The paper presents data from morphometric studies of the structures of the wall of the small intestine of broiler chickens, especially the layers of its mucous membrane under the influence of stressors, as well as against the background of pharmacological prophylaxis with the pharmacological agent “Peak-antistress”. The first group (control) received complete compound feed, the second (1st experimental) received complete compound feed, including the anti-stress feed additive “Peak-antistress” at a dose of 1.27 kg per 1 ton of feed 5 days before slaughter, the third (2nd experimental) received the feed additive “Peak-antistress” with the inclusion of It contains L-carnitine in a total dose of 1.7 kg per 1 ton of feed 5 days before slaughter. Under the short-term effect of technological stresses on the body of the experimental bird, a change in the morphometric parameters of the small intestine wall was observed, accompanied by a decrease in the thickness of the mucous membrane, the size (height and width) of the villi. Under the influence of pharmacological prophylaxis — the feed additive “Peak-antistress” — and in combination with L-carnitine in the experimental groups, an increase in the thickness of the membranes of the wall of the small intestine, especially mucosa and muscle, was noted, which gives a synergistic effect, L-carnitine potentiates the action of pharmaceutical substances included in the composition of the drug “Peakantistress”. Under the influence of anti-stress therapy, a significant increase in the mucous membrane occurs, especially the duodenum and jejunum due to an increase in the height of the villi and a decrease in the diameter of the crypts and the height of the epithelium.

Relevance. Adenoviral infection of cattle remains one of the main problems of modern dairy and beef cattle breeding. The effectiveness of health measures in intensive livestock farming depends on the timely detection of infected livestock, which in turn is determined by the serological activity and specificity of the antigens used in diagnostic kits.

The aim of the study was to develop a method for purification of adenovirus antigen of the first subgroup of adenovirus infection in cattle (cattle).

Methods. The serological activity of the components of the causative agent of adenovirus infection in cattle was studied using the immunoblotting method and enzyme immunoassay. Obtaining the bovine adenovirus antigen included the preparation of a bovine adenovirus mat brood on ВНK-21/13, the production of viral biomass by roller cultivation, the destruction of infected cells by ultrasound and the release of cellular fragments by centrifugation, precipitation of the antigen using PEG-6000, and concentration of the virus through a step gradient of cesium chloride by ultracentrifugation.

Results. As a result of separation of the viral material in a stepwise density gradient of cesium chloride, three antigenic fractions were obtained. The most purified was fraction № 1, which contained a major region with a molecular weight of 50.0 kDa and showed maximum antigenic activity. The antibody titer detected in the blood serum of rabbits on the 45th day after their immunization with this fraction was 1:3200. The results obtained open up prospects for the use of the adenovirus antigen of the first subgroup purified by the authors in the design of a test system for screening studies for adenovirus infection in cattle and monitoring the effectiveness of antiepizootic measures.

Relevance. Superficial wounds are one of the most common injuries in domestic and farm animals. Their healing is complicated by factors such as conditions of detention, lifestyle and untimely access to veterinary specialists. In this regard, the search for effective treatment methods that accelerate tissue regeneration remains an urgent task in veterinary medicine.

The aim of the work is to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined use of the “Collachit-FA” wound healing coating and phonophoresis in comparison with using only the “Collachit-FA” wound coating.

Methods. The work was performed on the basis of the animal hospital, the Vita clinic and the histological laboratory of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. For the experiment, female hybrid rabbits were selected according to the principle of analogues, kept in the same conditions. The material for the study was modeled wounds, tissue samples for histological studies. The research methodology included morphometric, macroscopic and histological methods.

Results. It was found that in the experimental group (phonophoresis + “Collachit-FA”), the wound surface area decreased faster: by the 28th day, it was 3.86±0.23 cm2 (6.8% less than in the control group; p < 0.05). Histological analysis confirmed the acceleration of reparative processes: by day 21, complete restoration of the epithelium was observed in the experimental group, while in the control group the basement membrane remained uneven and the epithelium was immature. By day 28, complete healing of the skin was noted in the experimental groups. Thus, the combination of “Collachit-FA” wound healing coating with ultrasound stimulation significantly accelerates tissue regeneration in animals.

