A series of early studies by N.I. Vavilov was devoted to the problem of plant immunity to infectious diseases. It began with the study of cereals’ resistance to parasitic fungi and ended with the monograph "Plant Immunity to infectious diseases." The patterns in the distribution of physiological immunity were described for the first time based on the analysis of a huge collection of plant varieties.

Thanks to the works of N. I. Vavilov on the study of the geography of varietal and species diversity it was possible to notice a number of correctness common to different cultures. Ecotypes of different plants, developed in the same conditions, reveal much in common with regard to precocity, cold resistance, drought resistance, immunity to fungal diseases, which facilitates the finding of appropriate forms for selection. Modern systematics of cultivated plants, taking into account the intraspecific varietal diversity, requires new, more subtle methods, ranging from cytological to DNA technologies. Results of research N. I. Vavilov, started by him during his student years, testified that the differences in immunity to fungal diseases allow to distinguish certain species, difficult to distinguish by morphologically, as well as varieties of cultivated plants. Bringing the system to the knowledge about the immune systems and variety of pathogens, Vavilov discovered the presence of wonderful repeats in intraspecific genetic variation, as if echoing the main varietal characteristics in closely related species and genera. The accumulation of such facts and their analysis led N. I. Vavilov to the development of the law of homological series in hereditary variability.

Increasing plant immunity to disease - all plant protection experts, without exception, agree - is one of the inevitable elements of integrated plant protection. Integrated production is a farming practice that requires a coordinated and integrated dissemination of knowledge from the choice of the production site to the consumption of food. The national action plan was adopted in 2012 in Hungary and establishes quantitative goals, measures and schedules to reduce the risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the environment. The development of national plant protection programs for research and innovation that contain and enhance plant immunity to disease is developing targets, necessary measures and indicators. The introduction of integrated methods for the protection of plants containing and increasing the immunity of plants to diseases is also under way, also developing goals, necessary measures and indicators. The EU Directorate General for Health and Food Safety conducted an audit in Hungary. Recommendations for the competent authorities to eliminate the identified deficiencies are discussed and response actions are carried out. The necessary financial resources are provided for carrying out work to improve plant immunity to diseases. There is short overview from Hungary, as a case study about the role of cultivars with multiple disease resistance in the Integrated Pest Management of potato.

The article presents the results of research and practical application of indicators of immunity barriers and resistance to phytophages and phytopathogens in the immunogenetic systems of grain crops in the evaluation process of creating varieties. The groups of chemical compounds inducing protective functions of plants and possibilities of practical application in varietal technologies are considered.

Adaptive, differentiated use of natural and anthropogenic resources, landscape and biosphere compatibility, biologization and greening of agriculture and crop production are focused on ensuring food and ecological safety of agriculture, harmonization of the relations of Nature and Man in the process of rational nature management. This is necessary to preserve the of productive longevity agricultural land, agro-ecosystems and agricultural landscapes. Adaptation, biologization and greening in agriculture is a strategic way to create a healthy habitat for humans, animals and crops, and to increase their immunity to diseases and pests. Adaptive-integrated protection of plants, agrocenoses and crops from harmful organisms is the most important component of any agro-ecosystem, taking into account its zonal, natural-climatic, landscape-ecological features and adapted to them. Healthy ecosystems and landscapes, healthy soil are protected from plants pathogens and cleaned of organic pollutants. Only they are able to consistently and effectively produce environmentally friendly products. A healthy habitat is a necessary condition for strengthening immunity, increasing the crops resistance to diseases and pests. Contamination probability of used synthetic pesticides to ecosystems and food is high. Pollution leads to a decrease in the fauna and flora species diversity in intensively exploited agricultural landscapes, evaporation and transport of pesticides over long distances, contamination of ground and surface waters, and negative effects on the health of the environment, plants, animals, microorganisms and humans. Compliance with the requirements of environmental management, environmental protection, biodiversity and optimization of agrolandscape management is becoming one of the main conditions for increasing the productive longevity of agro-ecosystems, increasing their immunity to diseases and pests, and the efficiency of agricultural production.

One of the primary tasks of modern biology is to identify ways of forming the resistance of cultivated plants to diseases and pests. Analysis of the history of development and change of ideas about the nature of plant resistance indicates that the search for sources of immunity was subconsciously carried out by ancient farmers simultaneously with domestication. However, human competition with pests and pathogens of the grown plants as a source of nutrition is not complete and has no chance to end in the foreseeable future. The aim of the research was to develop the ways to use exogenous biologics that provide stimulation of fruiting and growth processes to protect fruit and small fruit crops and indoor plants from pathogens and harmful insects by immune system stimulating plants themselves, without the use of environmental polluting pesticides. The objectives of the study were to analyze publications on plant immunity; study of the influence of aqueous solutions of para-aminobenzoic acid, including in combination with other biologics. The experimental part of the research had been conducted in 2008-2016 in the experimental orchards of the North Ossetia-Alania (Russia) and Central Ukraine, in the atrium of Baltschug Kempinski Hotel (Moscow, Russia) and in the garden of marble sculptures of the House of Scientists of NDP "Sofiyivka" (Ukraine). The general state of the treated with biologics and control plants, as well as damage to the most common pathogens and pests had been evaluated. The average incidence of the treated with biologics fruit crops decreased from 48.6% to 8.2%, and small fruit crops, from 54.8% to 7.8%, while insect damage decreased from 36.4% to 9.2% (fruit crops) and from 42.1% up to 8.0% (small fruit crops). A decrease in ornamental qualities had not been observed in the experiment with the treatment of indoor plants in both test items. The accumulated information gives grounds to consider immunity, including one induced by such biologics as PABA, Kornevin, Phytoverm and Zircon, as an important link in the anthropo-adaptive complex.

