Relevance. This article deals with the study of history of the unique craniological collection of the Museum of Animal Husbandry named after Academician E.F. Liskun and a review of the current state of craniological research in animal husbandry.
Methods. The classical method of measuring the craniological material of Academician E.F. Liskun, his contribution to the formation and development of domestic craniological science is considered. The possibility of applying the craniological research methodology, as well as ways of its use in other sciences are under discussion. Of particular interest are the studies of skulls of extinct cattle breeds preserved in the museum›s collection. The experimental part of the work is based on the collection of the Liskun Museum of Animal Husbandry. The skulls of cattle breeds from the museumʼs craniological collection are examined: «Algau» breed, «Velikorussky Great Russian» breed, «Krasnaya Tambovskaya Red Tambov», «Revelskaya» breed, local «Saratov» varieties. Checks of measurements of skulls were carried out by using the tools as a caliper, a measuring tape and a ruler.
Results. The studies of historical museum exhibits (skulls) allow us to obtain new data on the evolution of domestic genetic structure («allelo-fund») of cattle breeds, which makes it possible to compare it with modern populations. The obtained data will be used in the development of breed conservation programs, as well as in breeding, as local cattle breeds are the source of genetic variability that has a rapid response to the needs of agricultural production. The obtained data allow more sophisticated studies of evolutionary processes.

Relevance. The gastrointestinal tract in poultry is vulnerable to different irritators from food and water to medicals. That is why the mortality due to diseases of the digestive system may be as much as 30%. It has been established that about 600–900 bacteria species inhabit the poultry gastrointestinal tract. Microflora of healthy organism is a complex and balanced symbiotic microecosystem with normal metabolic characteristics. In addition to normoflora poultry gastroinrestinal tract is populated by opportunistic pathogenic and pathogenic microflora, which may be hazardous to the host.
Methods. The issues regarded to establishing limits of different bacteria had been understudied until 2016. “Biotrof+” Ltd. was first to estimate threshold values for different groups of microorganisms under normal and pathological conditions.
Results. Experiments proved that one of factors that may affect the structure of poultry microbiome are pesticide residues in feed. The trial on broilers fed with glyphosate showed that the microflora structure was altered by the pesticide significantly: the amount of staphylococci increased 5 times, enterobacteria increased 1,5 times, the amount of beneficial bacteria decreased. Supplementing the glyphosate contaminated feed with probiotic “Probiocid-Ultra” promoted to significant decrease in the opportunistic pathogenic and pathogenic microflora. Compared to the negative control the broilers average live weight fed with probiotic “ProbiocidUltra” was 1,0% higher. That may be the demonstration of the fact that negative effect of pesticide residues on poultry health and productivity can be minimized by supplementing feed with probiotics.

Relevance. Prevention and control of ASF is significantly hampered by the lack of available vaccines and effective therapeutic measures. The ASF virus is capable of interfering with various cellular signaling pathways, leading to immunomodulation, which makes the development of an effective vaccine extremely difficult. Given the various limitations of known strategies for the development of ASF vaccines, the search for promising platforms for the development of safe and effective drugs to combat the virus is ongoing. The basis for the design of candidate vaccines is the choice of immunogenic peptides that provide stable humoral and cellular immune responses and the identification of potential targets for immune responses.
Methods. In this study, 31 candidate amino acid sequences of more than 100 strains and epizootic isolates of the African swine fever virus was analyzed using standard bioinformatic methods.
Results. Based on the number of T- and B-cell epitopes identified during the initial analysis, the type and severity of the immune response in target animals, it was found that the proteins p72 (B646L), p30 (CP204L), p54 (E183L), pp62 (CP530R), pp220 (CP2475L) have the greatest immunogenic potential. For the analyzed proteins, the N- and O-glycosylation sites, the localization of signal peptides and transmembrane domains were determined in silico, and their main physicochemical properties were predicted. The application of the proposed approaches made it possible to select potentially immunogenic epitopes of ASFV proteins, which in the future will be used to design new candidate vector vaccines. Given the number of antigenic determinants, the considered proteins, in our opinion, have a significant vaccine potential, however, real data on their immunogenicity will be established during practical testing of the developed vector constructs.

