Pharmacokinetics of tiamulin and doxycicline in the blood plasma of calves was investigated following single intramuscular administration of Tiacyclin solution for injection as a part of the preclinical studies. Tiacyclin® solution for injection, was administered to 6 calves once intramuscularly in the neck area at the dose of 1 ml/12,5 kg. In 0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 3,0; 6,0; 12,0; 18,0; 24,0; 48,0 and 96,0 hours following Tiacyclin administration blood samples were collected and tiamulin and doxycicline concentrations in blood plasma were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography using a fluorescent detection. The pharmacokinetic profile of tiamulin and doxycicline in blood plasma of calves was established.

Relevance. The work is devoted to the results of the use of Enroflon gel in clinical and subclinical mastitis in Holstein-Friesian cows.

The purpose of our research was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of the drug for mastitis in lactating cows and to determine the residual amount of antibiotic in milk samples.

Methods. The studies were carried out in JSC "Agrofirma Patrushi" of the Sverdlovsk Region and LLC "Lesnye Polyany" in the Moscow Region. Experienced groups of cows were injected with Enroflon gel, which contains two active ingredients: enrofloxacin and ketoprofen. The drug was developed by LLC VIK-Animal Health. The diagnosis of subclinical mastitis was made using an express diagnostic kit designed to determine the number of somatic cells in milk. When diagnosing clinical mastitis, the general condition of the animals, the presence of signs of inflammation of the mammary gland and changes in the organoleptic parameters of milk were taken into account. Milk samples for residual amounts of enrofloxacin were examined at the Milk Research Laboratory of the All-Union Research Institute of the Dairy Industry.

Results. The use of Enroflon gel in the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in cows provided a therapeutic effect of 72,7% and 73,3%, respectively. In laboratory studies of milk samples using the RANDOX matrix biochip technology, no enrofloxacin residues were found in the treated animals 72 hours after the last injection of the drug. The experimental groups were observed for 10 days.

Relevance. Piroplasmidoses cause significant economic damage to sheep breeding in the Republic of Dagestan, which consists of losses due to mortality, forced slaughter of animals and a decrease in meat and wool productivity. At present, to combat pyroplasmidosis diseases in sheep and goats, domestic and foreign researchers have proposed a number of medicinal preparations with therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy, but not all of them give the desired result. In In this regard, further improvement of existing methods and means of treating sheep is urgent.

Material and methods. The study of this issue was carried out taking into account the epizootic situation, clinical signs and microscopy of peripheral blood smears from sick animals (sheep of the Dagestan mountain breed). The work was carried out during the season of parasitism of ixodid ticks and the circulation of blood parasites in them from May to July 2020 through periodic visits to dysfunctional farms to examine and identify sick animals with  clinical signs of pyroplasmidosis. In order to study the species composition of ixodid ticks, which parasitize animals and can be carriers of piroplasmosis, arthropods were collected from animals according to the method of academician E.N. Pavlovsky. The drugs were tested on twenty heads, small ruminants, spontaneously infested with
piroplasmosis, which were divided according to the principle of analogues into two groups, exrimental and copentrol, ten heads each.

Results. Forticarb® in the form of a 10% solution for injection at a dose of 0.005 mg/kg of live weight, intramuscularly, at the rate of 0.5 ml per 10 kg of live body weight, has a high therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of pyroplasmidosis in small ruminants.

Relevance. The work is devoted to the urgent problem of gastrointestinal diseases in poultry, since with the prohibition of the introduction of feed antibiotics in the Russian Federation in poultry feed, an increase in the incidence of intestinal diseases and, in particular, necrotic enteritis is possible, as was the case in Europe with the ban on antibiotics-growth stimulants. The aim of our research was to develop a therapeutic and prophylactic regimen for necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens without an antibioticgrowth stimulator.

Methods. Production experience was carried out in the Russian Federation at one of the poultry farms of a large holding company at the cross-country ROSS 308 with the floor content of broiler chickens. Laboratory studies were conducted at the Federal State Institution of Science, State Scientific Center for Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (FBUN SSC PMB). Based on clinical, pathological, anatomical and laboratory studies on the completed batch of broiler rearing, a necrotic and enteritis diagnosis was made and a treatment plan was drawn up for the next batch of chickens without the use of a feed antibiotic. The drug includes Clindaspectin®, Solamox®, Aviker® T SL and Prodaktiv® Acid Se.

Results. Production experience has shown that the consistent introduction of Clindaspectin®, Aviker® T SL, Solamox®, Prodactiv®, Acid Se into the scheme for the complete feeding period allowed achieving the best production indices without the use of a feed antibiotic.