Plant immunity depends on the ability of land reclamation technology, irrigation to create long-term priority conditions for the rhizosphere development, synthesis and accumulation of fresh organic matter in the soil, improved plant organogenesis, effective biogeochemical barriers for pollutants, weakened phytopathogens development, strengthened biological production and plant chemicals protection, limiting inhibitory effect of pesticides on agrophytocenosis. Solving the problem with standard methods gives an insufficiently result, because the potential of plants is not disclosed, the soil is degraded and polluted due to excessive consumption of pesticides, there is excessive consumption of irrigation water, biogeochemical barriers weakening, and all this occurs to the detriment of plants, the phytosanitary situation in the agrophytocenosis, the plants immunity suffers. To weaken the conflict between technology and the biosphere, we proposed Biogeosystem Technique methodology- a transcendental approach to of nature-like technologies implementation, the essence of which is rejection of direct copying of natural laws, and the priority of a heuristic search for a niche for the nature based technology development, while based on the laws of nature. The method of Biogeosystem Technique is the management of biosphere biogeochemical cycle, in particular in agricultural technology (including land reclamation), which technical means ensure the implementation of biogeosystems with transcendental (not copying nature directly) properties in the focus of increasing plant immunity. Within the framework of Biogeosystem Technique, to create the prerequisites for plants development and nutrition by providing a small-aggregative hierarchy structure of the soil aggregates geophysical system according to the nature of the plant's rhizosphere and geobionts, intrasoil milling of20-45 cm layer ensuring small and medium-sized artificial soil aggregates; a nature based water strategy - an intra-soil pulsed continuously-discrete moisture paradigm to preserve the soil and conserve fresh water were proposed. A synergistic effect of improved soil health, ecologically clean products, and the agrophytocenosis high phytoimmune status will be achieved.

Vavilov's theory of plant immunity to harmful organisms has been recently branching out in the knowledge of the subtle mechanisms of interaction not only in the two-component system "plant-host - parasite", but also in the multidimensional metabiom - metaorganism, including, another of plant, viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects. The paper (article) discusses the participation in the protective reactions of plants as one of the components of this metaorganism - endophytic microorganisms, exhibiting, on the one hand, a direct protective effect - antibiotic, insecticidal, antiviral, and on the other - their mediated priming of resistance (immunity) in plant cells. According to the authors, the strategy for the development of new environmentally friendly drugs for plant protection should take into account the role of the mutualistic microbiome in host resistance to harmful organisms.

Objective of investigation is to assess role of mycoses at suppression of normal development of potato haulm. Phytopathological (mycological) investigation of samples of wilted plants and trees as well soils collected in urbanized conditions of Moscow in 2012-2018. Conducted investigations at principally different plants revealed currently polluted urbanized conditions and contrasting meteorological conditions (periods with strong rains and dried periods) provide specific inoculums potential as natural provocative infection. This infection is very strong, not homogeneous and in general is able to essentially influence plant routs, stems and leafs. Infective complex includes rather similar facultative parasites of fungal nature from genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus as well as different nematodes. Potato combined wilt (PCW) should be classified as extremely bad infection which leads to crucial yield loss as well as negative phytosanitary and sanitary situation. Protective measures against PCW must be directed to the escaping mechanical injuries and immunity losses of rout system and potato foliage. Combined wilt of arboreal foliage (CWAF) is a serious disease of tree stands, including two stages. At a first stage, immunity of stems and leave buds essentially become weakened, what is caused with polluted aggressive external environment and development of some infective dangerous diseases. At a second stage, mycosis affects weakened leave buds, after this foliage of trees is developing unequally or is not developing at all.

The two major mechanisms of plant defense against pathogens including viruses are resistance (the host’s ability to limit pathogen multiplication) and tolerance (the host’s ability to reduce the effect of infection on its fitness regardless of the level of pathogen multiplication) [1]. Tolerance is evolutionary more stable defense response and is effected against a larger spectrum of virus isolates compared to resistance; the selection pressure for emergence of virulent strains is also reduced in tolerant cultivars compared to resistant one, and persistent virus infection can improve the plant resilience in sub-optimal environmental conditions [2]. On the basis of our preliminary results [3, 4] we hypothesized that the plant tolerant reaction against virus infection may be in particular the consequence of transcriptomic reprogramming of autophagy and RNA-decay, the key processes of innate plant immunity. So, the task of this study is the experimental verification of this hypothesis by quantitative real-time PCR ascertainment of the autophagy and ROC (RNA quantity control) factors expression changes during persistent shallot virus X infection [5]. The research has been conducted at Molecular Virology Laboratory and Center of collective sharing of the All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology. In this context the autophagy and RNA-decay factors coding transcripts have been identified and their representation levels were determined in shallot plants. It was drawn a conclusion that persistent Shallot virus infection correlates with the specific autophagy and ROC factors expression changes. Further research on the molecular mechanisms associated with tolerance may identify novel targets for engineering tolerance to improve agriculture practices.

The review article discusses the current understanding of the role of allelopathy in the interaction between plant species, insects and microorganisms within plant communities. The characteristic of the biocenosis and its leading structural component of phytocenosis, which determines the species composition of the zoocenosis, mycocenosis and microbiocenosis, is given. Each individual biocenosis, excreting various metabolic products into the external environment, creates around itself a specific environment that can be toxic, favorable, or indifferent for a number of growing plants, herbivorous insects, microorganisms. According to N.Vavilov, V.Sukachev, T.Rabotnov, a classic concept, along with competition for sharing energy and food resources of the habitat, a mechanism of interaction is used, implemented by changing chemical and physical environmental factors. The article discusses modern approaches to identifying the role of allelopathy in interactions between representatives of biota in biogeocenes, which is very relevant for work on chemical immunization of plants.