Relevance. Herbal preparations and their biologically active compounds can improve the use of feed and increase the productivity of animals by changing the microbial fermentation of the rumen. In our work, we evaluated the effect of herbal preparations — rhizomes and roots of elecampane and wormwood herb, on metabolic processes in the rumen and methanogenesis.
Methods. For the study: Inulae rhizomata et radices were used in dosages per 1 kg of CB: 3.0 g — 1st sample, 1.0 g — 2nd sample, 6.0 g — 3rd sample; Artemisiae absinthil herba in dosages per 1 kg of CB: 5.0 g — 4th sample, 2.0 g — 5th sample, 10.0 g — 6th sample. The study was carried out in vitro using the ANKOM Daisy II incubator (modifications D200 and D200I) according to a specialized technique. The scar content was obtained from Kazakh white-headed bulls with chronic scar fistula with an average weight of 220–225 kg at the age of 9–10 months. Air sampling to determine the level of methane was carried out on the device «Kristallux-2000M» by gas chromatography. The level of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the contents of the scar was determined by gas chromatography on a gas chromatograph «Crystallux-4000M», determination of nitrogen forms — according to GOST 26180-84.
Results. It was found that different dosages of herbal preparations did not significantly affect the characteristics of fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract. Wormwood grass at a dosage of 10.0 g per 1 kg of SV reduced methane production than its other dosages (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, a dose of 2.0 g showed an increase in the level of methane in rye by 36.5% (p ≤ 0.01), a dose of 5.0 g — by 47.5% (p ≤ 0.01). Rhizomes and roots of elecampane showed a high level of methane production, however, min and max administered doses of this phytobiotic showed a decrease of 38.1–38.6%.

Relevance. Identification and analysis of the reasons for reducing egg productivity is an urgent problem in quail breeding. The aim of this study is to assess the destructive processes in the somatic cells in ovarian follicles (the level of apoptosis and pycnosis) of mature quail layers of different productivity in connection with egg production and quality indicators of eggs.
Methods. In experiments, the level of apoptosis and pyknosis in granulosa cells of ovarian follicles of 3–8 mm females of Estonian, Manchurian, English white, tuxedo, English black and Pharaoh breeds was evaluated. The quails were kept in individual cages in monopreed pairs with a muted 14-hour light day. The age of the females was 160–180 days. The level of pycnotic cells was assessed by the Tarkowski cytological method, apoptotic processes were analyzed by staining with fluorochromes, propidium iodide and acridine orange (10 mcg/mlPI/AO).
Results. chromatin. The results of the study of chromatin destruction using PI/AO showed a high average percentage of apoptotic cells in almost all breeds except thep < 0.05). The maximum proportion of dead granulosa cells was tested in Tuxedo and English Black layers (52% and 43% respectively). At the same time, the English white breed of quails at the age of 183 days has one of the best indicators of egg production and the proportion of yolk in relation to egg weight, which indicates the possibility of prolonging the period of their use as laying hens.

Relevance. In pig husbandry, one of the main issue in selection and breeding work is the efficiency of increasing the yield of quality products. The development of molecular genetic research methods using chips of various densities and subsequent genome-wide association studies made it possible to identify a large number of new genes potentially associated with selectively significant traits. Some of these potential genes are the TNFα-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) and CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1 (CDS1) genes. The results of domestic and foreign studies show that these genes are associated with the regulation of the process of catabolism of cellular proteins and differentiation of fat cells.
Methods. For further investigation, two polymorphisms were selected that showed a reliable association with the signs: the thickness of the fat over the 6–7 thoracic vertebrae and the thickness of the fat over the 10–12 thoracic vertebrae — in the TNFAIP3 genes (SSC1, rs81351586, A/G) and CDS1 (SSC8, rs331818788, C/A). Polymorphism was determined by real-time PCR. The selection of oligonucleotide probes and primers was carried out based on the localization of the mutation using the BLAST online resource. To test the information content of the developed RT-PCR test systems, alternative primer pairs were selected for RFLP analysis. DNA samples from 50 Large White pigs were used as genetic material.
Results. The developed test systems for potential marker genes of productivity TNFAIP3 and CDS1 made it possible to clearly determine the genotypes of animals in the PCR-RT format. Both studied loci were found to be polymorphic. The developed test system can be used for genotyping a large number of animals and selecting animals with certain genotypes.

