in 2006-2008 on the basis of the Orel State Agrarian University and the Research Institute of Grain-Bean and Groat Crops in the Orel Region. The article presents the results of a study on the peculiarities of the resistance of purple-flowered peas plants to stressful environmental factors (drought, diseases and pests) in the aspect of breeding for adaptability. Under dry conditions, modern purple-flowered peas had 2.3 times the number of beans and seeds, while older varieties produced 1.7 times less than normal conditions of moisture. The pigment composition (carotenoids and anthocyanins) plays important role in resistance to abiotic stressors of purple-flowered peas, and protects the plant photosystem. It has been established that modern purple-flowered peas are characterized by increased resistance to some pests (pea moth and trips), and by resistance to aphid and moth, the variety specimen UsP 98-393 was distinguished, and it can be recommended for use in breeding. Purple-flowered peas are more resistant to seed infection. The total contamination of seeds in white flowered pea varieties was at 40%, while in peples, its value was 10 times lower, and in some varieties (Natasha and Nadezhda) there was no seed damage. This is due to the accumulation of a large amount of protein inhibitors of the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, the high activity of the protein inhibitors of polygalacturonase, as compared to regular peas, and the formation of a thicker (on average 7%) and massive seed coat (on average, 25 %). Purple-flowered peas have a higher environmental resistance than white-flowered varieties.