The article presents the results of research on developed targeted functional feed additives for the prevention of animal diseases, preservation of agricultural animal microbiota, improvement of quality indicators of meat and milk, and increasing the productivity of agricultural animals. One of the effective ways to improve industrial technology in the direction of ensuring a normal physiological status, normalizing physiological processes, and increasing animal productivity is the use of innovative forms of functional probiotic feed additives, which are bacterial formulas from a consortium of live microbial cultures, sorbed on highly dispersed silica and biologically active components — extract and meal of milk thistle (Silybum marianum). The work highlights the results of the application of targeted feed additives in cattle and pig farming and their influence on the growth intensity, milk productivity indicators, quality indicators, and chemical composition of meat and milk.

The live weight in the experimental groups of calves was 4.7% and 3.8% higher compared to the control, in the second experimental compared to the first — by 0.9%, and the live weight of young pigs in the experimental groups was 99.83 ± 0.13 kg and 101.19 ± 0.12 kg, which is 3.5% and 4.9% more than the analogous indicator in the control group. The feed additives “Bioprotectin KD powder” and “Bioprotectin KD granules” also influence the indicators for the carcass yield of the experimental groups, which prevailed over the indicators of the control groups, and the meat was characterized by an optimal ratio of fat and protein.

A scientific analysis of modern foreign publications on postpartum deviations in cows and firstcalving heifers and methods for their correction was carried out. Considering that domestic publications on this topic are freely available, it was decided to prepare a review of the problems based on data from foreign articles.

The review reflects publications that show how the etiological factor affects postpartum abnormalities in cows and first-born heifers. Attention is drawn to the factors that cause various postpartum complications, such as hypocalcemia, ketosis, afterbirth retention, uterine diseases that subsequently reduce reproductive efficiency, milk production, and productive longevity in herds. The main preventive measures for these deviations based on research by foreign authors are described in this review.

This review allows readers to expand their knowledge of problems in animals after calving, namely, to take into account some physiological changes that, to one degree or another, can cause the development of various deviations, and will also allow practitioners to apply methods for the prevention and correction of these complications before the development of severe and irreversible consequences.

The need to develop and apply comprehensive methods for analyzing the behavior of companion dogs is associated with the possibility of early detection of behavioral signs of decreased well-being. Conducting surveys and retrospective data analysis may show insufficient accuracy. Visual observation by a person in the process of analyzing behavior is accompanied by high labor intensity and the probability of error due to the subjectivity of perception. From this perspective, the use of video recordings, sensors of motor activity, and the use of neural networks for data analysis can provide more valid information. The analysis revealed a weak understanding in the Russian literature of the possibility of using artificial intelligence technology in the analysis of animal behavior. In this regard, this review highlights the issue of using accelerometry and computer vision systems to analyze the level of motor activity in dogs. The identification of behavioral patterns and their dynamics in a given time interval can be used to assess the psychoemotional state, the level of anxiety and stress, the characteristics of interaction with humans, other animals and behavior in different situations. It can be assumed that this comprehensive approach will create an opportunity for the objective identification of dogs with behavioral disorders. Together with the analysis of vocalizations, this can provide more accurate and detailed information about the communication of dogs, their psycho-emotional state, and also contribute to the early detection of problems.

Relevance. Sheep farming is the main livestock sector in the Kyrgyz Republic and is developing quite rapidly in the Russian Federation. Significant public demand for mutton poses challenges for breeders to improve local coarse-wool sheep by increasing their precocity, robustness, meat and fat productivity, ability to earn a high feed price, and maximum production under pasture conditions.

Methodology. Research was conducted to determine the productivity of stud rams and ewes in the development of the Ala-Too sheep breed, which produces meat and fat. The research was conducted at the Tagai-Tilek breeding farm in the Suzak district of the Jalal-Abad region and the Ak-Kula breeding farm in the Kara-Suu district of the Osh region of the Kyrgyz Republic. Live weight dynamics and body condition indices were studied.

