A selection of news, information and commercial materials about key events in the agro-industrial complex and agriculture, trends and innovations.

Relevance. Immunometabolic status plays an important role in the formation of post-vaccination immunity against porcine circovirus type 2 in sows.
Methods. The object of the study was sows that were vaccinated with the “Ingelvac CircoFLEX” vaccine (Germany) on the 21st day of lactation after weaning their piglets (control group). In the experimental group, vaccination was combined with the administration of “Transfer Factor” obtained from leukocytes of hyperimmunized animals. The effectiveness of vaccination was assessed by parameters of immunometabolic status and production indicators.
Results. The introduction of “Transfer Factor” into the vaccination scheme of sows against pig circovirus of the second type makes it possible to form an immunometabolism profile in the animals› body, promoting the production of virus-neutralizing antibodies in the required quantity, which is reflected in the value of production and economically important indicators as markers of the effectiveness of postvaccination immunity. This is achieved due to the fact that post-vaccination immunological reactions occur predominantly through the mechanism of a secondary immune response, as evidenced by an increase in the concentration of IgG by 1.46–1.55 times and a decrease in IgM by 1.63–2.11 times, compared with the control. The hepatoprotective properties of “Transfer Factor” modulate the functional ability of liver cells and stabilize the state of their membrane structures, which determines the orientation of protein and lipid metabolism in the body of sows in an anabolic direction, promoting the retention of protein nitrogen and the accumulation of reserve fats in the body of animals, the use of carbon residues of amino acids in the Krebs cycle through the regulation of the activity of transamination enzymes (AlAT, AST), control of the choleretic ability of hepatocytes, rational cholesterol metabolism. Correction of the immunometabolism status of sows in the post-vaccination period allows, in comparison with the control, to reduce the retirement of sows from the pig farm population by 21.05%, the stillbirth of piglets by 38.15%, increasing the number of adopted ones by 10.55%, and increasing the yield of piglets by 1 farrowing. 12.5 heads to 13 and their safety at farrowing is 0.80%.

Relevance. The use of biologically active feed additives that support the development of normal intestinal microflora and aimed at stimulating the body’s defenses is considered by modern immunology as one of the most promising approaches to solving the problem of resisting infectious processes. Therefore, research on replacing antibiotics with drugs that are safe for humans and animals, and the introduction of technologies for the production of environmentally friendly products are a priority. One of the alternative solutions to this problem may be the use of metaprobiotics and phytobiotics.
Methods. 3 groups of broiler chickens were formed: the first — OR + “Probiotsid©-Fito” (“Biotrof” LLC, Russia) at a dosage of 1 kg per 1 ton of feed, the second — OR+ “Probiotsid©-Ultra” (LLC “Biotrof”, Russia) at a dosage of 1 kg per 1 ton of feed, the third is control. Maternal and post-vaccination humoral immunity to IBD, IBD and NB were assessed using test systems ID Screen® IBD Indirect, ID Screen® Infectious Bronchitis Indirect 2.0 (“ID.vet”, France), provided by “Vet Faktor” LLC and a kit for detecting antibodies to NB virus in the hemagglutination inhibition reaction (HI) (FSBI “ARRIAH”, Russia). During the experiment, live weight, the amount of feed consumed were taken into account daily, and production indicators (feed conversion and European productivity index) were calculated according to the Ross 308 broiler breeding guide.
Results. In our study, both drugs had a positive effect on the immunity and zootechnical parameters of broiler chickens. When these drugs are introduced into the diet, the live weight of broiler chickens, the average daily increase in live weight, the safety of livestock increases and the feed conversion decreases. Based on the results of a serological study, the immunotropic effect of drugs based on metaprobiotics and phytobiotics was revealed.

