In recent years, molecular veterinary oncology has been developing rapidly due to the introduction of advanced genomic and transcriptomic methods for the analysis of tumors in animals. Mutations and oncogenic signaling pathways are becoming important biomarkers that help clarify tumor biology, improve diagnostic accuracy, enable prognostic assessment, and support the application of targeted therapy. The aim of this review is to analyze current data on clinically significant mutations in tumors of dogs and cats and their role in diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and treatment. The article discusses the most extensively studied molecular targets, including KIT, BRAF, HER2, PIK3CA, and TP53, as well as the associated signaling pathways involved in tumor development. The review also summarizes the application of molecular diagnostic methods such as polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, next-generation sequencing, and liquid biopsy. Special attention is given to the importance of molecular markers for comparative oncology and to the prospects for integrating multiomics tumor profiling into clinical veterinary practice. These findings indicate the emergence of the foundations of precision veterinary oncology, aimed at developing more individualized strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors in dogs and cats

The problem of choosing the optimal mesh implant for hernioplasty remains relevant due to the risk of postoperative complications, in particular, wrinkling of the graft. The article presents studies on the comparative study of tissue reaction, inflammatory response and degree of wrinkling after implantation of polypropylene mesh «ESFIL» and titanium mesh «Titanovy Shelk» in simulated hernias in laboratory rats. The experiment was conducted on 30 nonlinear male rats with a model of perineal hernia. The animals are divided into three groups: control (n = 6, suturing hernia), 1st experimental (n = 12, implantation of «Titanovy Shelk» mesh) and 2nd experimental (n = 12, implantation of «ESFIL» mesh). Wrinkling was assessed by measuring the area of implants on the 30th and 90th day and by hematological indicators. The degree of wrinkling of the mesh «Titanovy Shelk» is 5.5 ± 0.8%, which is statistically significantly lower (p < 0.01) than that of the mesh «ESFIL» (22.1 ± 2.3%). On the 14th day, animals with a polypropylene mesh had higher levels of leukocytes and their subpopulations, indicating the continuation of the inflammatory process. Implant «Titanium Silk» demonstrated better biocompatibility, minimal contraction and faster recovery of laboratory animals, which allows recommending it for use in veterinary practice in the treatment of perineal hernias.

The increasing volume of microplastics generated, their widespread distribution in agricultural areas, the potential for ingestion by farm animals and poultry, and the potential impact on their productivity and meat quality make microplastics a risk factor for the livestock and poultry industries. This scientific review analyzes the scientific literature on the impact of microplastics on the health of ruminants, pigs, and poultry, as well as on their productivity and meat product characteristics. It is noted that the results of controlled experiments indicate localized negative impacts of microplastics on the health of livestock and poultry, manifested as oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis following short-term exposure to concentrations exceeding those typically found in the environment. However, it remains unclear whether microplastics have a systemic impact on disease incidence, productivity, and overall well-being of animals at exposure levels close to natural ones. The presence of microplastics in the tissues of farm animals and poultry at concentrations that could potentially raise consumer concerns indicates a potential food safety issue. However, the methods used to detect microplastics are susceptible to contamination, creating uncertainty regarding the true concentrations and the source of the microplastics, such as whether they arise from the production process, processing, or packaging of the meat. However, existing data do not allow for a correlation between microplastic exposure and animal performance, nor does it provide a complete picture of the total amount and types of microplastics to which farm animals and poultry are exposed. To date, there are no studies examining the sources of microplastics or developing effective measures to reduce their impact in livestock supply chains. Preliminary data indicate that microplastics can act as carriers of heavy metals, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes, and microorganisms. Further research is needed to quantify the impact of microplastics as a contaminant carrier. Thus, the presence of microplastics in livestock and poultry production systems poses a potential threat to animal welfare, animal productivity and consumer acceptance of meat products.

Relevance. The availability of high-quality protein feed and biologically active substances has a significant impact on the productivity of poultry. The high biological activity of carotenoids is of interest and leads to the search for effective ways to obtain and use them. Experimental data on the use of astaxanthin in the diet of warm-blooded animals are limited.

Methods. A feed additive obtained by cultivating the yeast Rodosporidium diobovatum was additionally introduced into the diets of quails in groups 2, 3 and 4 at the rate of 0,4; 0,8 and 1,2 g/kg of live weight, respectively. Sampling of compound feed was carried out in accordance with GOST 13496.0-2016, sampling and quality assessment of the obtained eggs — in accordance with GOST 31655-2012. The chemical analysis of eggs included the determination of dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, calcium, phosphorus with preliminary sample preparation. Egg productivity was assessed from the beginning of oviposition. The weight of eggs, protein, yolk, the shape indices of eggs, protein, yolk, and the HAU unit were determined using generally accepted methods, and the content of carotenoids in egg yolk was determined according to GOST R 54058-2010.