Results. The productive advantages of the Ala-Too sheep breed have been revealed. The average live weight of Hissar breeding rams was 95.5±2.14 kg, with a range of 85.6–103.7 kg, while that of local coarse-wool breeding rams was 61.4±2.64 kg, or 33.5% lower. The average live weight of local coarse-wool ewes was 55.3±0.41 kg, with a range of 52.3 to 59.4 kg. At birth, there were slight differences between the groups in the leg length index, bone content, and overgrowth of the rams. In terms of elongation and massiveness, ala-too sheep had higher rates — 71.2%, and local rough-haired sheep — 66.4%, or 4.8% less than ala-too sheep.

Relevance. The study of the effect of L-carnitine on the productivity and gene expression of broiler chickens, taking into account sex differences, is relevant for optimizing feeding and increasing production efficiency.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of L-carnitine in various dosages on the expression of key genes in broiler chickens of the “Smena 9” cross.

Methods. Groups were formed: I (control) received the basic ration (RR), II (experimental) — RR + L-carnitine at a dosage of 30 g/t of feed, III (experimental) — RR + L-carnitine at a dosage of 60 g/t of feed, IV (experimental) — RR + L-carnitine in a dosage of 90 g / ton of feed.

Results. The addition of 60–90 g/t of L-carnitine to the feed (experimental groups III and IV) increased the live weight gain of roosters (by 115 g and 119 g, respectively) compared with the control group (I) (p < 0.05). Similar data was obtained for chickens. In the cockerels in group III, the expression of AvBD9 was increased by 54.4 times (p < 0.05) compared with the control, and in group IV, the expression of AvBD10 increased by 10.3 times (p < 0.05). In chickens, L-carnitine inhibited the expression of AvBD9 (a decrease of 7 times for group II, p < 0.05) and AvBD10 (a decrease of 5.7 times for group II, p < 0.05). The expression of IL6 increased (2.3-fold in group III and 1.9-fold in group IV, p < 0.05) and IL8L2 (maximum 3.3- fold in group II, p < 0.05). L-carnitine has a complex effect on molecular processes in the blind processes, however, these effects may differ depending on the sex of the bird.

Endogenous nutrient losses in farm animals play a key role in regulating metabolism and maintaining homeostasis in the animal body. To reduce them, it is necessary to carry out nutritional support — to introduce minerals into the feed, which are necessary to restore the metabolism of animals.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the publications of scientific research on the state of micronutrient supply of diets, their role for farm animals and to identify factors affecting the endogenous loss of essential elements from the body from 2010 to 2025.

When searching for literature sources, traditional and mixed methods were used, as well as automated search. Knowledge of the mechanisms of endogenous losses and their biological significance will not only increase animal productivity, but also improve the environmental sustainability of agriculture. Modern feeding methods, the use of enzymes, mineral additives and proper breeding will significantly reduce nutrient losses, which is an important step towards more efficient and sustainable animal husbandry. Thus, maintaining a stable level of minerals in the body of animals is possible only by providing nutrients to each cell. This is achieved either by increasing the daily intake of these elements or by using forms with improved absorption, such as nano- and organometallic compounds.

Relevance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) are genomic regions that influence economically significant traits of sheep. Addressing the QTL distribution in the genomes of sheep breeds raised in Russia, overlapping with selection signatures, is relevant for deepening the understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying their phenotypic variability.

Methods. The materials for the study were genome-wide SNP profiles of ten sheep breeds that included 42,230 SNPs and were generated using the OvineSNP50 BeadChip and Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip Arrays (Illumina, USA). Genotyping quality control and filtering were performed using PLINK v1.90. Overlapping homozygous segments (ROH) with a minimum length of 0.3 MB, common to more than 50% of the samples within the breed, were selected as indicators of islands of homozygosity (ROH) in the sheep genome. Matching analysis of the genomic coordinates of the runs of homozygosity islands with QTL was performed using the Sheep QTLdb database.

Results. We found that 58 unique QTL were localized within the runs of homozygosity islands in ten sheep breeds. The most frequent traits body weight (10.34%), fat weight in carcass (8.62%), hot carcass weight (6.9%), and milk yield (6.9%). QTL #127011 associated with fat deposition in tail was identified in the ROH islands in Buubei and Karachay breeds. A large group of QTLS located in ROH islands were identified in experiments on QTL mapping associated with milk and meat productivity in resource populations.