Research has been conducted to study nonspecific resistance in breeding bulls depending on the breed, age within the breed and the body’s protein supply after a long winter period of operation. It was established that the general background for nonspecific resistance in animals in terms of the percentage of lysis was at the level of 32.4 ± 0.8; by the amount of lysozyme 0.29 ± 0.01 μg/ml; by specific units of protein activity 0.81±0.06 mg; bactericidal activity of blood serum 25.6±0.86%. The relationship between nonspecific resistance in breeding bulls depending on the breed has been determined. The condition of bulls in terms of total protein supply was at a relatively similar level within the reference values. In terms of the percentage of lysis, relatively low values were recorded in animals of the Jersey (24.6%), the highest in the Kostromsky and Brown Swiss — 40.3% and 40.5%, respectively. The Jersey breed also has the lowest level of specific activity units. A relatively high level of bactericidal activity of blood serum was noted in the Ayrshire (34.2%), while in other breeds bactericidal activity of blood serum was at the level of 23.7–26.4%. Significant differences were noted between the Holstein Black and motley color and Kostromsky in the amount of lysozyme in the blood serum, in specific units of activity (р ≤ 0.05), with the Jersey breed in specific units of activity (р ≤ 0.01), and with the Ayrshire breed in specific activity units (р ≤ 0.05) and bactericidal activity of blood serum (р ≤ 0.01). Between the Holstein Red red-and-white color and Jersey and Ayrshire animals, the reliability for a number of indicators was р ≤ 0.05; between the the Kostromsky, Jersey, Ayrshire and Simmental animals for total protein, the amount of lysozyme and for specific units of activity р ≤ 0.01.

Relevance. The problem of biological safety of drinking water remains relevant in livestock farming. The quality of water depends on the primary composition of the microflora of the source; with further transportation, the water is additionally contaminated with microorganisms. Infected water contributes to nutritional contamination of animals, the development of various pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, the death of livestock, and a decrease in production indicators and enterprise profits. Currently, various methods of water purification have been proposed, but the search for the most effective methods and means of water disinfection continues.
The purpose of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug “Di-O-Clean” as a source of chlorine dioxide for the disinfection of drinking water in industrial poultry farming.
Methods. The methodology included bacteriological studies of 80 drinking water samples taken from various poultry farm facilities in different seasons of the year, a sanitary assessment of the poultry watering system after the use of “Di-O-Clean”.
Results. As a result of the water tests, coliform bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found. There was an increase in the number of microorganisms in the water of the storage tank and poultry watering system by 2.4 times compared to the amount of the initial microflora in the well water. The sanitary quality of water depends on the season of the year; the most unfavorable values of water assessment indicators were recorded in the spring. Production tests have shown that water disinfection with “Di-O-Clean” is effective, affordable, safe and economically feasible. Chlorine dioxide disinfection technology makes it possible to minimize or eliminate the transmission of infections through drinking water, raise healthy livestock and maintain the biological safety of the enterprise as a whole.

The purpose of this study is to develop a predictive index APIndex for animals of the domestic _AYRshire dairy cattle population using a genetic and mathematical model.
The processing included phenotypic data of 65,753 cows from 34 breeding farms in 8 regions of the Russian Federation. According to the basic model of the I _AYR index, developed in our previous studies, the proband AI _AYR and parents were assessed: SI_AYR — for fathers of bulls, DI_AYR — for mothers of cows using our own estimates of the breeding value EBV using the BLUP AM method. Using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA, significant influences of the index assessment factors of fathers and mothers on the dependent variable of the proband index value were established, which amounted to 20.9% and 17.7%. As a result of calculating the strength of influence and regression coefficients, a predictive index for the proband was developed, which allows one to evaluate the offspring even before obtaining their phenotypic data. The quality of the developed predictive index model was confirmed by high reliable correlation coefficients with AI_AYR (r = 0.807, p ≤ 0.001), SI_AYR (r = 0.889, p ≤ 0.001) and DI_AYR (r = 0.515, p ≤ 0.001). Thus, the constructed index APIndex can be used as a tool for predicting the index assessment of animals and obtaining new highly valuable genotypes and eliminate unwanted individuals using identified negative scores.

Reproduction of a highly productive herd of cattle with genetic resistance to leukemia is one of the most important tasks of livestock breeding, achievable by an integrated approach, including genetic and selection research, including those aimed at studying the associative relationship between the iNOS Bos taurus gene polymorphism and breeding value, and also with the susceptibility and resistance of animals to this disease.
The objectives of the study were to map the identified polymorphic restriction sites in 6 SNP markers (AH13-1, AH13-2, AH13-3, AH13-4, AH13-5 and AH13-6) of the iNOS Bos taurus gene and program calculation of PCR-PDRF profiles of possible genotypes, followed by testing of the developed method of cattle genotyping cattle by the listed markers.
The theoretical and analytical part of the conducted bioinformatics study expanded knowledge about the polymorphic restriction sites of the 6 mentioned SNP markers and the corresponding PCR-RFLP profiles of their possible genotypes, including complex genotypes of the polymorphic markers AH13-1 and AH13-6 generated during restriction mapping the analyzed DNA sequence, limited by primers iNOS-F and iNOS-R. Further, the theoretical possibility of detecting the listed markers by analyzing the length polymorphism ofrestriction fragments of amplified DNA was supported by experimental data obtained as a result of testing the developed method for PCR-RFLP genotyping of cattle using the listed markers with 5 selected restriction endonucleases and isoschizomers (HinfI, AspS9I, HpyAV, Sse9I and Bst4CI) predominantly Russian-made, which ultimately had a positive impact on the cost of the research conducted.