It was determined that laser irradiation of polished sugar beet seeds increased germination energy by 1.7 %, germinating capacity by 1.0 %, length of seedlings в by 4-7%, and mass up to 10%. It reduces infection level of bacteria localized on sclerenchyma surface.

The role of sugar beet complex diseases caused by a complex of pathogens has grown in importance. Pathogenic complex of beet root rots of mycosis-bacterial etiologies provoking economic damage in the southern part of the Central Black-Earth Region is of the greatest harmfulness. Change of dominants in the pathogenic complex of rots has been determined that is the result of global climate warming, variety changing, short crop rotations and change of soil mycocenosis strategies.

In the paper shares of influence of the main processing methods (factor A) and fertilization backgrounds (factor B) on the prevalence of sugar beet root diseases are investigated and established. As a result of the research, a complex of typical and random pathogens of sugar beet root rot was established: dominant - F. oxysporum, F. solani, R. stolonifer; frequent - bacteria, F. oxysporum v. ortoceras; rare - Mucor sp., A. alternata, Aspergillus sp., F. gibbosum; random - Penicillium sp., Gliocladium sp., T. viride. Analysis of the species composition of root rot pathogens showed that every year the structure of the population expanded. As independent pathogens of rot were: R. stolonifer v. stolonifer-Rhizopus rot (2010- 2011), Penicillium sp. - penny rot (October 2010), A. alternata - Alternaria rot (October 2012-2013), bacterial rot (2012-2013). The main pathology was Fusarium rot (Fusarium sp.). It was found that phytopathogenic mycobiota of soil and rhizosphere developing on plant residues accumulated in the upper soil horizons during tillage promotes the spread of the disease and increases the probability of pathogens. The greatest prevalence of root rot is established in the variant with flat-cutting treatment and high background (N_6gP_6gK_6g + 11 tons of manure/1 ha of crop rotation) fertilizer (up to 26.1%). The prevalence of rot in the variants during the main treatment with the formation turnover was the lowest (P = 0 - 16.3 %). Mathematical processing of the data showed that the share of influence of the main tillage on the prevalence of root rot was 68%, the share of influence of fertilizers - 24%.

In the recent years, the use of soil microorganisms has generated great interests in crop production by reducing the damage of diseases. Actualite.The application of PGPR bacteria makes possible to improve the quantity and quality of plant s harvest and to reduce chemical pressure on the environment. The aim of investigations - study of the ability of the soil saprophytic diazotrophs bacteria (PGPR) reducing the infectious background of root rot diseases. deposited in the National Collection of nonpathogenic microorganisms of Moldova - Peudomonas aureofaciens CNMN-PsB-05, Pseudomonas fluorescens CNMN-PsB-04, Pseudomonas putida-PsB-06, Bacillus subtilis CNMN-bB-08. Materials. The agents pathogens from the beet tuber were isolated on potato-glucose agar and were identification as Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium gibbosum, They reduce the shoots of beet seeds for 60-75%. The ability for antagonism strains Peudomonas aureofaciens CNMN-PsB-05, Pseudomonas fluorescensCNMN-PsB-04, Pseudomonas putida - PsB- 06, Bacillus subtilis CNmN-BB-08, deposited in the National Collection of nonpathogenic microorganisms of Moldova was defined in laboratory tests. Results. The suspension of bacterial strains with titre 108 CFU/ml show the antagonism in vitro toward the fitopathogens in time cultivation combine in Petri plates: the radius of delay growth Fusarium spp. were establish. Traitment of beet seeds, inoculate with pathogens, in time sowing with bacterials suspensions decreased the level of infection from agents pathogens of root rot, increased the shoots of beet seeds for 20-30%, the weight of tuber in 2.2 4,0 one and improved production of plants.

Resistance of sugar beet heterosis hybrids plays an important part in integrated protection from diseases. This is important with complex affection by diseases of different etiology (mycoses, viroses, bacterioses). Field resistance of 40 F₁ heterosis hybrids has been estimated. The hybrids with complex resistance to several diseases, namely Calvin and Ksantus, have been revealed.

The article presents the results of a survey of wild and weed plants in the Tambov region, many of which until recently were considered ruderal (garbage), growing only in the wasteland and away from sunflower crops, and do not affect the damage to the culture of diseases. It was found that most of the affected grass samples collected in sunflower crops, along the edges of the fields, along the roadsides, along forest belts, reservoirs, on vacant lots and other places of their habitat, belong to the family of Asteraceae. This is yarrow, wormwood, sow Thistle, burdock small, Carduus nutans, common chicory, Thistle field collagen durnishnika, jastrebinka umbrella, common tansy, common cocklebur and amaranth thrown back from the Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae). Botanical features of these herbs are briefly given. Studied and described the symptoms of their leaves and stems. From the fragments of the affected samples, pathogens of diseases common to these herbs and cultivated sunflower were isolated. Isolation of pathogens from the affected organs was carried out in the laboratory according to the generally accepted methods in Mycology and Phytopathology. Their species composition and taxonomic position are established. It was found that the most common pathogen was sunflower Phomopsis - Phomopsis/Diaporthe helianthi Munt. - Cvet. et al. It is noted that the symptoms of Phomopsis, fusariosis, downy mildew, Septoria, ascochitosis and spotting are similar to those on cultivated sunflower. The pathogenic properties of the isolated fungi were determined in laboratory conditions, in accordance with the Koch triad. As a result of artificial infection of seeds and five-day sunflower seedlings with isolates of phytopathogenic fungi isolated from these herbs, their ability to cause infection of various organs of culture has been established. Re-isolation of fungi in all cases showed their complete identity with isolates isolated from natural material. This circumstance allows to draw a conclusion about the possibility of the described herbs to be potential reserves of pathogens for cultivated sunflower.