Results. Feeding protein-vitamin feed additives to laying quails obtained by cultivating Rhodosporidium diobovatum yeast increased egg production by 28.9%, 13.9% and 4.8%, egg production intensity by 20.8%, 10.0% and 3.5%, improved morphological parameters, incubation qualities and nutritional value of quail eggs, as well as the carotenoid content in the yolk by 36.4%, 30.9% and 3.6%, respectively. The best egg production rates were obtained in birds of groups 2 and 3.

Relevance. Dairy cattle farming is a strategically important sector of the economy, providing the population with a valuable food product. In the context of growing requirements for productivity and product quality, the search for effective and safe feed additives for dairy cows is an urgent scientific and practical task aimed at intensifying the industry.

Methodology. To conduct a scientific and economic experiment, four similar groups of dairy cows of the Holsteinized Black-and-White breed were formed. Animals of the control (I) group received a standard basic ration (BR). The following were added daily to the rations of the experimental groups: group II — “Diatomite” at a rate of 100 g per head, group III — “Monosporin” (70 g/head), group IV — “Zaslon 2+” (20 g/head). The study was conducted over a full lactation period.

Results. The use of feed additives significantly increased productivity and milk quality. The total milk yield per lactation in groups II-IV exceeded the control by 0.9%, 8.7%, and 11.5%, respectively. The composition of milk improved substantially: fat content increased by 2.1–4.9%, protein by 2.5–11.7%, casein by 2.0–7.8%, and solids-not-fat (SNF) by 0.9–2.8%. Milk density increased by 4.9–9.9%. The greatest positive effect on most indicators, including calcium content, was observed with the use of the “Zaslon 2+” additive. Economic efficiency confirmed the feasibility of using the additives. Additional profit from milk sales ranged from 9,309 thousand rubles in group II to 14,936 thousand rubles in group IV. The profitability level of milk production in group IV reached 24.1%, which is 15.4 percentage points higher than in the control group, demonstrating a high return on investment.

The article presents the results of studies of the allelic pool of breeding bulls of the Kholmogor cattle breed aimed to identify animals for use as donors of semen in genetic resources conservation programs. The sample of breeding bulls (n = 70) was represented by animals born in 1989—2021. 115 831 SNPs that passed through the quality control were selected for analysis, including 73 689 SNPs after LD filtration. Twenty-one of 37 purebred (based on pedigree records) bulls were recognized as genetically purebred animals, based on the membership degree in a Kholmogor-specific cluster of more than 95.0%. The possibility of differentiation of genomic components of the Pechora type of Kholmogor cattle was shown. Six breeding bulls carrying more than 99.9% of the genomic components of this type were identified. The calculation of IBS distances showed a different degree of genetic kinship between donor heifers and breeding bulls: 0.680 to 0.727 with an average value of 0.695 ± 0.001. When developing programs for the conservation of genetic resources to preserve the genomic components of Kholmogor cattle while maintaining the level of biodiversity, it is advisable to use the semen of breeding bulls with confirmed purebredness based on the results of SNP analysis and characterized by the lowest values of genetic kinship estimated by the IBS distances.

Relevance. Biology of seeds of plants of the genus Pennisetum Rich. little studied. High seed productivity and favorable temperature storage conditions do not always provide a  high percentage of seed germination when grown in open ground. Soaking seeds in growth stimulants is a promising way to improve their sowing qualities.

Materials and methods. Five varieties of P. glaucum (L.) R.Br. and two species of P. setaceum (Forrsk.) Chiov. and P. villosum Br. ex Fresen. were chosen as the material for the study. The prepared seed material was soaked in 5 solutions of growth stimulants: Epin-Extra, HB-101, Bona Forte Elixir, Chlorella, Biohumate + 9. Germination energy and germination were determined in accordance with GOST 12038−84.

Results. As a result of the experiment, a positive effect of growth stimulants on the germination dynamics of seed material was determined for all species and varieties of Pennisetum. For all varieties of P. glaucum, the preparations HB-101 and Epin-Extra were less effective on seeds of 2023 with the shortest storage period. The average and high laboratory germination rates were found in seeds harvested in 2022–2023 and in individual varieties of P. glaucum harvested in 2023 with a shelf life of 6 months. To achieve high germination rates of over 80% in P. glaucum varieties, we recommend using seed treatments with a shelf life of at least 24 months. Of all the studied preparations, Biohumate+9, Chlorella, and Epin-Extra had a significant effect on the germination rate of P. setaceum seeds, while Biohumate+9 and Bona Forte Elixir had a significant effect on the germination rate of P. villosum seeds.