The significant indicators of the leading part of cows and bulls-producers of the Voronezh population have been studied and assessed. Indicators of the genetic value of traits in the population of cows (A) and breeding bulls (B) were calculated using the results in the calculated models. Cows of breeding groups of three farms were evaluated. An analysis of the register of breeding stock of breeding bulls revealed their critically small composition and relatively long-ago birth (2003–2008). There was a need for rotation and mandatory construction of their own genealogical structure of the red-mottled breed. The leading group of cows exceeded the breeding stock of the region in milk yield by 863 kg of milk, by 0.02% in terms of fat mass and 24 kg in live weight. The analysis of the breeding characteristics of the estimated and qualitytested offspring of breeding bulls was carried out. There was a gap in the dates of birth of the estimated breeding bulls and young ones, as well as the level of indicators of their mothers, which are inferior in milk yield according to parental indices by 3111 kg, and in the mass fraction of fat — by 0.25%. The requirements for the indicators of repair bulls have been increased. Indices of the genetic value of breeding bulls in the population (B) increased from 5764 kg of milk in previously estimated to 8051 kg in tested offspring quality, and by the mass fraction of fat — by 0.037%. The index of genetic value in cows has increased significantly, which surpassed the indicator of the main producing bulls. The parental indices of Holstein bulls selected in the group of “bull fathers” were 13,712–11,129 kg in milk yield, 4.34–4.85% in fat mass fraction, 3.32–3.52% in protein mass fraction.

Relevance. This article presents the results of a study ofthe effect offeeding different levels of concentrates on the rumen microbiota of sheep.
Methods. The experiment was carried out on the basis of the physiological yard of the L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry on Romanov sheep with chronic rumen fistulas according to Basov. The experiment was conducted using the method of groups of periods, the duration of each period is 30 days (n = 6). In the first period, the sheep received a hay-concentrate diet containing 20% concentrates, in the second — 30%, in the third — 40% of nutritional concentrates. At the end of each balance experiment, samples of ruminal contents were taken from all animals (n = 6) for a genetic study of the rumen microbiota.
Results. Increasing concentrates to 40% resulted in a 6% and 7.5% reduction in total microbial mass compared with 20% and 30% concentrate diets, respectively. The amylolytic activity of the rumen after feeding gradually increased from 12.73 to 14.21 U/ml when the diet was changed to a more concentrated one. With an increase in the proportion of concentrates, the population of enterococci increases with a maximum at 30% of concentrates. The most intensive growth of the lactobacilli population is observed when feeding 30% concentrates (4.78∙10⁵ CFU/ml versus 3.18∙10⁵ CFU/ml at 40%). The ratio of QMAFAnM before and after feeding remained constant with a pronounced maximum at 30% concentrates. It was not possible to detect a consistent pattern in the change in the number of fungi in the rumen at different levels of concentrates in the diet. Metagenomic analysis showed an increase in the number of Lactobacillus spp., Bacteroides spp., Blautia spp., Streptococcus spp., Roseburia inulinivorans, Prevotella spp., with a decrease in the number of Bifidobacterium spp., Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosphaera stadmanae, Ruminococcus spp. in ruminal contents with an increase in concentrates by 20%, 30% and 40%. The highest contamination with microorganisms is observed when feeding animals 30% concentrates.