Poultry farming is one of the most dynamic and cost-effective sectors of agriculture, which provides dietary foods with a relatively low cost. Vision is the most developed sense organ in birds and is an important ability for orientation in space. Their visual apparatus in many respects superior to the organs of sight of other animals, and provides up to 80% of information about the world.

The accumulation of knowledge in the process of scientific and technological development does not occur linearly, but in leaps and bounds: periods of relative stagnation are replaced by scientific revolutions. The scientific revolution is the change of explanatory paradigms by the scientific community. A few years ago, the establishment of the taxonomic affiliation of microorganisms by cultivation and counting by methods of classical microbiology was fraught with a number of insurmountable difficulties. The complex composition of the media, the presence of an excess of inhibiting compounds in the composition of the nutrient media, the need to maintain extreme temperatures, the composition of gases and pressure for cultivation, the susceptibility of the culture to the effects of oxygen excluded uncultured microorganisms from the field of view of the researcher. The emergence of molecular genetic methods made it possible to study the diversity of microorganisms, bypassing the previously obligatory stage of cultivation, isolation of a pure culture and comparison with a reference sample. Through the prism of scientific revolutions and changes in scientific paradigms, the differences between the methods of classical microbiology and molecular genetic methods are revealed. The experience of BIOTROF LLC in the application of molecular genetic methods for the identification of microorganisms in livestock and poultry farming is summarized. Based on the use of 16S metagenomics, it was possible to show for the first time that health disorders of farm animals and birds, a decrease in productivity and the duration of economic use in many cases are associated with dysbiotic phenomena in the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, in cows culled due to lactic acidosis, in comparison with clinically healthy animals, inhibition of the growth of bacteria synthesizing cellulases and microorganisms of the order Selenomonadales, capable of fermenting lactic acid to volatile fatty acids, was observed. Based on the calculation of Pearson's correlations, it was shown that an increase in the content of lactobacilli of the family Lactobacillaceae in the intestines of poultry was associated with an increase in meat  productivity, and an increase in staphylococci, with a decrease.

Relevance and research material. The aim of the work is to analyze the influence of mestization of Pamir fine-wooled sheep with a hybrid of argali and Romanov sheep, carrying 3/4 of the blood of Romanov sheep and 1/4 of the blood of argali on the proportion and diameter of wool fibers of different types. The research was conducted in 2016–2018. Lambs of the Pamir fine-fleeced breed were inseminated with the sperm of a RAM-producer bearing 3/4 of the blood of the Romanov sheep and 1/4 of the blood of the argali. 5 hybrid rams were obtained and studied. As a control, 10 purebred peers of the Pamir fine-wool breed were studied. The selection of average wool samples from one-year-old rams and its analysis were carried out in accordance with GOST 17514–93. Similarity of coat characteristics was evaluated based on Euclidean distances between features in the SSPS program. Statistical processing was performed in Microsoft Excel 2007.

Results. The proportion of down fibers and their thickness in the Pamir fine-wooled sheep was 98.53 ± 0.06 % and 20.81± 0.23 microns, the Values of these indicators in the Pamir fine-wool hybrids were 92.31 ± 0.13 % and 21.90 ± 0.24 microns. Cluster analysis of the similarity of wool cover characteristics in sheep of the studied genotypes based on the calculation of Euclidean distances, performed in the SPSS program, revealed two clusters. The first cluster is formed by sheep of the Pamir fine-wool breed and their descendants from a hybrid carrying 1/4 of the argali blood and 3/4 of the Romanov sheep blood. The second cluster includes the remaining sheep genotypes. Within this cluster, a subcluster is allocated that unites argali (argali) and its hybrids of two generations. Within the subcluster, the argali and its first-generation hybrid with the Romanov sheep are the closest.

Relevance and methods. Research and production experiments on growing and fattening bull calves of dairy and dairy-meat breeds were carried out in Tau Samal Company LTD LLP and Plemzavod Almaty SPK in Almaty region. In a comparative aspect, the intensity of growth and development, slaughter and meat qualities of young animals were studied.

Results. Young animals of experimental groups of different genotypes, who received, in addition to the main diet, feed additives, in terms of live weight, intensity of growth and development, fattening qualities, morphological and chemical composition of meat and, consequently, the profitability of beef production exceeded their counterparts of the same age from the control groups.

Relevance. The article is devoted to the topical problem of studying unconventional, poorly studied forage plants that are promising for introduction into agricultural production for fattening gobies — galega and pierced leaf sylphia.