Sunflower Phomopsis spread in Russia and neighboring countries of the former republics of the USSR everywhere and nowadays poses a serious threat to crops, Initially, disease manifestedin limited way in Moldova, then in Ukraine, soon began to grow in Russia, and then in Kazakhstan. The article presents the results of multi-years of research for the period 1989-2018. The causative agent of the disease was identified as Phomopsis helianthi and its pleomorphism was revealed. The diagnostic signs of the pathogen and symptoms of the disease are indicated. Its epiphytotiology has been studied and the sources of infection, which are a and p conidia, and ascospores. The latter as an aerogenic source of the pathogen and nowadays are one of the determining factors for the expansion of the disease in these countries. The role of seed infection in the initial appearance and distribution of fomopsis on sunflower has been revealed. In the system of GIS technology, phytosanitary zoning of the sunflower phomopsis is established according to the degree of its manifestation in Russia, Moldova, Ukraine and Kazakhstan.It was created a map of the geographical prevalence of the disease, representing the long-term territorial forecast of Phomopsis. It allows you to identify possible trends for further geographical increase in the severity of the disease, taking into account the hydrothermal conditions in the agrocenosis with sunflower. Currently, to limit the disease requires the creation of effective protection of sunflower using resistant varieties and hybrids.

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the monitoring effectiveness of sun-flower diseases distribution. The purpose of the research is to spatially divide the territory of industrial sunflower cultivation in zones of different abundance in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Moldova. The purpose of the research is to spatially divide them into zones of various abundances on the territory of industrial sunflower cultivation in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and the Republic of Moldova. As a starting material for computer analysis, vector maps from AgroAtlas were used [Afonin et al., 2006], characterizing the distribution of 14 species of sunflower pathogens. As a result, an original vector map was created on the basis of the geoinformation system developed using modern geoinformation technologies (Idrisi 32.11, MapInfo Professional v. 9.0 and later), characterizing the zones of various abundances of sunflower pathogens. There are 4 zones where diseases caused by 11,12, 13 and 14 species of pathogens appear. In the sunflower area, from the Volga region to the Primorsky Territory and in Kazakhstan, there are 11 species of pathogens spread. The greatest saturation with pathogen species (14) is confined to the territory of the Republic of Moldova, southern Ukraine and the western North Caucasus within the Russian Federation. A geographic information system (GIS) “Distribution” is composed, which is a set of vector files of all 14 analyzed sunflower pathogens, vector layers of these species distribution zonality, as well as basic vector layers of the “shell”. Spatial allocation of zones with uniform saturation with species of pathogens will be used in determining the necessary means of sun-flower protection in a multi-year plan, the development of plant protection systems specialized for each zone. This is an electronic resource, additional to the previously developed GIS and the map of sunflower growing risk zones, published earlier [Yakutkin, Saulich, 2016].

The use of biological preparations for the plant protection against pathogens based on fungal microorganisms is important under conditions of agroecosystem pesticidal stress. The aim of research is to determine the effect of Gliocladin-SC and Trichodermin-SC biological preparations based on the genus Trichoderma fungi to increase the sunflower yield by the method of presowing seed treatment. The research objectives included conducting field trials, determining the plant density, plant height, basket diameter, harvest quantities, the biological products biological effectiveness in reducing the development of sunflower root rot and sclerotinia. Investigations were carried out in 2014-2016 on the experimental basis of the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection of Moldova, Chisinau. As a result of two-year field trials of Gliocladin-SC and Trichodermin-SC biopreparations on the Luceafarul hybrid, their significant effect was established under the extreme conditions of the dry period in 2015. In favorable conditions of 2014, the effect of biopreparations was less noticeable, the increase in yield was 8.06-8.5%. When processing Gliocladin-SC and Trichodermin-SC biopreparations the Donskoy large-fruited variety seeds, the number of productive plants was increased by 7.1% and 6.2%. The yield was increased by 56% and 245%, respectively, compared to the control. The Gliocladin-SC and Trichodermin-SC preparations biological effectiveness in reducing the development of sunflower root rot was 64.7% and 63.2%, respectively, and the effectiveness of the chemical standard was 41.6%. The biopreparations biological effectiveness in reducing the development of the basket form of white rot was 82.4% and 81.5%, respectively, when the effectiveness of the chemical standard was 60.2%.

Phytosanitary monitoring of diseases on football pitch in the foothills of the North Caucasus (Sochi and Essentuki), on the football pitch and golf course in the Non-Black Earth zone (Moscow and Moscow region) in 2017-2018 was carried out to determine the prevalence of phytopathogens of sports turf in different regions of Russia. Identification of pathogens was performed using traditional phytopathological methods and molecular genetic method (PCR). In spring the football pitch in the Moscow region was dominated by fungi of the genus Fusarium sp. (including Microdochium nivale) with a prevalence of up to 56%, there were pathogens of the genera Alternaria sp. (P -22%) and Cladosporium sp. (P-8-10%), Bipolaris sp. (P-14%). In Sochi in the spring dominated by fungi genera Rhizoctonia (P=58%), Fusarium (P=45%), Cladosporium (P=42%). The golf course in spring was dominated by phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Typhula (P=55%), and fungi of the genus Fusarium were the second in prevalence, which ranged from 30 to 41%. In summer fungi of the genus Rhizoctonia sp. and Alternaria sp. significantly prevailed in the pathogenic complex of grass on the football pitch of the southern region and on the Moscow football pitch - only Alternaria sp. which is more damaged by tillering nodes and leaves. At the same time, the damage to the root system of plants by Fusarium fungi remained significant. According to the results of PCR analysis it was found that among the pathogens of root rot of plants, both in the southern zone and in the Moscow region there is F. avenaceum. According to the cultural and morphological characteristics of the plants of the football pitch in Moscow has been identified F. culmorum. The composition of pathogens in spring and summer differed slightly, depending on the location and growing conditions of the turf, but Alternaria and Fusarium spp. were constantly present in the infected area. The results of monitoring can be used to develop practical recommendations for the protection of sports turf from diseases.