Relevance. The development of the aquaculture sector is one of the promising developing areas that contribute to ensuring the food security of mankind in the world. However, all aquatic animals are susceptible to the impact of negative factors leading to a decrease in growth rates, a decrease in the quality of finished products, etc.
Methods. The paper presents experimental data on the study of the additive effect of a combination of various commercial phytobiotic drugs with zinc on the sense of quorum and inhibitory characteristics on a model of a polyresistant strain of P. aeruginosa. The choice of the strain is due to its high resistance characteristics, ability to biofilm formation, as well as the ability to visually assess the impact of the tested compounds on the Quorum Sensing (QS) system by suppressing the formation of the pyocyanin pigment, which provides virulence factors and biofilm growth. Butitan, Probiocid®-Phyto, and Intebio preparations were used as factors regulating the growth of the tested strain; ZnSO₄ was used as a source of zinc cations. The use of the diffusion method of agar wells allowed us to evaluate not only the level of the inhibitory effect of the studied compounds, but also the presence of their influence (QS) of the system.
Results. The experimental data obtained indicate a pronounced effect of zinc cations on the production of the pyocyanin pigment (0.25 mM/ml), as well as the tested preparations from the group of fodder phytobiotics at concentrations of 100 mg/ml. The presence of significantly significant differences (р ≤ 0.001) in the impact on (QS) in combinations of zinc with phytobiotics at concentrations of 0.13 mM/ml ZnSO₄ and extracts of drugs 50 mg/ml was established, with the highest rates in “Probiocid®-Phyto”. Thus, the data obtained allow us to conclude that the use of the studied phytobiotics in combination with essential elements is promising as an alternative to feed antibiotics in fish feeding, for the prevention of infectious diseases.

Relevance. Holstein dairy cattle are bred in the Sverdlovsk region. To improve the efficiency of dairy cattle breeding, it is necessary to establish reference indicators for the age of first insemination of replacement heifers of a new breed formation, which will allow obtaining higher productivity indicators.
The purpose of the work is to study the effect of the period of the first insemination of repair heifers on the productive qualities of cows of Holstein black-and-white cattle.
Methods. To conduct the study in a typical breeding plant for the region, 4 groups were formed from among calved heifers of 35 heads each — a control group and 3 experimental ones based on the principle of pairs of analogues. The dairy productivity of cows for the first lactation, maximum lactation, and lifetime milk yield according to control milks (once a month) were evaluated. The fat and protein content in milk was assessed in an average milk sample once a month from each cow.
Results. As a result of the studies, it was established that all cows had high productivity indicators. For the first lactation in 305 days, depending on the group, it ranged from 7455.5 ± 20.96 (insemination at the age of up to 15 months) to 8707.6 ± 22.1 kg (insemination at the age of over 17 months). Cows from the group inseminated for the first time at the age of over 17 months in terms of milk yield were significantly (p ≤ 0.05–0.01) superior to cows from other groups in all assessment periods — lifelong milk yield, first lactation and maximum lactation. Cows that were inseminated for the first time over the age of 17 months produce a little more than three calves on average in the group and their average productive longevity is 2.6 lactations, which is 0.2–0 more than in other groups. 5 lactations. The research is exploratory and was carried out within the framework of scientific research of the Ural State Agrarian University (state registration No. AAAAA-A19-1191014000069).

Relevance. The use of microbiological preparations in agriculture is one of the areas of biologization, based on the modern achievement of science. Complex microfertilizers, growth stimulants, humic and bacterial preparations contribute to the activation of production processes of spring barley, especially at earlier phases of ontogenesis: sowing and yielding qualities of seeds, field germination and preservation of plants, rates of accumulation of vegetative mass, density of productive stem stand increase.
Methods. The testing of the drugs was carried out in 2022–2023 at the experimental field of the Institute of Seed Production and Agricultural Technologies, a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center All-Russian Institute of Mechanization”. The objects of the research were spring barley of the varieties Raphael, Znatny, Yaromir, microbiological preparations “Organit N, Zh” and “Organit R, Zh”. The soil of the site is dark-gray forest heavy loamy, humus content is 3.9%. The predecessor is winter wheat. Agricultural techniques of experience generally accepted for the cultivation of crops in the Ryazan region. During the growing season, observations were made on the phases of crop development. The studies were carried out in accordance with the “Field Experiment Methodology”, the Methodological Guidelines for Registration Tests of New Forms of Fertilizers, Biological Preparations and Plant Growth Regulators, and the economic efficiency in accordance with the Accounting Guidelines.
Results. It was found that spring barley varieties reacted differently to the studied preparations. The survival rate of plants for harvesting is from 83.5 to 94.3%. Increase in yield up to 19% at Znatny and up to 18.7% at Rafael. The Yaromir variety showed stable productivity in all variants of the experiment, an increase of up to 3.9%, with a control yield of 6.16 t/ha.