Relevance. The paper presents data on the relationship between the linear affiliation of black-and-white cows and their milk productivity, chemical composition and technological properties of milk.
Results. According to the results of the conducted studies, it was found that for the first lactation, the descendants of the Montvik Chieftain line (8272.0–95679 kg) were the best in terms of milk productivity, which is 3.3–4.8% more than those of their peers from other lines. The highest fat content in milk was observed in the first heifers of the Annas Adema 30587 line, which differed in lower milk yield, but high fat content in milk. The fat content of milk was 4.99% and was higher than in the milk of cows of other lines by 0.61–0.96%. Among fullaged animals, the greatest milk productivity was observed in the descendants of the Montwick Chieftain 95679 line. In terms of the content of dry matter and fat in milk, cows of the Annas Adema 30587 line outperformed animals of other lines by 0.39–0.51% and 0.42–0.55% respectively. Milk of cows of the Pabst Governor 882933 line contained 0.05–0.08% more protein than milk of other groups.

Relevance. The most important condition for increasing the competitiveness and profitability of dairy cattle breeding is to increase the duration of productive use of the breeding stock and, especially, highly productive cows. It is known that the more intensively animals are used, the less costs per unit of production, the more profitable and profitable milk production becomes.
Methods. The research was carried out based on the materials of the primary zootechnical accounting of the SELEX program of retired Holstein cows from 2017 to 2019 in the herd of LLC «A7 Agro-RB» of the Zianchurinsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. To study the effect of the level of productivity of mothers on the duration of use and lifetime productivity of cows-daughters, the animals were divided into groups depending on the level of milk yield of mothers for the first lactation with a class interval of 1000 kg: group I — up to 5000 kg, II — 5001–6000 kg, III — 6001–7000 kg, IV — 7001–8000 kg, V — 8001 and more.
Results. The longest period of economic use was distinguished by daughters with mothers' milk yield for the first lactation up to 5000 kg — 3,30 lactations, which significantly exceeds the average values for the herd (2,58 lactations). The greatest lifetime milk yield (21 003 kg) was characterized by daughters from group IV. Their superiority over the animals of group I was 154 kg, group II — 391 kg, group III — 1639 kg and group V — 4303 kg. The highest average milk yield on the 1st day of the daughterʼs life was in animals of group IV — 12,01 kg, surpassing peers from group I by 2,46 kg, group II — by 1,84 kg, group III — by 1,54 kg and group V — by 0,93 kg.

Relevance. The development of dairy farming is one of the priorities of the agricultural complex of the Russian Federation.
Methods. The article presents the results of research on indicators of milk productivity and functional properties of the udder of cows-mothers and their daughters in the context of their linear affiliation. It has been established that mother cows have a sufficiently high genetic potential of milk productivity.
Results. Daughter cows have milk productivity exceeding the standard, and sufficiently high indicators of the functional properties of the udder. Linear affiliation does not reveal significant differences between groups in two generations. Slightly superior in yield the daughters of the line Reflection Sovering 198998. By Live Weight — animals of the Vis Back Idial 1013415 line.