Fire blight is a contagious disease affecting a wide range of host species within the family Rosaceae. The causal pathogen is Erwinia amylovora that belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Many virulence determinants of E. amylovora have been characterized, including the Type III secretion system (T3SS), exopolysaccharides (EPS) amylovoran and levan. Amylovoran is a heteropolysaccharide with pentasaccharide repeating units containing four galactose and one glucuronic acid residues. Amylovoran is a pathogenicity factor in Erwinia amylovora, essential for the development of disease symptoms. It has been suggested to play a major role in disturbance and obstruction of the plant vascular system. Amylovoran and levan are required for biofilm formation by E.amylovora. In this study the following strains were used: Erwinia amylovora E2, D4. We demonstrate the influence of plant phenolic compounds on the production of E. amylovora EPS amylovoran and levan and catechol 2.3-dioxygenase activity. We showed that amylovoran production in presence in cultivation medium of cinnamic, vanillic and ferulic acids increased significantly (52.7%, 54.31% and 29.4% respectively). The presence in cultivation medium of caffeic acid did not influence amylovoran synthesis. Also we investigated that catechol 2.3-dioxygenase activity and amylovoran production was inhibited by salicylic acid (51% and 60% respectively). Unfortunately, we couldn’t demonstrate the influence of phenolic acids on levan production. The results indicate that plant phenolic compounds inhibit or increase amylovoran biosynthesis, however, it deserve further research.

Agrotechnical methods of cultivation of grain crops require the use of chemical means of dealing with dangerous pests and disease. However, these measures lead to the deterioration of organic farming due to the accumulation of fungicides and pesticides in the soil. One promising and effective measure to combat pathogens is the use of growth regulators. The paper presents results on the effects of drugs Krezatsin (at a concentration of 15, 30 and 60 mg/l), Zircon (concentrations of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l) and Appin (at a concentration of 0.1, 1 and 10 mg/l) on the growth of mycelia of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium culmorum. As a result of screening of growth regulators by their action on strains F. culmorum and F. sporotrichoides, it was found that only Cresacin (at a concentration of 15 mg/l) and Zircon (at all concentrations) have a stable inhibitory effect on the development of fungal mycelium. Therefore, we can recommend the use of these drugs in crops of grain crops in the fight against fungi of the genus Fusarium L.

Micromycetes were isolated from Moldavian soil, from which 11 strains belonging to the genus Trichoderma (5 strains) and Penicillium (6 strains) were selected, in which antifungal activity was determined in relation to a number of test cultures - 5 strains of phytopathogenic fungi that cause diseases of agricultural plants, often found in Moldova. The strains were grown on the agar medium Czapek with the addition of nanoparticles (NPs) to the medium in concentrations: Co - 0.0001%; Cu, ZnO, Fe₂O₃, Fe₂ZnO₄ and Fe₂CuO₄ - 0.001%. Studies have shown that the addition of Co NP to the medium did not affect the antifungal activity in the presence of Cu NP and ZnO NP (4.5-92%) in representatives of the genus Trichoderma. The best results were obtained by adding Fe₂O₃ or Fe2ZnO₄ (5.3-30.4%) to the medium. In representatives of the genus Penicillium, it was also noted that the best results in determining the antifungal activity corresponded to the variants of experiments with the addition of NPs Fe₂O₃, Fe2,ZnO₄ and Fe₂CuO₄ (an increase in the growth inhibition zones from 6.4 to 33.3%). Thus, according to the obtained results, it can be stated that the presence of NPs of various chemical natures have a definite effect on the change in the antifungal activity of micromycetes against to phytopathogens, causing various diseases of important crops cultivated in Moldova. The representatives of the genus Trichoderma and Penicillium found the possibility of increasing antifungal activity against to one or another phytopathogen, varying the composition of the cultivation medium by the addition of certain NPs to it.

Investigating antifungal activity against plant pathogens and action of exometabolites (EM) of filamentous fungi Penicillium funiculosum CNMN FD 11 and Penicillium corylophilum CMNM FD 20 on the germination and growth of cucumber was proved that they inhibit pathogens, and the aqueous solution of EM in a ratio of 1:200stimulates germination seed by 27.3% and sprout growth by 28.7%. Foliar treatment of plants with an aqueous solution of EM, carried out in 2 stages: 1st - in the phase of 3-4 leaves, 2nd - after 14 days, the consumption rate - 150 ml/plant for each treatment with Penicillium funiculosum CNMN FD 11 can increase the yield of cucumbers by 31%, and the EM strain of Penicillium corylophilum CMNM FD 20 - by 10% in comparison with control.

