To analyze the current state of the journal “Agrarian Science”, the prospects for its development and correction of editorial policy, some indicators of the journal›s publication activity for 2023 are presented. In 2023, 248 scientific articles were published in 12 issues of the journal “Agrarian Science”in four sections presented in the journal — Agronomy; Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine; Agroengineering and food technologies; Economics, which is an average of 20.7 articles per issue. The editorial board provides open and free access to all materials published in the issues of the magazine. The average number of authors in a scientific article of the journal “Agrarian Science” is 3.2 people. In 2023, the number of publications with the participation of foreign authors amounted to 15 articles (6% of the total number), and Kazakhstan is the most active foreign country among those published in the journal in 2023 — 73% of the total number of publications among foreign authors. The average number of sources in the bibliographic lists of scientific articles of the journal for 2023 is 17.2 references. The main authors of the articles are candidates of sciences (or PhD) — 47.1% of the total number of authors. The number of publications funded from various scientific foundations or grants is 119, or 49% of the total number.

Relevance. The genotype of the animal plays a significant role in realizing its productive potential, along with other factors affecting dairy productivity. Marker-oriented breeding (MAS) of cattle, which utilizes genetic markers associated with economically valuable traits, has gained popularity in the last two decades. One such marker is the thyroglobulin (TG) gene, which is involved in the production of a thyroid prohormone.

Methods.The research was conducted on cows of Kostroma and black-and-white breeds at breeding farms in the Kostroma region. Genetic material was obtained from the tail vein of the cows using individual vacuum systems with an anticoagulant. The polymorphism of the TG gene (rs135751032) was determined using RT-PCR and detection by hybridization-fluorescence method. The results were processed using biometric analysis and calculation of population-genetic indicators.

Results. In the populations of cows of the Kostroma and black-and-white breeds of the Kostroma region, the predominance of carriers of the CC genotype and the C allele of the thyroglobulin gene was established. At the same time, among cows of these breeds, there is a tendency to higher milk productivity in heterozygous animals. The nature of the associative relationship between TG genotypes and milk productivity indicators differed significantly for each individual herd. This indicates the need to study TG in combination with other DNA markers of milk productivity and metabolism. Statistically significant differences between cows of different TG genotypes were found only in full-aged animals, which perhaps indicates the prospects of using TG to determine the genetic potential of productive longevity of cows.

The article presents the results of studies of the vaccine against infectious mastitis and acute postpartum endometritis of cows inactivated. The specific efficacy of the vaccine was determined by the number of cases of cows with endometritis. The disease was recorded in 14.2% of the experimental and 52.5% of the animals in the control group within a month after calving.

An experiment was conducted comparing the effectiveness of two immunization regimens, the first of which provides for primary vaccination of pregnant animals, the second — the beginning of immunization of heifers from 6–8 months of age, followed by a single injection every 6 months at a dose of 3 ml. During the experiment, endometritis was detected in 10% of cows in the 1st and 2nd experimental groups, which is 3.7 times lower than in animals in the control group (36.6%). Thus, it was established that both animal immunization schemes are effective in combating the incidence of calving cows with endometritis.

When studying the intrauterine secretions of cows with endometritis, a significant effect of immunization on the species composition of pathogens was established. Thus, in cows of the control group, E.coli with endometritis was isolated 3.4 times more often than in animals of the experimental group. A similar pattern was observed for other microorganisms: the number of S. aureus isolates detected was 2.2 times less in the experimental group, S. agalactiae — 15.0 times, S. dysgalactiae — 2.0 times, S. uberis — 6.0 times, S. pyogenes — 3.0 times, K. pneumoniae — 3.4 times less in comparison with the control group.

Relevance. An overview is presented of the patterns of appearance, physiological and clinical significance of shadows of cells, a comparative experimental cytomorphological analysis using the example of polychromatophilic erythroblasts (PolyErythro), shadows of erythroblast (ShadErythro) and undifferentiated shadows cells of in peripheral blood smears of chickens Gallus gallus L.