Relevance. The problem of improving the gross harvest of barley grain in the country and its stabilization can be solved by developing qualitatively new, highly productive varieties and introducing them into production. To develop winter barley varieties that meet the modern requirements of domestic agricultural producers, a wide range of sources of economically valuable traits and properties is of great necessity.
The purpose of the research is to evaluate the collection samples of winter barley in different weather conditions in the years and identify the most adapted to local meteorological and soil conditions for use in the breeding process.
Methods. The study was carried out in the research crop rotation conducted by the department of barley breeding and seed production of the FSBSI «ARC “Donskoy”» (2021–2023). The objects of the study were 134 varieties of local and foreign breeding. Sowing was carried out at the optimal time for the area in a single repetition. According to the study results, there were identified new sources to increase productive head, grain size, grain weight per head, grain content in a head, productivity, quality indicators of grain (protein percentage in grain and lysine content in protein), as well as sources of early maturity, which are recommended for introduction into hybridization programs.
Results. During the years of research, a positive effect on the yield of 1000 grains was found to an average degree (r = 0.46 ± 0.00), lodging resistance (r = 0.32 ± 0.00) and the number of productive stems per 1 m² (r = 0.33 ± 0.00).

Relevance. Currently, it is relevant to study the productive potential of corn hybrids of different maturation periods. In the agro-climatic conditions of the Bryansk region the yield of green mass and grain of corn hybrids was assessed on the gray forest medium loamy soil. The object of the research was the earlymaturing hybrids Mashuk 168, Mashuk 170 MV, MA 1919, MA 171, Mashuk 175 MV, Voronezh 160 SV, Mashuk 220 MV, Mashuk 250 SV, Mashuk 300.
Methods. The field research was carried out according to the Methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops, statistical processing according to B.A. Dospekhov.
The purpose of the research was to identify the most productive domestic corn hybrids in terms of green mass and grain.
Results. In the field experiments it was found that in the conditions of the south-west of the Central region of Russia on the gray forest medium loamy soil the corn hybrids Baikal, MA 198, Mashuk 185 MV, Mashuk 250 SV had the highest yield of green mass — from 54.42 to 64.76 t/ha, while Mashuk 171 and Newton formed 51.51-53.44 t/ha. Having a low leafiness of the stems, the hybrids Voronezh 160 SV, Mashuk 175 MV, Mashuk 168, MA 1919, Pyatigorsky 146 MV, MA 171 had a yield of green mass from 25.18 to 37.19 t/ha. The hybrids Mashuk 171, Mashuk 250 SV, Baikal and Mashuk 170 MV showed the highest biological grain yield of 9.05–10.98 t/ha, while Mashuk 300, Mashuk 220 MV, MA 198 formed 8.43–8.99 t/ha, respectively. The yield of the remaining hybrids was at the level of 5.57–6.94 t/ha.

Relevance. The level of soil acidity in the Russian Federation has increased significantly over the past decades, and increased soil acidity is one of the reasons for the low realization in production conditions of the biological productivity of various crops, including fiber flax. When growing fiber flax on soils with a strongly acidic (pH_KCl 4.5 and below) and neutral (pH_KCl over 6.0) soil solution reaction, the yield of flax fiber and flax seeds is significantly reduced.
Methods. The studies were carried out in the field conditions of a provocative nursery in accordance with the methodological instructions “Selection and primary seed production of fiber flax” and “Selection of fiber flax”, as well as a technique based on the addition of the required amount of lime and colloidal sulfur and the patent “Method for determining the resistance of flax genotypes to a change in the acidity of the soil solution.” The source material is fiber flax varieties Impulse, Phoenix, Leader, S 108, Soyuz. Soil preparation consisted of autumn plowing, application of mineral fertilizers in the form of azophosphate at a rate of 1.5 c/ha, harrowing and pre-sowing cultivation. The sowing method is ordinary, with a feeding area of 3.75 cm² per plant. The total area of the experiment was 60 m² in triplicate. A moderately acidic background with pH_KCL 4.6–5.0 was used as a control option.
Results. A provocative background was created and the acid resistance of fiber flax varieties was determined — Impulse, Phoenix, Leader, S 108, Soyuz for strongly acidic and weakly acidic backgrounds, strongly acidic and moderately acidic backgrounds. It was revealed that all studied varieties of fiber flax showed resistance to increased soil acidity, while maintaining high productivity indicators compared to the standard variety Leader. The highest resistance, relative to other varieties, was demonstrated by the varieties Smolich, S 108, and Impuls.