Relevance. Currently, the main aim of winter durum wheat breeding in the Rostov Region is to develop varieties for arid regions that are comparable in productivity to common wheat varieties and have highly stable grain quality. In this regard, the purpose of the current study was to carry out a comparative analysis of winter durum wheat lines to identify the best ones in terms of grain quality indicators.

Metods. The study was conducted on experimental plots of the winter wheat breeding and seed production department of the FSBSI ARC “Donskoy” in 2023–2025. There have been studied 44 promising winter durum wheat lines in the trials. Results. The analysis of the coefficient of variation has shown that all quality indicators studied in our trials were characterized by low variability (Cv < 10.0%). Based on protein percentage, most samples corresponded to the 1^st grain quality class (> 13.5%), while the lines 1354/20 and 529/21 corresponded to the 2^nd class (12.5–13.49%). High gluten content, corresponding to the 1^st class (> 28.0%), was established in nine studied lines. According to the GOST standard for durum wheat, grain hardness of five samples (> 85%) met the 1^st grain quality class. High carotenoid pigment content, exceeding the standard variety Kristella (508 μg/%, HSR₀₅ = 34.7 μg/%), was determined in nine studied lines. Based on the study of grain quality, there have been identified several winter durum wheat lines 216/21, 529/21, 732/21, 298/21, and 336/21 that meet GOST standards for the 1^st and 2^nd grain quality classes. Their widespread use in breeding will enable the development of new, highly productive, highqualitative varieties suitable for the pasta and cereal industry.

Relevance. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of different rates of mineral fertilizers on tuber yield and to conduct a qualitative analysis of the leaves for their essential photosynthetic pigment content.

Methods. The study was conducted from 2023 to 2025 in breeding nurseries.The objects of study were the Pechorsky potato variety and a field experiment presented in five variants in fourfold replication: without the use of mineral fertilizers, with half, full, one and a half and double doses of applied complex granular mineral fertilizers (nitroammophoska) as top dressing (30 g/m²) with a ratio of 16:16:16% of the active substance.

Results. The research demonstrated the highly responsive nature of the Pechorsky potato variety to various doses of mineral fertilizers, enabling yields of up to 25.6–35.7 t/ha in experimental settings, with high-quality tuber characteristics (dry matter, starch), exceeding those of the unfertilized variety. A tendency toward increased foliar growth was noted with higher fertilizer doses, which affects the assimilation process and, consequently, may impact yield. The economic analysis recommends the use of a complete mineral fertilizer system with a 1.5 NPK and 2.0 NPK schedule, ensuring highly profitable production in the agroclimatic conditions of the Komi Republic.

Relevance. Soil salinity is a global stressor limiting wheat productivity. Manganese participates in photosynthesis and antioxidant defense, but the efficacy of its nanoforms for improving salt tolerance remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with MnO₂ nanoparticles on wheat seedlings under salt stress.

Methods. MnO₂ nanoparticles were synthesized using alkyl dimethyl amine oxide as a stabilizer. Phase composition was assessed using X-ray diffraction analysis. The energetics of interactions were estimated using quantum chemical modeling (B3LYP/6-31G*). Wheat seeds were treated with a MnO₂ suspension (1 mg/L) and germinated at 0.5–5.0% NaCl. Morphometric parameters and photosynthetic pigment content were determined (spectrophotometry). Data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05).

Results. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of an amorphous manganese dioxide phase with a hexagonal lattice. Modeling confirmed the energetic favorability of MnO₂ binding to the N-oxide group of the stabilizer (ΔE = 1299 kcal/mol). In the control, increasing NaCl to 1.0% reduced the total pigment content from 0.087 to 0.032 mg/g, while 2.5% NaCl caused seedling mortality. MnO₂ treatment ensured survival at 2.5% NaCl (total pigment content 0.074 mg/g), which is only slightly inferior to the control at 0.5% NaCl. At 1.0% NaCl, the pigment content in the test samples (0.078 mg/g) was comparable to the control at 0.5% NaCl, indicating complete stress relief. An increase in the proportion of carotenoids indicates activation of antioxidant defenses. MnO₂ nanoparticles effectively protect the photosynthetic apparatus of wheat under salt stress, opening up prospects for the development of new forms of fertilizer.