Relevance. One of the main factors in obtaining high yields of high-quality wheat is its protection from pests. Their taxonomic composition and abundance vary depending on the area of research, the phase of vegetation and agricultural technology — variety, predecessor, level of mineral nutrition, use of insecticides, etc. In connection with the above, the purpose of the research was to analyze the response of pests in intensification in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Methods. The experimental part of the work was carried out in 2017–2022 on the basis of the GSU of the Krasnoturansky district. 13 varieties of soft spring wheat were considered as objects of research. GSU Krasnoturansky district is located in the steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The experiment was laid according to the method of state variety testing. As a fertilizer, based on the results of agrochemical analysis, ammonium nitrate (34.4%) 70 kg a. i. was used. per ha. According to the results of soil analysis, the introduction of phosphorus and potassium was not required. Predecessors of steam and grain. During the growing season, the crops were treated with modern means of protection.
Results. It was found that the number of pests on the fallow predecessor was 1.42 times higher than on the grain one. When ammonium nitrate is introduced, the number of insects increases by 1.33 times compared with the unfertilized predecessor. In the steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the most common pests of soft spring wheat are wheat thrips, swedish fly and bread flea.

Relevance. Breeding work is aimed at creating varieties with high yields of green and dry mass, with improved feed qualities. The paper presents data on the influence of the multi-axis use of the Pstаhyrostachys juncea on the formation of the feed mass in the nursery of the source material.
Methods. The work was carried out in the nursery of the source material of the 2015 sowing year in accordance with the methodological guidelines for the selection of fodder crops and the methodology of the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops on 26 cultivars (K1–K26) of the Pstаhyrostachys juncea for 2019–2021. Statistical data processing — using the Snedecor (2004) and B.A. Dospekhov (2013) application software package in Excel (2010, USA).
Results. The influence of the hydrothermal regime on the forage productivity of samples by month was noted at the beginning of the growing season (in April) with a correlation coefficient of 0.74–0.85, in May — from 0.79–0.83. A significant increase in the yield of green mass in comparison with the Manchaara standard was obtained in K1–K3, K5–K7, K9, K11–K14, K18, dry matter — K2. According to the complex of indicators of feed productivity, a reliable increase was obtained in the K2 sample. It was found that when taking into account feed productivity from the first mowing period to the fourth, a decrease in green mass occurs in all samples. Since 2019, with the annual threefold mowing of samples, there has been a decrease in the productivity of the green mass.

Relevance. Over the past 15 years, a large variety of crops, including barley, has been observed in the fields of the region, which, unfortunately, is not in favor of domestic varieties. The most important task for the next decade is not only import substitution with competitive varieties of domestic breeding, namely, providing the agro-industrial complex with seeds of varieties of domestic breeding.
Methods. The object of research was commercial varieties of spring barley Vladimir, Yaromir, Reliable, Noble and Raphael, of various uses.
Results. Quantitative characteristics of the selected elite ears revealed that the largest ear length (8.2–8.4 cm), the number of grains in the ear (24.4–25.2 pcs.) and the weight of grain from the ear (1.26–1.28 g) were characterized by Yaromir and Noble varieties. Rigid rejection of elite plants and rejection of families in PIP-1 (up to 72.1 % on average) make it possible to obtain high-quality conditioned barley seeds for laying PIP-2. The grain obtained from the nurseries of primary seed production differed in size. The weight of 1000 grains varied by year in PIP-1 from 50.4 g (Yaromir variety, 2021) to 58.9 g (Noble variety, 2020), in PIP-2 from 47.2 g (Raphael variety, 2021) to 53.3 g (Noble variety, 2022). The highest yields were characterized by varieties of modern breeding — Noble (from 4.04 to 5.50 t/ha) and Raphael (from 4.29 to 7.65 t/ha). Over the years of research, all varieties had a high yield of conditioned seeds (VKS, %) — more than 75.0%. The maximum indicators were Yaromir and Noble varieties, having VKS of 77.9 and 78.6%, respectively. The original seeds obtained had high purity (99.76–99.96%) and germination (98.0%).