Modern pig production balances between intensive farming using high-performance breeds (Landrace, Large White, Duroc) and the conservation of genetic diversity in native breeds such as the Hungarian Mangalica. This study aims to identify genomic differences between these groups using whole-genome genotyping (PorcineHD BeadChip, 66,763 SNPs) and analysis of genetic differentiation (Fst). Duroc vs. Mangalica: 67 SNPs and 118 genes, including AHI1 (embryonic development), APLP2 (backfat thickness), HECTD2 (meat quality), and VDAC1 (reproduction). A 97% similarity was found between the Large White and Mangalitsa breeds, with 228 genes identified, including MAPK4 (growth), RPAP3 (immunity), MGAT5 (intramuscular fat) and EXOC4 (nipple number). Between the Landrace and Mangalitsa breeds, 82% similarity was identified, 195 genes were found, including PTPRD (meat quality), ITGA9 (ASF resistance) and NCAM2 (offspring uniformity). The study contributes to the understanding of genetic mechanisms of phenotypic variability and offers tools for improving the efficiency of selection in pig production.

In recent years, the study of genetic factors affecting the immune response, disease resistance and productivity of animals has attracted considerable attention from breeders. One of these factors is the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which plays a key role in the immune response. The receptor responds to lipopolysaccharide components of the bacterial cell wall. Ten functional TLRs (TLR1 to TLR10) have been identified in cattle, each of which has evolved to recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Genetic polymorphisms in TLR genes can affect metabolism associated with the absorption and distribution of macro- and microelements, as well as determine differences in their content in tissues and blood serum.

The purpose of this study is to study the effect of the rs8193046 polymorphism of the TLR4 gene on the content of leukocytes and the elemental composition of the blood serum of cows of the red steppe breed.

For the first time, a connection was found between allelic variants of the TLR4 gene and the content of elements in the blood serum and immunity indices in dairy cows of this breed. The GG genotype of the TLR4 gene was associated with a higher content of macroelements, such as calcium and phosphorus, as well as with a lower level of toxic microelements, including cadmium. The presence of carriers of alternative alleles in the herd of the Red Steppe breed opens up opportunities for selection aimed at increasing resistance to infectious diseases.

Comparative studies of the origin of the pool red Gorbatov breed (n = 129) with world breeds of red root cattle were conducted. With the similarity coefficient K = 2, animals of the desired breed differed to the greatest extent from the red Belarusian cattle, Holstein black and redmotley color, red Danish (including the gene pool group), but were more similar in genomic components to the red steppe and Suksun breeds. With K = 4, the greatest homogeneity of the red Gorbatov cattle groups was observed, and with K = 6–10, strong fragmentation in the form of complex genotypes with other compared breeds was noted. It was found that the highest frequency of haplotype clusters was localized on chromosome 6 of cattle for 6 compared red root breeds (37196103–37698422 bp, detectable region), as well as on chromosome 7 of cattle for 6 compared breeds (530447:1915174 bp, detectable region). Analysis of genome regions by QTL showed that the ROH/Fst, hapflk/Fst and hapflk/ROH genes identified by different methods were associated with the fatty acid composition of milk (including conjugated FA), body weight and size of animals, average daily weight gain and feed intake, eye muscle area, milk fat and protein yield, fertility indicators (calving difficulty). A more detailed examination of the LD values by breed and chromosomes at distances of 0–30 kb, 30–70 kb, 70–100 kb and 100–200 kb at r2 > 0.30 revealed pairs of SNPs in fractional terms, most often found on the chromosomes of cattle BTA6, BTA9, BTA14.

The contemporary poultry production industry is confronted with the imperative to enhance meat productivity, a goal that necessitates a comprehensive grasp of the molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms governing growth regulation. This review analyzes current data on molecular genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulating meat production in chickens. The study places particular emphasis on key genes (GHR, MSTN, GNPDA2, LDB2, KPNA3), exploring their roles in muscle tissue development, metabolism, and the influence of environmental factors. The results of transcriptomic studies demonstrating differences in gene expression between commercial broilers and local breeds, as well as the role of epigenetic modifications in adaptation to stressful conditions and nutrition, are summarized. The present study demonstrates that selection for accelerated growth is associated with the activation of anabolic pathways (IGF-1, PI3K/Akt), yet concomitantly increases the risk of developing muscular myopathies. As shown, the expression profiles observed in the pectoral and leg muscles, as well as in the hypothalamus, indicate the tissue-specific nature of growth regulation. The review emphasizes the necessity of considering genetic diversity and epigenetic plasticity in breeding programs and the potential of multi-omics approaches to enhance the efficiency of poultry production. The data reviewed here provide a basis for developing innovative strategies to optimize growth, meat quality, and bird adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Such strategies may include an in-depth study of gene interactions, the development of marker-assisted breeding programs, and the application of nutriepigenomics. This paper examines the molecular genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulating meat productivity in chickens, focusing on current data concerning epigenetic, metabolic, and breed-specific factors.