Relevance. The purpose of the work is to identify the main signs influencing the yield of the green mass of sugar sorghum on the basis of correlation and regression analysis. There has been identified a marker trait for high productivity of sweet sorghum, it is leaf width, the relative ease of measurement of which greatly facilitates breeding work when analyzing productivity in the field, and there have been identified collection samples with high values of the trait, recommended for use as sources.
Methods. The study was carried out in 2021–2023. The objects of the study are collection samples of sweet sorghum. The soil of the experimental plot is represented by ordinary carbonate blackearth. Weather conditions of 2021–2023 were contrasting. The meteorological conditions in 2021–2023 were contrasting. The GTC for May — September in 2021 was 0.82, in 2022 — 0.52, in 2021 — 0.81, which indicates average aridity (2022) and insufficient moisture in 2021 and 2023.
Results. There has been established that with an increase in leaf surface area from 96 to 450 cm², the yield of green mass for silage increases from 15 to 46 t/ha. Correlation analysis confirms this relationship r = 0.50 ± 0.06. There is an increase in the yield of green mass by 0.08 t/ha with an increase in leaf area by 1 cm². With an increase in leaf width from 3 to 10 cm, the yield of green mass increases from 18 to 48 t/ha. According to correlation and regression analysis, an increase in leaf width by 1 cm is accompanied by an increase in productivity by 4.8 t/ha at r = 0.52 ± 0.06. There have been identified the samples with the largest values of width and leaf surface area Zernogradskoe 1 UK, Volzhskoe 51/1, Sweet Oxley Amber, K-1798/1, K-3054/1, K-4575, Zernogradskoe 1/1332. 

Relevance. In 2018–2022 In the Tver region, on drained lands, self-renewing legume-grass agrophytocenoses with the participation of grass grass grasses — giant bentgrass (Agrostis gigantea Roth.), meadow bluegrass (Roa pratensis L.) and red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) were studied to identify their adaptive reactions and prospects for use on drained lands.
Methods. The study of the production process of legume-cereal grass stands was carried out in various agrometeorological conditions at two levels of mineral nutrition - without fertilizers and with fertilizers (N₄₅P₄₅K₄₅), on twelve legume-cereal grass mixtures. The grass stands were used in 3 mowing cycles per season.
Results. It was established that air temperature and humidity, close to the long-term average, favored optimal growth, development and formation of the greatest productivity of grass stands: 2.6–3.4 natural and 3.14–4.80 thousand pieces/ha of food units. according to the fertilized background. It was revealed that a decrease in soil moisture by 6–8% over a long period reduces the productivity of grass stands. Poa grass stands on a natural background had an optimal ratio of perennial legumes (51.2%) and cereal grasses (47.5%); against the background of fertilizers, they gave the highest increase in dry mass — 0.7–2.2 t/ha. In terms of green mass against a natural background, grass stands with bentgrass were more productive — 17.1 t/ha. It has been determined that under five-year grass crops more than 12.3–20.1 t/ha of dry root mass accumulates, containing 214.0–349.7 GJ/ha of gross energy. The high efficiency of grass stands with bentgrass and bluegrass grass stands in terms of productivity of above-ground and underground biomass has been established.

Relevance. The main goals of the research work are the creation of new grape genotypes based on the mobilization of the potential of wild species, native and high-value introduced varieties with high productivity, product quality and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses, improvement of the methodological base to accelerate the grape breeding process. The gene pool of grapes — 554 varieties was preserved, hybrid fund of more than 700 genotypes of new selection was created. Hybridisation of grape varieties was carried out in 96 combinations to breed high quality varieties of different directions of use, meeting the requirements of modern viticulture and winemaking, hybrid seeds were obtained in the amount of more than 27 thousand pieces, which allowed to select more than 700 promising hybrid forms, including 3 elite forms — candidates for varieties. More than 20 sources of economically valuable traits of grapes were isolated in field conditions on a hard infectious background, including the traits of “resistance to fungal diseases” and “tolerance to root phylloxera”. Phenotyping of more than 50 varieties in agro-ecological conditions of the seaside zone of southern Dagestan and DNA — passportisation and identification of more than 20 indigenous and breeding varieties of the station were carried out. 7 varieties of table and technical direction were submitted to the State Research Institute, in 2023 the table variety of early maturity Yantar Dagestan was entered into the Register of breeding achievements.