Methods and results. The studies were carried out at the test site of the All-Russian Research Institute of Reclaimed Lands (VNIIMZ, Tver Region). In the experiment on fattening gobies with a live weight of 260–262 kg, rations on average per day consisted of: in the control group, 2 kg of herb hay, 14.65 kg of clover silage, 2.5 kg of chopped barley and 35 g of sodium chloride; in the first experimental group — 2.12 kg of herb hay, 14.3 kg of silage from galega, 2.5 kg of chopped barley and 35 g of sodium chloride; in the second experimental group — 2.2 kg of herb hay, 14.5 kg of silage from sylphia, 2.5 kg of chopped barley and 35 g of sodium chloride. In the daily ration, each feed unit contained digestible protein: 106 g in the control group, 126 g in the first experimental group, and 105 g in the second experimental group. Cellulose occupied 20.84% in the first group, fat — 2.59%, in the second and third groups, respectively — 16.46% and 1.91%, 15.06 and 1.95%. Feeding silage from galega and silphia in the diet of fattening gobies with a daily consumption of 7.05 feed units with a content of 105-125 g of digestible protein in 1 feed unit made it possible to obtain an average daily weight gain in the first experimental group of 838 g, in the second — 812 g, which is 6.75% and 3.44% more than in the control group. At the same time, feed costs decreased by 6.13 and 3.01%.

Relevance. The demand increase in the domestic and foreign markets for high-quality, environmentally clean lamb, as well as for coarse, clarified wool, especially in scarce white and light gray colors, fur sheepskin, determines the relevance of the scientific support of domestic fat-tailed sheep breeding.

Material and methods. The article represents the results of the studies on the new breed creation of fat-tailed meat-greasy sheep in the eastern, south-eastern and western regions of Kazakhstan.

Results. New breed animals successfully combine high meat quality with heterogeneous white and light gray wool, are well adapted to grazing conditions in desert, semi-desert and foothill-dry steppe zones. The average live weight of sheep producers of breeding herds, depending on the breeding farms, is 95.4–97.8 kg, sheared wool — 3.34–3.38 kg, for ewes — 66.0–66.8 and 2, respectively. 28–2.32 kg. The average live weight of ram lambs at birth varies between 4.8–5.0 kg and 37.7–38.6 kg when chopping, the average daily live weight gain during the suckling period of development is 274–280 g, for the ewe lambs these indicators are equal to 4.6–4.8 kg, 36.0–36.7 kg and 262–266 g, respectively. At the age of 4 months, the mass of carcass with fat tail of the created sheep breed is 18.49–19.03 kg, at 16 months — 33.46–33.77 kg, slaughter yield ranges from 52.3–53.1 and 52.5–52.9%, respectively, pulp yield in the carcass is 79.3–79.8 and 80.2–80,6%. These data show that in terms of slaughter and meat qualities, rams of the newly created sheep breed are not inferior to peers of such breeds as Edilbay, Saryarka, etc. The studies conducted in the wool laboratory of Sheep Breeding Research Institute named after K.U. Medeubekova, showed that the clarified sheep wool of the created breed has some physical and mechanical differences in comparison with the Kazakh fattailed coarse-haired sheep.  Their wool can be attributed to a new variety sheep breed of coarse-wooled sheep in Kazakhstan. Such wool has better technological properties in comparison with the fat-tailed coarse-wooled sheep.

Relevance. Over the past few decades, intensive exploitation of arid territories of the Stavropol territory has led to an increase in the degradation of natural forage lands (NFL) several times. Therefore, research aimed at finding ways to preserve the productive longevity of arid pasture ecosystems is relevant.

Methods. The purpose of the research is to study approaches to restoring biodiversity and productivity of degraded NFL in the arid zone by forming environmentally sustainable, productive agrophytocenoses based on perennial grasses. Expedition study of pasture lands of the Stavropol territory was carried out in 2009–2019 according to the requirements of methods generally accepted in phytocenology. The objects of research are NFL located in the zone of dry steppes and semi–deserts. Research on the impact of various systems of herbage recovery and use on the yield of forage lands was conducted in 2014–2019 on the basis of the breeding factory ‘Friendship’ in the Apanasenkovsky district of the Stavropol territory in accordance with industry and scientific regulatory documentation. The objects of research were perennial grasses and their mixtures.