Helicoverpa armigera is a pest of major importance in most areas where it occurs, damaging a wide variety of food, oilseed, fodder and horticultural crops. Its considerable pest significance is based on the peculiarities of its biology - its mobility, polyphagy, rapid and high reproductive rate and diapause make it particularly well adapted to exploit transient habitats such as man-made ecosystems. Its predilection for the harvestable flowering parts of high-value crops including cotton, tomato, sweetcorn and the pulses confers a high economic cost in subsistence agriculture, due to its depredations. However, regional and even relatively local differences in host preference can give rise to differences in pest status on particular crops. This was shown by populations in northern and southern Moldova where severe infestations of corn and tomato are only a relatively recent event [1]. In Transnistria, H. armigera has been the principal tomato pest since the mid-1990s. Losses due to corn bollworm were at least 33% in 2016-18. The high level of control required under these circumstances, and the absence, in most situations, of adequate natural control means that chemical, or at best integrated control methods usually need to be adopted [2]. In order to achieve high biological efficiency, there have been lead phеnological supervision of insects. There have been used pheromones traps and climatic parameters [3]. Field efficacy of six insecticide along with control was evaluated against H. armigera on tomato in the Transnistrian Institute of agriculture during 2016-2018. Among the insecticides, Belt, Match and Avaunt, significantly reduced the H. armigera larval population and increased the yield. The pyrethroid Karate recorded the lowest yield comparable to that of the untreated control. Since farmers now have a number of alternatives in the form of new and old insecticides, the best strategy would be to use all the effective new compounds in rotation at appropriate time along with other pest management tactics.

To manage root-knot nematodes growth oil steaming, formaldehyde fumigation and chemical nematocidal drugs are usually used. All these methods are not sufficiently efficient, because their effect is temporary, their use reduces the infectious load for only one season, significantly increases the cost of agricultural production and poses a risk to human health. The use of plant protection chemicals leads to increased environmental pollution, the accumulation of pesticides in soil, water and agricultural products, violations of the structure of agrobiocenoses and reduces its ability to self-regulation. In populations of phytopathogenic organisms resistance to pesticides increases and efficiency of their application decreases. To obtain environmentally safe crop production it is necessary to minimize the use of chemical plant protection products. Biological method of plant protection should be an alternative or addition to the chemical method, it is based on the use of different groups of antagonists, hyperparasites, predators, that are able to restrain the development of harmful organisms and maintain high quality products. This paper proposes to test the methodology of isolation and artificial infection by nematode-pathogenic fungi of root populations of root-knot nematodes, to investigate the possibility of applying nematode-pathogenic fungi against root-knot nematodes. To develop substrates for mass formulation (production) of fungi- parasites of root-knot nematodes. To determine the timing and rates of application of nematode-pathogenic fungi for effective control of root-knot nematodes. During the research work, a phytosanitary examination of greenhouses in the Tula region and the identification of root-knot nematodes infection sites were carried out. The nematodes and nematopathogenic fungi that were parasiting on them were isolated in pure culture. As a result, it was found that in protected soil it is possible to carry out sufficiently effective biological control over the development of populations of root-knot nematodes.

Currently, acaricides are used to control growth of phytophagous mites, they are very toxic, expensive and do not have a selective effect. The paper proposes to use a biological method of pest control of fruit and berry crops, based on the use of entomopathogenic fungi affecting ticks-phytophages. Biological control of harmful organisms can significantly reduce the number of their populations, without destroying entomofauna useful for plants. Therefore, the development of a biological method to protect gardens from ticks-phytophages is very relevant, has scientific and practical significance, as it allows to restrain the development of populations of harmful organisms at an economically insignificant level. During the research work, a phytosanitary survey of fruit and berry crops planting in the Tula region was conducted and sites of pest infestation with phytophagous mites were identified. In the study we have carried out a collection of damaged fruit and leaves of apple, pear, currant for the detection of mites of phytophagous and entomopathogenic fungi. Artificial infection of ticks-phytophages with pure culture of entomopathogenic fungus showed that in the conditions of laboratory experience the fungus within 10 days destroyed 60% of the ticks population, which indicates the prospects for the development of this method in the fight against ticks-phytophages, as a result of its application it is possible to contain the development of populations of ticks-phytophages and the preservation of biological diversity of species in agrocenoses.

This review article provides examples of the possibilities of plant breeding for resistance to phytoparasitic nematodes. In many countries resistant to nematodes varieties are included in the integrated system of protection of agricultural crops. Potato breeding should be aimed at developing varieties resistant to Golden and Pale potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochinensis and G. pallida, as well as to potato rot nematode Ditylenhus destructor. Actual is breeding varieties and hybrids of sugar and table beet, resistant to the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. For cereals crops represent danger cereal cyst nematode Heterodera (Bidera) avenae. Breeding varieties resistant to this phytohelminthes is an important task of breeding cereals. Important is the selection of tomatoes, cucumbers, beans, alfalfa, rice, fruit and other crops resistant to meloidoginosis caused by species of Meloidogyne spp. To different races stem nematode D. dipsaci bred varieties of forage herbs: alfalfa, white, meadow clover, oats. The use of methods of biotechnology, genetic, cellular engineering, molecular methods in breeding opens up new opportunities for the purposeful creation of resistant varieties.