Relevance. Over the past few years, the Rostov region has been experiencing a trend of abnormal weather conditions causing drought. Smoothing out negative factors is possible by managing the agrocenosis, including through biological preparations and selection of varieties.

Methods. The research was conducted in the agricultural years 2022–2025 in the Rostov region. The 1st experiment was conducted in the Azov Sea zone on chernozem soils. The Leon variety of spring barley and the bioregulators of growth “Artafit”, “Biodux”, “Obereg”, “Trainer”, “Fulvohumat” were studied. The 2nd experiment was conducted in the eastern zone on chestnut soils. Wheat varieties Stanichnaya and Lydia and bioregulators of growth “HumatAktiv”, “Albit”, “Vigor Forte” were studied.

Results. Under experimental conditions, the plants formed non-highly productive agrocenoses due to low seed germination (90% in barley and 88,2% in wheat), survival rate for harvesting (76% and 75%, respectively), productive bushiness coefficient (1,2 and 1,25), weight of 1000 grains (41,8 g and 40,9 g). As a result, the yield of barley grain is 2,5–3,8 t/ha and wheat 3,15–4,38 t/ha. According to the combination of positive effects of biological growth regulators on the profitability and productivity of agrocenoses of spring barley, we recommend the preparations “Biodux” and “Obereg” during the growing season during the tillering phase, on winter wheat, the use of “Vigor Forte” preparations in the pre-sowing preparation of seeds and “Albit” during the tillering phase.

Relevance. The use of resistant wheat varieties is an effective, ecologically and economically advantageous method of combating brown rust. Breeding for disease resistance is an alternative to chemicals and promotes stable grain production. The purpose of the study is to assess the resistance of winter wheat varieties to brown rust and identify sources with high resistance to the pathogen.

Methods. The study of brown rust resistance of winter common wheat varieties was carried out at the infectious plot of the laboratory for immunity and plant protection of the FSBSI «ARC “Donskoy”» from 2019 to 2023. The object of the study was the phytopathogenic fungus Puccinia triticina Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici Erirss. et Henn, which causes brown rust. The material of the study was 98 winter common wheat varieties. Favorable weather conditions contributed to the active development of the disease on the leaves, which made it possible to obtain reliable data on the varieties’ resistance.

Results. The study has found that the winter common wheat varieties resistant to brown rust predominated, their percentage varying from 80.6 (2022) to 92.6 (2020). In this group there have been identified new zoned — Zhavoronok, Volny Don, Priazovie and others. Resistant varieties play an important role in greening products and the environment. Having analyzed the dynamics of resistance of the studied varieties over five years (2019–2023), there has been identified that 81.6% (80 varieties) are resistant to the brown rust pathogen (the damage to this set of varieties did not exceed 15%). The winter wheat varieties identified in the study can be specifically used in breeding programs as sources of brown rust resistance.

The study compares two technologies of precision animal husbandry — the SCR Heatime collar (Allflex Livestock Intelligence, Israel) and the “Agrobiotest” bolus (“Agrobiotest” LLC, Russia) — for monitoring the physiological state of dairy cows. The experiment was conducted on 10 Holstein cows at the KubSAU farm. The cicatricial bolus demonstrated high accuracy (97.8%) in measuring the pH of the scar, which is critically important for assessing the acidity and health of the gastrointestinal tract. The SCR Heatime collar (Allflex Livestock Intelligence, Israel) proved to be more effective for tracking rumination (89.4%), which allows monitoring eating behavior. The combined use of the devices increased the overall accuracy of diagnosing the metabolic status of cows to 98.5%, providing a more complete picture of the animals’ condition. A moderate correlation (r = 0.73) was found between the rumination activity and the pH level, which confirms the relationship between eating behavior and metabolic processes. The study confirms that the integration of data from different sensors (collars and boluses) makes it possible to increase the effectiveness of early diagnosis of metabolic disorders and optimize diets. The results obtained open up prospects for the creation of digital animal twins, which contributes to the development of precision animal husbandry.