Methods. The studied individuals were divided into four groups (n = 40) depending on the age of the chickens (Postembryonalis — P1, P7, P23, and P42): 1, 7, 23, and 42 days of postembryonic ontogenesis) of a factory herd. ShadErythro apoptotic changes, undifferentiated cell shadows were characterized. Were calculated and characterized the morphophysiological parameters of PolyErythro, ShadErythro and unidentified shadows of cells by high-resolution color microphotographs in blood smears of birds (Pappenheim stained); a total of 158 (n = 158) microphotographs were analyzed.

Results. The structured ShadErythro were able in chromatinolized. Unidentified shadows of cells were in a state of cytolysis, fragmentation of the cytoplasm, karyopycnosis and karyorrhexis, chromatin fragmentation, and karyolysis were noted. Structured of ShadErythro and undifferentiated shadows of cells were light purple with a reddish tint. Significant difference in the area of ShadErythro (S_shadow, μm2) was recorded in the ascending area of PolyErythro (S_cell, μm2), within 25% (p ≤ 0.001), an increase in the percentage of difference between the minimum and maximum values of the ShadErythro area (P_{shad.-cell-differ.-min-max},%) of P_{cell-differ.-min-max},% PolyErythro was 36% (p ≤ 0.001). The difference in the percentage difference between the minimum and maximum values of the area of the nucleus of erythroblasts (Pnucleus-differ.-min-max) and the shadows of the nucleus of erythroblasts (P_{shad.-nucle.-differ.-min-max}) is significantly less than the analogous values (noted above) for cells and shadows erythroblasts, for example, P_{nucleus-differ.-min-max} exceeded P_{shad.-nucle.-differ.-min-max} by only 21% (p ≤ 0.001). The percentage of difference between the minimum and maximum values of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio ShadErythro (P_{N/C Ratio-shad.-cell}) significantly exceeded the analogous value of PolyErythro (P_{N/C Ratio}) within 64% (p ≤ 0.001). At the same time, the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of PolyErythro (N/C Ratio) and ShadErythro (N/C Ratio_-shad.-cell) had a relatively minimal difference. The ShadErythro nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C Ratio_-shad.-cell) exceeded the PolyErythro nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C Ratio) by only 12% (p ≤ 0.001). ShadErythro is maximally represented in chickens aged P1 — 40% and up to 30% (p ≤ 0.05) in P23. In P7, the amount of ShadErythro decreased by 30% (p ≤ 0.05), in P42, a decrease in ShadErythro to 20% (p ≤ 0.05) was recorded. The described dynamics of ShadErythro is due to physiological adaptive processes in the body of broiler chickens in the early period of postembryonic ontogenesis. The data obtained by us from a comprehensive comparative morphophysiological analysis of forms of degeneration of blood cells will be useful in the clinical diagnosis of animal pathologies, experimental and theoretical studies of cellular adaptations of the functional blood system and the whole organism.

Relevance. When studying behavioral data, researchers face the problem of differentiating behavioral actions. In this study, the task was set to develop a methodology capable of performing uncontrolled behavioral classification of electronic data collected with high frequency from collar-mounted motion sensors and GPS sensors on pasture cattle.

Methods. To achieve this task, a data set was collected, which was processed by detecting key signs of animal behavior and classifying them according to behavioral parameters.

Results. The processed data set was subsequently applied to an independent data set in order to verify the effectiveness of the methodology. The developed methodology has proven to be an effective tool for analyzing electronic data obtained from animals and can be used to classify data according to behavioral parameters such as foraging, resting, thinking, locomotion, and other actions. This allows you to gain new knowledge about the behavior of animals and is an important step in the study of animals in their natural habitat.

Relevance. Goat’s milk has great potential for creating functional food products, including those with high antioxidant activity, which increases their therapeutic and preventive significance. A mathematical model has been proposed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of goat’s milk.

Methods. The biochemical parameters of goat’s milk were analyzed using the MilkoScan 7 / Fossomatic 7 DC system (Denmark). The analysis of the total amount of water-soluble antioxidants was performed on the device “Tsvetyauza 01-AA”. Statistical processing of the results was carried out in the Microsoft Excel program using the Data Analysis package, in the R program (“Psych” package). The reliability of the differences was assessed using the Mann — Whitney U-test. Milk samples were obtained from Alpine goats in the summer of 2022 and 2023.