Relevance. Extreme temperatures are a major abiotic stressor limiting the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum). A promising approach to enhancing plant tolerance is pre-sowing seed priming with nanoforms of micronutrients. This study aims to evaluate the effect of chitosan-stabilized Co₃ O₄ nanoparticles on the resistance of wheat seedlings to hypo- and hyperthermia.

Methods. Co₃ O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical precipitation using low molecular-weight chitosan as a stabilizer. The energetic favorability of the interaction was assessed via quantum chemical modeling (B3LYP/6-31G*). Wheat seeds were treated with a nanoparticle solution (1 mg/L) and germinated for 8 days at –10 °C, +20 °C, and +50 °C. Morphometric parameters and the content of photosynthetic pigments were determined (spectrophotometry).

Results. Modeling demonstrated that the interaction of cobalt oxide with the amino group of chitosan is energetically favorable (∆E ≥ 1446 kcal/mol), ensuring prolonged release of the element. Under normal conditions (+20 °C), the treatment increased seedling length by 19% and their survival rate. Under heat stress (+50 °C), pre-sowing priming significantly (p < 0.05) increased fresh biomass by 2.5 times and carotenoid content. A key finding is the restoration of the chlorophyll *a/b* ratio from 2.75 (control) to 1.51 (treated) under hyperthermia, indicating protection of the photosynthetic apparatus. The application of Co₃ O₄ nanoparticles induces a state of stress readiness in the plant, enhancing its tolerance to extreme temperatures.

Relevance. This article presents an overview of Artemia spp. (Artemia) as a biological resource with a wide range of applications. The cultivation and production market for Artemia are discussed.

Methods. A search for potentially relevant articles was conducted using keywords in Russian and foreign language electronic databases.

Results. Artemia is found in waters of North and South America, Africa, Australia, Asia, and Europe. Artemia contains a good amount of protein, essential amino acids, and fatty acids, making it a potential feed or biologically active supplement. The chemical composition of Artemia depends on temperature, salinity, oxygen, and feed. Leading producers include the United States, China, Russia, and Kazakhstan. Artemia cyst resources located in Central and Southeast Asia have the greatest potential.

Relevance. Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) is a widespread and cultivated food and forage plant. The vegetable is used as food for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Pumpkin is valuable for the body due to its balanced and rich composition. Pumpkin pulp contains proteins, fiber, antioxidants, vitamins B, PP, C, E, D, K, folic acid, minerals – calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, fluorine, etc. A range of food products that include pumpkin fruits are limited to certain homogeneous groups: fresh fruits and vegetables, confectionery products, juice products, some types of food concentrates. In this connection, scientific research aimed at studying the composition of local pumpkin varieties is gaining relevance and practical significance from the point of view of processing agricultural products and producing food products of a given composition. The purpose of the research was to study the mass fraction of organic acids, sugars, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin C, calcium, iron and phosphorus in the pulp of the pumpkin variety Rossiyanka, growing in the Kemerovo region.

Methods. The study used standard analytical methods. The content of organic acids, vitamin C, calcium, phosphorus, protein, sugars, and dietary fiber in pumpkin pulp was determined.

Results. New data on the content of organic acids, dietary fiber, sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose), calcium and phosphorus were obtained. In the pulp of pumpkin fruits it was found that the largest amount contains citric (726.0 mg/dm³) and malic (489.0 mg/dm³) organic acids, the smallest amount is lactic (134.0 mg/dm³) and formic (120.0 mg/dm³). Less than 1 mg/dm³ of oxalic and wine. The content of ascorbic acid is 3.18%, calcium accounts for 35 mg/100g, phosphorus — 36.7 mg/100g. The practical significance of the results obtained is realized in supplementing the database of the chemical composition of domestic pumpkin varieties and seems promising for the technological use of pumpkin pulp in the production of food products of a given composition. Results. The maximum yield of vitamin В₁₂ (up to 897 μg/mL) was achieved at a temperature of 35 °C and a cultivation time of 16 h. Optimization of cultivation conditions increased cobalamin production by more than 40%. The obtained results can be applied in the development and scale-up of biotechnological processes.

Relevance. Accurate monitoring of pollinizer trees is essential for optimizing pollination and increasing the yield of apple orchards. Existing remote sensing methods lack the necessary detail for recognizing individual trees by cultivar within densely planted linear rows. This paper proposes an automated method for monitoring pollinizer trees in orchard rows, based on the advanced RF-DETR deep learning transformer architecture.