Relevance. The study of the effectiveness of protection methods, herbicides with different content and composition of active substances, their influence on the crop, weed component, yield and related factors is important for clarifying the regulations for use, production decisions in the manufacture of preparations and their use.
Methods. The study of the effect of various analogues of herbicides with the active ingredient rimsulfuron on weed suppression and crop development was carried out on the experimental field of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Northern Trans-Urals, the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region under the conditions of 2021. The object of research was 4 preparations of herbicidal action from different manufacturers with the main active ingredient rimsulfuron 250 g/kg for use on potato crops to suppress weeds of perennial and annual cereal type and annual dicotyledonous type.
Results. The initial study of the clogging of experimental plots before treatment with the studied herbicides showed the presence of an average number of processing showed the presence of a total number of weeds according to the variants of the experiment 60–70 pcs/m2 with a quantitative advantage of 4 types of weeds еchinochloa crus-galli, Elymus repens, Thlaspi arvense, Chenopódium álbum. On the variants of herbicide application, the mass of weeds was 8–20 times less and amounted to 20–55 g/m2. As a result of the use of the studied herbicides against weeds, a stable and high efficiency of 86–97% during the entire growing season on options Herbicide 3, 4.

Relevance. The features of the passage of the phenological phases of vegetation and flowering of 20 varieties of the genus Clematis L. in the agro-climatic conditions of Stavropol were studied. The dates of the onset of phenophases in different years have been established. A shift in these terms was revealed, associated with the amount of heat received by the plant during the period preceding the phase.
Methods. The object of study was 20 varieties of clematis from the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden belonging to two garden groups — Integrifolia and Jackmanii. The study of phenorhythm features was carried out in 2018–2022, using the generally accepted methodology of phenological observations in botanical gardens.
Results. It has been established that the onset of the phenological phases of the beginning of vegetation and flowering depends on the temperature factor of a particular year, but the sequence of flowering of varieties of different groups is preserved. The beginning of the growing season, in the studied varieties of the two groups, occurs simultaneously, but differs over the years. Phenological observations show a shift of these dates, in some years, up to 26 days. For the onset of the «beginning of flowering» phase, the sum of accumulated positive temperatures above +5 °C for the interphase period from the beginning of vegetation to the beginning of flowering is determined. For clematis varieties of the Integrifolia group, the sum of temperatures at the beginning of flowering was 943–989 °C (average — 962 °C), and the Jackmanii group was 1406–1432 °C (average — 1418 °C).

Relevance. Proactive management of the processes of effective realization of the varietal potential of grapes is associated with the need to introduce innovative digital technologies for automated monitoring of heterogeneous data sources characterizing agro-climatic conditions and degradation processes of the biological state of plants. Currently, there is a steady trend aimed at digitalization of the viticulture and winemaking industry. There is a whole complex of scientific, practical, technical, technological tasks associated with the introduction of digital technologies for collecting the necessary information, aggregating it and creating a pre-processing technique for implementing procedures for multifactorial data analysis with their further use in decision support systems. The solution of the above-described tasks of a systemic nature requires the creation of scientific and methodological foundations for the implementation of intelligent adaptive automated monitoring of various objects and processes of agricultural enterprises.
Methods. The above technology is based on the complex use of methods of technical vision, neural network classification and detection of grape leaves, evaluation of the quality of training neural network algorithms, video recording methods when using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Results. The results of the development of information technology for automated neural network detection of signs of deterioration of grape plantations for proactive management of the processes of effective realization of the varietal potential of grapes are presented. The technology allows the vineyard service personnel to promptly receive information about signs of deterioration of the condition of grape plantations based on video recording data of grape plants obtained using UAVs in static and dynamic mode. The results of testing the accuracy of detecting affected leaves showed that the mAP value of the trained neural network is at least 91%, which is sufficient to identify problem areas.