Results. The antioxidant activity of goat›s milk was established at the level of 21.99 ± 1.48 mg/g (2022) and 22.30 ± 1.91 mg/g (2023). The best obtained regression equation model is characterized by a high multiple correlation coefficient (0.947) and is significant by the F-criterion (0.01). In the proposed model, for a preliminary assessment of the antioxidant activity of goat›s milk, it is necessary to use only one parameter of biochemical analysis — caseins. This model allows for a preliminary assessment of the antioxidant activity of goat milk. There are no significant differences between the data obtained in the experiment and the data obtained using the regression equation according to the t-criterion.

Relevance. Reproductive biotechnologies are widely used in various branches of animal husbandry. Their scientifically based application shows high results in obtaining offspring. In fur-bearing cellular animal husbandry, reproductive biotechnology methods also give certain results. At the same time, in order to increase and predict the success in reproduction of fur-bearing animals, it is necessary to control the selection and selection of parental individuals, in particular male sperm donors during artificial insemination.

Methods. The studies were performed in February — May 2023. The object of the study were ejaculate samples, peripheral blood smears of 16 silver-black fox males, as well as the corresponding results of artificial insemination (AI). To evaluate ejaculates, the following were studied: sperm concentration — by photometry, their percentage distribution by type of movement — on the ISAS system, sperm morphology — by microscopy. In peripheral blood smears, the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei was determined using a micronucleus test (MTA). The results of the IO were evaluated by the number and percentage of pregnant and missing females, the number of live and dead puppies born.

Results. The results showed that with the frequency of occurrence of erythrocytes with micronuclei above 2%, the sperm content in ejaculates was from 45 to 54.5% with non-accessible movement (type c), and from 22.7 to 44.2% stationary (type d). Also, abnormal sperm forms prevailed in the ejaculates of these males (63–83%), while 66–100% of missing females were noted. At the same time, males with MINTS of less than 1.5% demonstrated good ejaculate quality and high efficiency of artificial insemination.

Relevance. The article is devoted to the influence of various methods of tillage on the humus state of typical chernozem (Haplic Chernozems).

Methods. Tillage options: plowing with a formation turnover (20–22 cm); combined processing (disking 8–10 cm + chisel 20–22 cm); surface treatment (disking) up to 8 cm; direct sowing. The object of the study was a typical powerful heavy loamy chernozem.

Results. According to the results of the group and fractional composition of typical chernozem humus (regardless of the method of processing and the studied soil layer), the following patterns were established: the predominance of a group of humic acids (HA — 45–55% of organic carbon (S_org.), a high proportion of humic acids associated with calcium (HA-2 — 29–41% of S_org.), low content of non-hydrolyzable residue (NO — 29–36% of S_org.), humate type of humus (S_gc:S_fk > 2), a very high degree of humification of organic matter (>4.5). With an increase in the depth of the arable layer (regardless of the method of tillage), there is an increase in S_gc, S_gc-2 and a decrease in carbon of humic acids free and associated with mobile oneand-a-half R₂O₃ (S_gc-1), carbon of humic acids associated with stable R₂O₃ (S_gc-3), and carbon of fulvic acids (S_fk). In the 0-20 cm layer, the predominance of S_gc-1 (5.5%) is noted, and their content decreases depending on the method of tillage in the series “combined (5.08%) → surface treatment → direct sowing (4.91)”. When applying an extreme degree of minimization (direct sowing) in a layer of 0–20 cm in relation to other methods of tillage, the largest amount of S_gk-2 is noted. The content of S_gk-3 and S_fk was highest with surface and combined treatment.