Methods.The method relies on analyzing imagery from aerial and ground-based platforms and enables the recognition of pollinizers based on the presence of persistent fruits. A labeled dataset (2500 images), verified by expert agronomists, was used for training, ensuring high data quality. Training and comparative analysis of model configurations (Nano, Small, Medium, Large) on the labeled dataset demonstrated that the RF-DETR Medium model achieves high recognition accuracy (mAP@50:95 = 0.658) and enables real-time data processing (5.9 FPS). This combination of features allows the model to be used both on onboard computers of robotic systems and for data processing on server hardware. Field testing of the method in a control row successfully identified a deficit of pollinizer trees and precisely localized problematic sections of the orchard.

Results. The obtained results confirm that the use of transformer models allows for moving away from subjective and labor-intensive monitoring methods while ensuring scalable analysis.

The article considers the development of a functional model of an automated IoT monitoring data acquisition and processing system for precision agriculture tasks using the IDEF0 structural analysis methodology. The modeling object is a hardware-software complex including field IoT sensors, data transmission channels, and server processing infrastructure. A context diagram at level A-0 was constructed and decomposition to level A0 was performed, including four functional blocks: primary data acquisition from sensors, preprocessing and aggregation at the edge gateway, wireless data transmission, and server processing with control action generation. A comparative analysis of technical characteristics of three types of IoT sensors (soil moisture sensors, weather stations, UAV multispectral cameras) was conducted by accuracy, polling frequency, and power consumption parameters. Performance evaluation of three data transmission protocols (LoRa, NB-IoT, Wi-Fi) was performed by throughput, range, and latency criteria. Experimental measurements were carried out at 12 farms in Krasnodar Krai during 2019–2024. Results showed that the LoRa protocol provides the optimal ratio of transmission range (up to 11.2 km) and power consumption (42 mA in transmission mode) for field conditions. The average data processing cycle time from sensor to control command generation was 8.3 s. The developed functional model formalizes information flows and control actions in the IoT monitoring system, providing a basis for designing automated systems in agroengineering.

The article presents the design of a distributed IoT system architecture for greenhouse microclimate monitoring based on the MQTT protocol and edge computing. The relevance is driven by the low proportion of automated greenhouse facilities in the Russian Federation and the high deployment cost of traditional industrial controller-based systems. A four-layer architecture was developed, comprising a sensor node layer (ESP32-S3), an edge gateway layer (Raspberry Pi 4B), an MQTT broker layer (Mosquitto 2.0), and a cloud platform layer (PostgreSQL + Grafana). A comparative analysis of data transfer protocols (MQTT v5.0, CoAP, HTTP/2, AMQP 1.0) was conducted based on latency, throughput, traffic consumption, and power consumption criteria. MQTT v5.0 provides an optimal balance of throughput (12,400 msg/s) and latency (47 ms) with minimal traffic volume. An original methodology for calculating an integral system performance index accounting for latency, throughput, and message loss rate was proposed. Load testing on a testbed (50–400 sensor nodes, 72 hours) demonstrated that a configuration with 4 edge gateways ensures stable operation with 400 nodes at 89 ms latency and losses below 0.05%. The integral performance index reached 0.91 for the optimal configuration. It is shown that the application of edge computing reduces traffic volume between the facility and the cloud by 78% through local data aggregation.

The study focuses on the design and verification of the architecture of an IoT-based microclimate monitoring system for agricultural facilities using IDEF0 functional modeling methodology. The design object was a distributed monitoring system for three production buildings (total area 4,500 m2), comprising sensor, communication, server, and interface layers. The system’s functional model was decomposed to the third level (A0–A3) in IDEF0 notation, identifying 14 functional blocks, 23 input/output data flows, 8 mechanisms, and 6 control actions. A comparative analysis of four wireless data transmission protocols (LoRa, Zigbee, Wi-Fi, NB-IoT) was conducted based on range, throughput, power consumption, and deployment cost criteria. LoRa was selected as the base protocol for the sensor layer (range up to 2.8 km in built-up areas, power consumption 42 mA in transmission mode). The software architecture was implemented as an MQTT broker — time-series DBMS (TimescaleDB) — REST API — web interface pipeline. A formula for calculating end-to-end data delivery latency from sensor to operator interface was developed. Load testing confirmed system stability at up to 12,000 messages/min with a median latency of 287 ms and a delivery rate of 99.72%. Functional model verification was performed using data flow tracing. The results are applicable to the design of automated microclimate management systems for agricultural facilities.