Relevance. The demand for new genotypes with their higher characteristics of yield and quality of berries, stably bearing fruit and resistant to abiotic and biotic stresses, determines the development of breeding research on strawberries. The introduction of new varieties with their improved characteristics makes it possible to increase production efficiency and the quality of berries.
The purpose of the study is a comparative assessment of new elite forms of strawberries with the most common and zoned varieties in the North Caucasus region based on the characteristics of productivity and quality of the berry.
Methods. The work was carried out during 2021–2023. 9 new strawberry genotypes were compared with 3 zoned varieties introduced in the North Caucasian region according to four traits: number of berries, pcs/ bush; average berry weight, g; density of berry pulp, g; yield, g/bush. The traits were collected in accordance with the methodological recommendations adopted in the Russian Federation. The graphical scattering of the studied samples is revealed the hybrid forms, distinguished by the best combinations of the traits of productivity and fruit size and also density of berry pulp and fruit size compared to control varieties. The principal components method and statistical procedure for hierarchical cluster analysis of the studied samples based on a complex of traits made it possible to identify 4 groups among the studied strawberry genotypes, which significantly differ between themselves in the values of the studied traits. Results. As a result of the research, promising forms were identified for further breeding work and production practice: selections 20-17-15 Onda × Elizabeth II, 16-8-18 Belrubi × Syria, 17-3-15 Nelli × Syria and 25-11-15 Nelly × Syria.

Relevance. An important task set for producers is to extract root crops from the soil as quickly as possible and reduce harvesting time. In pursuit of machine productivity, equipment manufacturers neglect the quality of the harvested products; compliance with agrotechnical requirements is not fully ensured, such as the permissible total contamination of root crops — no more than 10%, including plant matter — no more than 2%. From the above it follows that with an increase in the productivity of harvesting machines, it is necessary to increase the productivity of separating devices, since a large amount of soil impurities enters sugar factories along with sugar beets. The developed system allows cleaning devices to ensure the technological process of working in conditions of optimal humidity when harvesting sugar beets W = 18–22%, with this indicator increasing to 25–27%. At the same time, the cleaning ability of the separating system increases depending on the humidity and mechanical composition of the soil by reducing the sticking of soil into the gaps of the separating surface.
Methods. Conducting empirical studies is due to the need to confirm the theoretical dependencies obtained, their correlation with the performance indicators of the developed separation system of the beet harvester in the field.
Results. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that an increase in the rotational frequency of the separating star leads to a decrease in the completeness of separation by an average of 1.6%. The separation completeness ranges from 96.2 to 96.8% have been determined, which is due to the drying processes of soil impurities on the surface of the cleaning star rods from the heat of the exhaust gases of the power plant.

Relevance. Greenhouse gas emissions have been one of the most important problems in recent years. Their main source in the agricultural sector of the Russian Federation is the processing of animal by-products. In 2021, emissions amounted to 121,285 thousand tons of CO2-eq.
The purpose of the study is to establish how the technologies for processing pig manure and chicken manure are distributed in various natural and climatic conditions of the Russian Federation.
Methods. The data of surveys of pig and poultry breeding complexes were analyzed, reflecting the amount of manure (manure) formed, broken down by humidity and storage volumes in storages; types of manure collection and storage systems; the ratio of their use in federal districts combined into three zones, taking into account natural and climatic characteristics. Based on the results of the analysis, the basic (according to the data of 2021) and forecast (for 2025) distribution of technologies for processing pig manure and chicken manure were obtained. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from processing systems were calculated for zone 3, where there were significant differences between the baseline and forecast distributions of technologies. Direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane in terms of CO2 equivalent in the regions of this zone, according to the National Cadastre, amount to 752.4 thousand tons per year; when calculated based on updated data on the basic distribution of technologies (2021) — 1038 thousand tons per year; when calculated on the basis of updated data on the projected distribution of technologies (2025) — 1110 thousand tons per year.
Results. The results of the study showed the need to review the practice of using manure (manure) processing technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Relevance. Microorganisms that stimulate plant growth (PGPB), including rhizobia, improve plant productivity through various physiological, molecular and biochemical effects. Of the above factors, the role of vitamins has been studied to a lesser extent. For assessing the ability of rhizobia to produce vitamins В₉ и В₁₂, Sinorhizobium fredii strains were selected, which represent a homogeneous group and had good and abundant biomass growth on various nutrient media.
Methods. The cultural and physiological properties of the strains were studied using generally accepted laboratory microbiological methods. Passages of collection strains of rhizobia and the study of various properties of these bacteria were carried out on nutrient media MDA and MRS, and on production nutrient media RM and TY produced by HIMEDIA company (India). Determination of the sensitivity of S. fredii strains to antibiotics was carried out using the disc diffusion method. The content of vitamins B₉ and B₁₂ in the bacterial mass of rhizobia was determined by the chemiluminescent immune method with the use of paramagnetic particles, and by applying immunochemical Access systems, on the chemiluminescence analyzer Access2.
Results. It was found that the studied strains S. fredii have good or abundant growth of bacterial mass on nutrient media MRS, MDA, RM and TY. They are catalase-positive, have high and medium resistance to antibiotics. The highest concentration of vitamin B₉ in biomass was synthesized by strains SB-39 (75.0 pg/ml), BB-49 (66.6 pg/ml) and TB-488 (48.9 pg/ml), and vitamin B₁₂ — by strains BB-49 and SB-39 (1500 pg/ml).