Relevance. The development of new composite materials as the basis for food biodegradable films has become relevant in recent years due to the need to abandon synthetic polymeric materials. The structure and properties of food films depend on the specific features of the biopolymers chosen as the basis, and therefore it becomes necessary to study the characteristics of food films made on different structureforming agents. In addition, the individual characteristics of structurers affect the technological parameters of the production of food films.
Methods. The objects of research are food films obtained on the basis of pectin, agar and alginate with the addition of protein hydrolyzate. Food films were obtained using the technologies presented in the work. Their organoleptic characteristics and microstructure were studied; the thickness was measured using a caliper.
Results. A review of the main types of structure-forming agents used in the manufacture of food films is presented. The technologies and compositions of the films produced under laboratory conditions are described. The visual assessment of the films showed that the pectin-based film is transparent, in the films on alginate, insoluble inclusions of components are visible, which is also confirmed by the results of microscopy, the film on agar is the dense and practically not transparent. The thickness of the films varies from 0.11 mm for alginate films to 0.19 mm for agar films. Thus, when producing films, it is necessary to take into account the technological properties of the matrix components, which will eventually affect the materials and its mechanical characteristics.

Relevance. In this paper, a set of measures aimed at finding ways to effectively introduce digital technologies of domestic production (the first phase of industrialization) is considered. The ability to digitize workplaces and produce intelligent equipment without imported equipment (the second phase of industrialization). The relevance of the article lies in the need to identify effective measures and ways of neoindustrialization of the economy through the improvement of technologies and combining efforts in the form of knowledge, human resources and networks into a digital platform in order to reduce barriers to trade.
Methods. Normative and descriptive methods (methods of observation, interpretation, comparison and generalization) were used in the work. In order to identify the main directions of neoindustrialization of agriculture in the conditions of digitalization, an analysis of literature sources was carried out, directions affecting the acceleration of this process were identified and the results of impl
Results. The authors have developed a model providing for cooperation between public authorities, science, financial institutions and enterprises producing agricultural and digital machinery and equipment. Agricultural organizations, as key links of the network cluster, contribute to the formation of partnerships between network elements and receive preferences from combining with large businesses in the form of economic sustainability and increasing the competitiveness of production.

Relevance. The agro-industrial complex is a key one in the system of economic development of the Russian Federation. However, the level of development of rural areas leads to an outflow of specialists from this sector of the economy. This is a significant problem at the current stage of development of the domestic economy.
Methods. Materials: monographic studies, scientific publications of domestic and foreign authors, statistical data, materials of the legislative framework. The research process used methods of theoretical generalization, synthesis, induction, deduction, complexity, concretization and extrapolation of scientific knowledge.
Results. For 2010–2020 there was no significant improvement in the quality of the social infrastructure of rural areas, so this measure by the government is logical, given the importance of the agro-industrial complex for the domestic economy. In addition to the fact that a significant number of citizens of our country work in this sector of the economy, agricultural products are the key to ensuring the country's food security, in a tense situation in the external environment. It should be noted that the economy of the Russian Federation is under pressure from the sanctions of foreign countries, and armed conflicts are taking place in the border states. Accordingly, investing in the development of infrastructure in rural areas is a necessary measure to preserve the independence of the country.

Relevance. The article is devoted to the study of the beekeeping industry of the Votsk Autonomous Region from 1921 to 1926. The subject of research is beekeeping in the Votsk Autonomous Region. The purpose is to consider the features of the development of the beekeeping industry during the formation of the NEP (1921–1926) on the territory of the Votsk Autonomous Region.
Methods. The research is based on a retrospective analysis and modernization approach, a retrospective analysis using archival materials stored in the archives of the Udmurt Republic and the Kirov Region, as well as general scientific and historical research methods. The methodological basis of the research was the principles of general historical methods of scientific cognition. The principle of historical connection made it possible to determine the place of the studied phenomena in the historical process.
Results. According to the results of the analysis of archival documents, it was revealed that the development of beekeeping during the NEP period went with great difficulties. Among the reasons are the tax on bee products and unfavorable weather conditions. Thus, summarizing the analyzed archival and statistical material, it turned out that during the NEP beekeeping in the Votskaya OA was restored after the Civil War, revolution and famine of 1921–1922. By the beginning of mass collectivization, most peasant farms were small individual-family associations of producers of bee products.