Results. According to our research, the use of combined haymaking–pasture use of NFL is one of the most effective methods for reducing clogging and stabilizing their productivity. Optimizing the timing of mowing or grazing herbage allows increasing the production of dry matter to 2.64–3.92 t/ha for haymaking use and 1.86–2.27 t/ha for combined (haymaking + pasture) use. By enriching degraded herbage with valuable forage legumes and cereals grasses, it is possible to significantly improve its quality with the achievement in 1 kg of dry matter of 8.55 MJ metabolizable energy.

Relevance and materials. The soil humidity being a major factor of its fertility can meaningfully change at the earth surface. R esults of researches of dependence of soil reflectance spectrum from soil type and its wetness  parameters are described proanalytic conditions achievements high values of the signal reflected from wet soil are analyzed in relation to a series of measurements on multiple fields with different values of the Fresnel reflection.

Results. It is shown that taking into account the possible change in the mutual dynamics of changes in fw and d from in phase to ant phase, the averaged reflected signal reaches a minimum when the specified parameters are in-phase mutually changed. On the basis of the discovered fact, a heuristic recommendation was given to use that area of the volumetric water content in the soil, where the ant phase change of the indicated indicators is provided.

Relevance. The basis of the innovation process is variety exchange, the economic essence of which is that the introduction of a new variety into production is the least expensive and more economical way to increase agricultural production.

Material and methods. The research goal is to create a highly productive variety adapted to the conditions of the Central region. This article presents the morphobiological characteristics of the state register of breeding  achievements in 2020. A new variety of spring barley Znatny, bred as a result of many years of creative cooperation between the FSBSI FNAC VIM and the FSBSI FITZ "Nemchinovka". The variety was obtained by individual selection from a hybrid population as a result of crossing a variety of selection FSBSI FITZ "Nemchinovka" Yaromir and a variety of German selection Xanadu. Variety of nutans, medium-ripened.

Results. With an average yield of 6.11 t/ha over the past six years of competitive testing in the conditions of the FFSBSI FITZ "Nemchinovka" exceeded the standard Yaromir variety by 0.15 t/ha, the maximum yield of 7.63 t/ha. In the conditions of ISA-branch of FSBSI FNAC VIM with an average yield of 7.04 t/ha exceeded the standard variety by 0.28 t/ha, the maximum yield is 9.72 t/ha. It has a high technology of cultivation, is well bushed, forms a leveled productive stem for harvesting. It is characterized by a protein content in the grain from 10.7 to 11.8%. It is weakly susceptible to dusty smut, streaked spots, stem rust and powdery mildew, medium resistant to dark brown and reticulated spots. Recommended for use in the Central (3) region.

Relevance. The aim of the work was to determine the amino acid composition of the culture filtrates of the strains, the causative agent of flax anthracnose Colletotrichum lini Manns et Bolley, to adjust the concentration of the selective agent in the nutrient medium when creating in vitro new flax genotypes resistant to anthracnose.

Results. It was established that in the culture filtrates of strains 527 and 608 there are amino acids alanine, glycine, asparagine, cysteine, threonine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, as well as arginine in the highly virulent strain 527 and traces of tyrosine and lysine in the weakly virulent strain 608. K 40 days of cultivation, the supply of nutrients in the cultivation medium, apparently, was exhausted, and for life support the fungus began to use the products of its vital functions. In the culture filtrate of the highly virulent strain 527, the concentration of all defined amino acids was significantly higher than in the culture filtrate of the weakly virulent 608 strain. It was shown that the 23-day-old culture filtrate of the strongly virulent strain 527 had the highest toxicity. The increase in the roots and hypocotaly of flax when using the culture filtrate of the strongly virulent strain 527 was smaller in all genotypes taken in the study. The toxicity of the culture filtrate depended on the virulence of the anthracnose pathogen strain — the culture filtrate of a strongly virulent strain is more toxic than a weakly virulent strain. The presence of cysteine in the culture filtrates of the strains increases the possibility of inhibiting the growth and development of flax cells in an in vitro culture. When using a culture filtrate of anthracnose pathogen strains containing asparagine, glutamine, serine, glycine, aspartic and glutamic acid, it is possible to induce the growth and development of flax cells in vitro. As the fungal mycelium grew in the culture filtrates, the concentrations of amino acids alanine, asparagine, glycine, aspartic and glutamic acids decreased. Due to the high concentration  of cysteine and tyrosine, the culture filtrates of strains 419 and 639 were toxic throughout the study period (up to 42 days).

An assessment of the resistance of the breeding material of the Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea) to diseases in the south of Central Siberia was carried out. The work was carried out in the botanical garden "NIIAP Khakassia" on a natural infectious background. The conditions of heat and moisture availability during the years of research differed significantly, which led to a different phytosanitary situation in the crops of sieve breaker. A moderate manifestation of brown leaf rust in 2017–2018 and a dusty head in 2017 was noted. Sorts K 2, K 9, K 12 showed the greatest resistance to diseases.