Relevance. On the one hand, whey is a waste product of the dairy industry, generated in large volumes. On the other hand, this raw material is a valuable source of complete protein and a precursor to protein hydrolysates containing bioactive peptides. The technology for the targeted production of certain bioactive peptides from protein hydrolysis can be improved using in silico methods.
Methods. The objects of research using the in silico method were whey proteins — β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin. The BIOPEP-UWM database was used to analyze the effects of enzymes on the biotechnological properties of whey proteins.
Results. The conducted in silico studies of whey proteins made it possible to identify the most effective enzymes for hydrolysis in order to obtain bioactive peptides. The use of protein databases made it possible to identify enzymes that do not break down the proteins being studied. In general, in silico methods contribute to the improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis technology and, at the development stage, make it possible to predict the production of given active peptides by regulating the choice of enzyme.

Relevance. The agro-industrial complex, for a number ofreasons, occupies an important place in the domestic economy. Its defining role in ensuring the food security of the state, as well as its intersectoral nature, which determines the fact that the success of the functioning of industries related to the agro-industrial complex is largely determined by its condition, brings the issues of sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and ensuring the protection of its economic interests to a number of the most important national problems. This circumstance serves to actualize research in the mentioned subject area and indicates the need for their intensification.
Methods. In the course of the work, general logical and empirical methods of analysis, synthesis, analogy, formalization, generalization and comparison were used.
Results. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the rate of increase in the level of depreciation of fixed assets in the agricultural sector remains lower than in the national economy as a whole, however, they also show negative dynamics. This circumstance indicates that the modernization of the material base of the agricultural sector is taking place at an unsatisfactory pace. One of the important reasons for the low pace of development of the Russian agro-industrial complex is the low level of domestic effective demand for the goods produced by it. The decline in the share of the Russian Federation in the global gross value added of agriculture indicates the emerging lag in the development of the national agro-industrial complex and the active substitution of products previously produced by it by the countries of the eastern region (India, China), which in the medium term can negatively affect the level of food security in Russia.

Relevance. The machine and tractor fleet of the region›s farms is designed to ensure that all mechanized work is performed with high quality and within a reasonable time frame with the lowest possible operating costs, with a high annual operating time for each tractor and uniform employment of machine operators during field work. If the number of machine and tractor fleets is insufficient, the agrotechnical deadlines for completing field work are violated and, accordingly, the yield of agricultural crops decreases while the quality of products decreases.
Methods. The research was carried out in accordance with the methods of A.Y. Izmailov, V.P. Elizarov, N.M. Antyshev, Ya.P. Lobachevsky, V.G. Shevtsov, V.M. Beilis, E.V. Zhalnin, etc.
Results. During the calculations carried out, it was found that in the agricultural sector of the Kaluga region there was a shortage of wheeled tractors (959 units) and tracked tractors (303 units). The actual availability of tractors per 1000 hectares of arable land is 7.36 fl units, which is 27.2% lower than the standard indicator (10.1 fl units). The availability of tractors in these units is 72.8%. The energy supply (hp) per 1000 hectares of arable land is 952.9 hp, or 78.6% of the norm (1,212 hp). 63.4% of the available tractors are beyond the depreciation period, their average age is 2 times higher than the depreciation period and is 17 years.