Relevance. Direct addition of bioactive peptide substances to food products and pharmaceuticals is limited due to their physicochemical instability. Processing conditions aimed at stabilizing protein hydrolysates can influence their bioactive properties. In this study, a comparative analysis of the effect of freeze-drying and spray drying conditions on a complex of beta-cyclodextrin and acidenzymatic hydrolysate of chicken embryo proteins was carried out. Structural, physicochemical and antioxidant properties were studied.

Methods. The morphology of the cyclodextrin complex and hydrolysate was studied by X-ray microtomography. The amount of sodium chloride was determined by titration. The content of proteins, peptides, amino acids and other hydrolysis products was determined by the Warburg — Christian method. The level of amine nitrogen was estimated by titration with formaldehyde. The antioxidant activity of the powders was determined by the ABTS radical absorption method.

Results. The freeze-dried complex was characterized by chaotically distributed long needle-like structures. The powder of the complex after spray drying was characterized by small rounded particles and a significantly higher (by 21.6%) bulk density. According to the granulometric data, particles of 44.7–89.4 μm in size predominated in both studied samples. The lyophilisate was characterized by an expansion of the granulometric composition towards larger particles (71.5 μm — 1.4 mm; 2.8–5.7 mm). Microtomographic parameters and calculated indices indicated the advantage of spray drying in terms of uniformity of structure, three-dimensional symmetry of particles tending to isotropy. The Samples of beta-cyclodextrin and hydrolysate complexes after lyophilic and spray drying did not differ in their main chemical properties. However, the level of antiradical activity of the complex decreased almost twofold after dehydration by spray drying — 31.0 ± 4.1 versus 61.5 ± 3.6 μM TE/g. This requires improvement and development of the process with possible adjustment of the substance feed rate, heating temperature, or additional inclusion of protective components in the substance before spray drying.

Professional adaptation of early-career teachers in rural educational organizations constitutes a multifaceted problem that requires comprehensive scientific-methodological and psychological support. This study is aimed at examining the effectiveness of various forms of professional support for novice teachers and at developing a scientifically grounded system of their support under contemporary conditions. The study employed a mixed methodological approach, including quantitative (questionnaires, psychodiagnostic methods) and qualitative (in-depth interviews) methods for studying early-career teachers in rural schools. The empirical base consisted of 35 early-career teachers from five regions of the Russian Federation. The results of the study showed that the key factors in successful professional adaptation are the quality of mentoring relationships, the level of teachers’ psychological readiness, and the availability of methodological support. The developed comprehensive support model demonstrated high effectiveness in enhancing professional readiness and compensating for professional deficits among early-career teachers in rural schools.

The concept of using enzymes from the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family as innovative biomarkers for assessing the reproductive potential of breeder roosters in industrial poultry farming is presented. A methodology for the comprehensive analysis of PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARP-9 activity in spermatozoa has been developed to enhance the efficiency of breeding selection. It has been experimentally established that the concentration of intact forms of the polymerases correlates with the morphofunctional characteristics of germ cells (r = 0.73–0.81), while the level of cleaved forms is inversely related to sperm viability. A study of 248 Rhode Island Red roosters during 2023–2024 showed that PARP activity in highquality semen samples was 60-62% higher compared to low-quality samples. A predictive model with an explanatory power of R² = 0.71 was developed, allowing for the prediction of the fertile potential of breeders with an accuracy of 87%. The implementation of PARP-based diagnostics ensures a 23–27% increase in the accuracy of breeding selection, a reduction in unproductive costs associated with maintaining low-quality males, and an acceleration in the development of competitive domestic poultry lines. The economic efficiency amounts to 18.5 thousand RUB/ha of additional income with a return on investment of 4.2 years.