The results of small grains and sorghum gene pool resistance to cereal aphids are discussed. Both major and minor genes for aphids resistance in cereals differentially interact with insects. Therefore, the most rational plant breeding provides for increasing genetic diversity of cultivated varieties. The possibilities of effective genes for resistance replenishment for account of cultivated cereals genetic resources study, introgression and mutant accessions development are discussed. The resistance of Triticum sp. to English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) has been studied in different regions of Russia and Uzbekistan. The genepool of bread and durum wheats is poor in resistant forms. Diploid species with genomes A (T. urartu, T. boeoticum, T. monococcum) are the most resistant. Possessing a D genome in the species T. kiharae and T. miguschovae gives high resistance. Resistance controlled by the G genome is overcome by the pests. On the other hand, only cultivated sorghum species had very effective resistance. Resistance to greenbug was studied in 5059 sorghum accessions and highly resistant lines were isolated. Genetic uniformity of the donors of resistance, widely used in the breeding programs of Russia and USA, has been revealed. The new genes for greenbug resistance in sorghum are identified which are offered for breeding practice. Our experiments revealed also that somaclonal variation can be used to increase genetic diversity for greenbug resistance in wheat and barley. We have found a high frequency of greenbug resistant accessions among barley, oat and sorghum landraces from Asian countries. The duration of resistance in cultivars neither to be related to its phenotypic manifestation nor the number of resistance genes.

The aim of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of ionizing radiation on pests of grain and its products. The task is to develop a method for the control of pests of products of grain origin, such as Sitophilus granarius L. and Tribolium confusum Duv. before storing them. According to the literature, the features of sterilizing and lethal effects on insects of ionizing radiation in various doses have been studied and the disinsection process has been developed in an industrial installation. Irradiation of insects with gamma rays or accelerated electrons in certain doses causes their sexual sterilization. Sterile males, mating with fertile females, lead the latter to sterility. This phenomenon provides partial protection of the radiation-disinfected grain from re-colonization by insects during the life of the sterile population. The advantages of radiation processing of agricultural products over chemical ones are lower cost, no danger of contamination of products, high performance technology with continuous irradiation on the stream. At the same time, we took into account the effects of radiation treatment on the biological indicators of the remaining living pests (weevils and mealworm) of stocks after treatment. In all the variants, the number of insects remaining in live after 14 days after irradiation was 30.5-54.3%, and after 20 days - 26.9-39.7%, in the control90-100%, respectively. According to our data, it was determined that during radiation treatment with the indicated doses, the duration of the life cycle of beetles and their fecundity are reduced. The treatment at the electron accelerator ILU-10 with selected doses proved to be effective for the destruction of the weevils (Sitophilus granarius L.) and the mealworm (Tribolium confusum Duv.) in the products under study.

In many countries in recent years, to use natural entomopathogenic pesticides to control the number of pests. Potential agricultural production loss caused by the activity of pest organisms in the world was always a concern at international level. In many countries were established baculoviral preparations applied in practice in order to reduce the number of pests. In such context, the problem is connected to large application of baculoviral preparations that have become a reality only by elaboration and organization of production of such biological means, work registered after execution of deep biotechnological researches. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the results of two years attempt of biological control of H. cunea populations with a baculoviral product. Materials. For determination of concentration of baculoviral suspensions there were used different methods, especially electronic microscope. The isolation, detection and determination of the biological features of baculovirus isolates were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. Results. In the report there are also submitted the results of the joint application of the biological preparation Virin ABB-3. The preparation is based on viruses of nuclear polyhedrosesis and granuoses with cumulative and synergetic action. In such context, the problem is connected to large application of baculoviral preparation that have become a reality only by elaboration and organization of production of such biological means, work registered after execution of deep biotechnological researches. The criterion of stable ecological system and the methods restoration and construction were also analyzed. Testing of the preparation Virin-ABB-3 for control development, II generation, on plants has demonstrated a significant biological efficacy of 91,52% in comparison with that of chemical etalon Lepedocid 100 %. Meanwhile, the experiment in which viruses were used and successfully control of the species H.cunea persistently indicate that the insect viruses play an important role in restoring and constructing stable natural and antropinated ecology system.

The relevance of this study was to reduce the risk of negative aftereffect on winter wheat of the studied combined herbicidal preparations for their autumn use in field experiments. The purpose of these experiments was to solve two problems: the assessment of biological efficiency in relation to wintering, spring and perennial weed species; determination of economic efficiency of autumn application of herbicides. Studies were carried out on small-scale experiments of a branch of the FSBI “FNTs them. I.V. Michurina "in winter wheat crops Scepter. The studies used herbicides Alistair Grand MD 1.0 l/ha, Attribute VG 0.06 l/ha, Fenizan BP 20 l/ha, mixed forms Prima Donna EF 0.50 l/ha + Zontran KKR 0.50 l/ha and Fenizan BP 20 l/ha + Zontran KKR 50 l/ha. The weed component in winter wheat crops in the conditions of the north-eastern part of the Central Black Earth Region is represented by wintering, spring and perennial species. A high biological assessment of herbicides has been shown for autumn use against perennial and wintering weeds. The economic efficiency confirming the herbicidal activity was determined against the background of fungicidal and insecticidal treatments. The main weeds of winter wheat sowings were revealed: in the autumn period, the wintering weed is a violet field (Viola arvensis Murr.), In the spring period - white mar (Chenopodium album L.), a shchirina thrown back (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), before cleaning - a field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), Chistell annual (Stachys annua). The advantage was that the autumn application of herbicides tested by us did not have a negative effect on the overwintering of the crop, and the phytosanitary condition of the field improved. The impact of herbicides was reduced to the death of a part of weeds in the autumn period and the deterioration of the physiological state of the surviving weeds, due to which they subsequently died during the wintering season.