Relevance. In the Stavropol Territory, the area of arable land with a pH of 8.5-9.0. in the arable horizon as of 01.01.2020 — 930891 hectares, which is 23.8% of the total arable land in the region. The decrease in alkalinity, especially under perennial plantations, alternative phosphogypsum ameliorants such as organic acids, has been little studied. The results of studying the degree of influence of organic acids on the reduction of soil alkalinity will help to establish the doses, methods of application and the economic effect of reclamation of such soils. 

Material and methods. The object of research was an alluvial meadow calcareous weakly solonetzic weakly saline soil of the Kuma river floodplain with an initial pH of 8.61 units. The research scheme consisted of six variants of ameliorant doses with control in triplicate.

Results. The study of the effect of ameliorants on the soil has shown that they contribute to varying degrees of decrease in alkalinity. The best results in reducing alkalinity with an application dose of more than 500 kg/ha were noted for malic acid, followed by tartaric, citric acids and phosphogypsum. A significant effect of organic acids was noted at the application rate from 700 kg/ha, where the decrease in the pH was 0.13–0.19. At a dose of organic acids application of 1000 kg/ha, the decrease in the pH value from control was 0.17–0.26 units, at 5000 kg/ha, the pH decreased within 0.58–0.65.

Relevance and material. The article gives a brief description of 5 new zoned varieties of tomato for open ground in the conditions of the Republic of Azerbaijan. These are the varieties: Zarrabi, Nuru, Jubiley-60, Azerbaijan-94, Mirvari.

Results. It has been established that new varieties of tomato are distinguished by high yield and high quality of fruits, early and medium-early varieties, resistant to diseases, pests and abiotic environmental factors such as drought, high temperature and low air humidity. Biochemical composition: dry matter — 5.0–6.8%, the amount of sugars — 2.4–3.3%, total acidity — 0.22–0.40%, ascorbic acid — 25.0–30.6 mg/100 g, nitrates — 45–60 mg/kg. The highest content of dry matter (6.2–6.8%) and total sugar (2.6–3.3%) was observed for varieties Azerbaijan-94 and Mirvari. New varieties Azerbayzhan-94 and Mirvari stood out in terms of yield compared to other varieties: 624.4–633.9 centners/ha and 612.0–625.2 centners/ha.

Relevance and methods. During 2014–2019, a comparative test of three varieties (Zyryanets, Vychegodsky, Pechorsky) and one hybrid (1603-7) of potatoes was conducted in the Komi Republic.

Results. As a result of research, it was found that on average for 6 years, the highest yield of tubers was obtained from the "Pechorsky" variety and amounted to 36.0 t/he and exceeded the standard varieties: "Nevsky" by 15% and "Udacha" by 36.8%. In terms of starch content in potato tubers, the «Zyryanets» variety was the leader — 16.0%, the «Vychegodsky» variety — 15.7%, and the Pechorsky variety — 14.1%. In standard varieties the amount of starch was "Nevsky" by 14.6% and "Udacha" by 14.8%. The highest amount of vitamin "C" was in the «Pechorsky» variety — 14.0% for other varieties — 11.4–15.4%. The dry matter content in tubers of various varieties varied from 20.9 to 23.9%. The largest collection of starch per hectare was obtained in the "Pechorsky" variety (5.01 t/he), "Zyryanets" (4.94 t/he), and in standard varieties 3.89–4.57 t/he.

The socio-economic discourse on rural development in the new subject of the Russian Federation — the Republic of Crimea is considered. Statistical data on the implementation of the state program for the development of rural  areas are presented, and the socio-economic aspect in the Republic of Crimea is highlighted.
The author focuses on the lack of state support for Crimean villages in the Ukrainian period, identifies problems that hinder the further sustainable development of rural areas in the region, and suggests ways to solve them.

The question on energetic effectiveness of wireless underground network of sensors used in precision agriculture is considered. One of actual questions of construction of underground sensors networks required by technologies of precision agriculture is losses of radio signal of sensor installed underground under layer of soil. It is determined that losses of radio signal increase by growth of percentage of soil humidity but decrease exponentially by increase of depth of installation of sensor. Such a fact make it possible to formulate the optimization task on determination of optimum distribution of moisture content of soil on depth. Solution of this task allowed to determine an optimum dependency of of soil water content on soil depth upon which the averaged on interval of all possible soil depths value of energetic losses reached the minimum.