The results of the study of the biological and economic efficiency of the tank mixture Flex 1.5 l/ha + Fusilade Forte 1.5 l/ha in the post-emergence application in soybean crops are presented. The studies were conducted in 2018 according to the generally accepted methods in the plot experiment on the experi-mental field of The Far Eastern Research Institute of Plant Protection. It is established that this mixture has a high herbicidal activity (reduction of crude above - ground biomass by 99%) in respect of annual dicotyledonous and cereal weeds, as well as perennial dicotyledonous weeds, ensuring the purity of crops during the entire period of vegetation of the crop. Maximum toxic effect of a mixture of herbicides had on the most common in the coastal region and predominate in the cenosis of the dicotyledonous weed common ragweed and Asian copperleaf (reduction of mass by 91-100%). High sensitivity also showed lamb’s quarters, Asiatic dayflower, cockspur grass, Eriochloa villosa and dicotyledonous perennial species (field milk and creeping thistle), plants which at the time of treatment were in the rosette phase. As a standard, a mixture of Galaxy Top 1.7 l/ha + Fusilade Forte 1.5 l/ha was used, which showed high activity against annual and perennial dicotyledonous and annual cereal weeds. The increase in yield of soybean seeds in the Flex 1.5 l/ha + Fusilade Forte 1.5 l/ha was 1.04 t/ha with yield in the control-0.11 t/ha. In conditions of high contamination of crops with a wide range of broadleaved and cereal species characteristic of the South of the Far East, the use of tank mixtures of the new herbicide Flex with Fusilade Forte or other graminicides is very promising and should become an important element of the system of chemical protection of soybeans from weeds.

Development of technology for detoxification of soils from pesticide residues is an important aspect of greening plant growing. The aim of this work was to develop activated carbons for detoxification of soils of agricultural function from pesticide residues. Received active coals on the basis of various types of raw materials and their efficiency is estimated in pot experiments in the cultivation of various crops and sunflower. It is shown that application of active carbons in doses of 100200kg/ha increases the yield of contaminated agricultural land on average 20-80 % depending on the species of cultivated crops and provide the possibility of obtaining a crop of dietary condition. Special attention is paid to the production of sorbents-detoxicants based on wheat straw, oats and rapeseed. It is shown that, thanks to the developed volume of transport pores, they have good adsorption kinetics, which results them in achieve the greatest effect in detoxification of the soil and ensures the safety of the crop by 80-95%. A new technology of cultivation of vegetable crops in greenhouses on the basis of a substrate consisting of rotted sawdust, sunflower husk carbonizate and active carbon impregnated with an aqueous solution of fungus spores Trichoderma harzianum is considered. This technology leads to increase the vegetative growth of tomato test-culture on herbicide-infected Singer SP by 30-50 % comparatively even with the pure control.

Due to the inherent pathogenic fungi that affect crops, resistance to chemical remedies, there is a need to update the compositions of preparations. The purpose of this study was the development of a new chemical preparation for the protection of grain crops. To achieve this goal, a comparison was made between the effects of azoxystrobin, prothioconazole and prochloraz on wheat seeds and seedlings in the initial stages of growth. The studies were carried out in 2017-2018 at the Institute of Biology of the University of Warsaw. The effectiveness of fungicidal mixtures, their inhibitory effect on the growth was analyzed. And the most optimal doses were found for the further development of a new plant protection preparation.

The article presents the results of testing in the Primorsky Krai of fungicidal disinfectants Maxim XL 035 FS and Delit Pro in consumption rates of 1.0 l/t in the processing of soybean seeds of the Toma variety before sowing in the semi-dry way. The studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods in a plot experiment on a trial field with meadow-brown podzolizedsoil (mechanical composition-average clay, humus content 3.8%, pH - 5.3). As a result of research, a high fungicidal activity of experimental drugs against pathogens affecting culture was established. Studies have shown that the use of Maxima XL 035 FS and Delit Pro contributes to reducing the development of root rot of complex etiology by 10.6-11.6%. The protective effect of the presowing treatment of soybean seeds with disinfectants is also manifested in the reduction of the incidence of leaf-stem diseases. The greatest efficacy against the pathogen Peronospora manshurica Naum., Septoria glycines Hemmi and Cercospora sojina Hara is marked on the variant with the pre-sowing treatment of soybean seeds Maxim XL 035 FS and was 31.6; 21.2 and 52.9%, respectively.. Protravitel stimulate growth processes of culture. In the second half of the growing season, soybean plants significantly exceeded the control plants by 7.6-8.9 cm. The use of drugs contributes to the active growth of plants and increase the values of the main elements of the structure of the crop, which ultimately led to an increase in yield. The highest yield increase (0.26 t/ha) was obtained using the Delit Pro treater. In the treated variants, the weight of 1000 seeds was significantly more by 14.9-23.0 g than in the control.

The biological activity of organic peroxides is usually associated with the antimalarial properties of artemisinin and its derivatives. However, organic peroxides exhibit diverse biological activity, which is still not receiving enough attention. In this work, we tested in vitro 13 cyclic organic peroxides belonging to such classes of peroxides as ozonides and 12,4,5-tetraoxanes with respect to phytopathogenic fungi such as: Venturia inaequalis, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium moniliforme, Helminthoporus sativum.

Today, agriculture is developing in the direction of reducing the use of chemically synthesized plant protection products, as they can accumulate in the soil and crops and have a negative impact on the environment and human health. In this regard, it is promising to use organic preparations of natural origin as pesticides, as well as their chemically modified forms. The article presents the results of the study of the fungicidal action of natural fulvic acids isolated from peat by standard methods, as well as organic preparations obtained by chemical modification of the original fulvic acid sulfanes. Fungicidal activity was tested in vitro on fungi-phytopathogens from six different taxonomic groups. The study proves the effectiveness of the use of modified fulvic acids with selective fungicidal properties, as well as the need for further study of the biological activity of the obtained modifiers.