Relevance. Since 2021, work has begun in Russia to assess the fertility of unused arable land and its involvement in agricultural circulation. Changes in the farming system of post-agrogenic soils can lead to uncontrolled mineralization of newly formed soil organic matter (SOM) under fallow vegetation and significant CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. Studies of the nature of SOM accumulation under fallow vegetation and assessment of its potential susceptibility to mineralization are relevant, since they can become the basis for the development of agrotechnical methods for returning unused lands to arable circulation with the maximum preservation of their fertility.

Methods. In a long-term laboratory incubation experiment, we studied the dynamics of changes in the intensity of basal (BR) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) in postagrogenic soils to assess the potential susceptibility to SOM mineralization with a change in land use. Layered samples (0–10 and 10–20 cm) were used from the old arable horizons of two fallow plots with different humus conditions. The results of the incubation experiment were compared with the results of assessing the quantitative content and qualitative composition of SOM.

Results. In the 0–10 cm layer, the respiration rates are higher than in the 10–20 cm layer. The results of the assessment of the respiration intensity are consistent with the assessment of the qualitative composition of SOM. The accumulation of SOM occurs mainly in the upper part of postagrogenic soils due to mobile easily oxidized organic compounds of a fulvic nature. When developing agrotechnical methods for returning fallow lands to arable circulation, it is necessary to focus primarily on basic processing technologies that ensure maximum preservation of potentially easily mineralized material accumulated in the upper layer.

Relevance. In modern conditions, the issues of soil protection from heavy metal pollution attract the increased attention of researchers from different countries. This problem is especially acute for agricultural landscapes located near cities, industrial facilities and highways.

Methods. The objects of research were the soils of agricultural landscapes of the Ufa district of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The studies were carried out on leached chernozem.

Results. According to the data obtained, the content of heavy metals in soils and in spring wheat grain varies within the limits not exceeding the MPC level. When using mineral fertilizers in agrochernozem, there is a tendency to increase the content of mobile forms of heavy metals and their accumulation in spring wheat grain. Liming, application of manure and siderate contributed to a decrease in the content of heavy metals in the soil and a decrease in their intake into the grain of spring wheat. This indicates the possibility of directed regulation of grain quality by the use of agro-reclamation and agrotechnical techniques.

The bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai) are entomopathogenic microorganisms that are used to control the abundance of insect pests, in particular members of the Lepidoptera and Diptera orders. The growth-stimulating effect of the bacterium B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai on potatoes. In particular, an increase in plant biomass by 1.4 times was noted already on the 4th week of accounting compared with the control. The length of the roots and the number of stolons were statistically higher by 1.2 times and 2.3 times on the 10th week of counting when processing a suspension of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai compared to controls, respectively. Preplant treatment of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai had a positive effect on the rhizosphere microflora. It has been established that B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai leads to an increase in the number of ammonifying bacteria by 8 times, nitrogen-fixing bacteria by almost 30 times, cellulolytic bacteria by 1.3 times relative to the control and suppresses the number of micromycetes by 21% and 27% compared to the control and standard, respectively. Increasing groups of nitrogen-fixing bacteria using B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai contributed to an increase in potato yield by 13% and 24% compared to the control and standard. Influence on the ratio of the potato fraction under the influence of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai has not been rendered.

Relevance. Optical photoluminescent properties of poultry eggs can serve as indicators of their quality both for incubation processes and for food technology processes. At the initial stage, it is important to evaluate the spectral characteristics of excitation and luminescence, as well as the parameters of table and incubation eggs of different quality and with different shell color.

Methods. Chicken eggs of Chinese silk and Hysex brown crosses, as well as samples of duck, goose and quail eggs were used for research. The measurements were carried out on a diffraction spectrofluorimeter “Fluorat02-Panorama” with built-in software “Panorama Pro”. The obtained spectral characteristics were used to calculate the energy (integral absorption capacity and luminescence flux, spectrum energy) and statistical parameters (expectation, variance, asymmetry, kurtosis), as well as the Stokes shift.

Results. Photoluminescent properties of poultry eggs are manifested in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. Qualitatively, the spectra of different species of domestic birds are similar with a slight difference in the Stokes shift. For fertilized chicken eggs, the photoluminescence flux is 2.7 times greater than that of unfertilized eggs, while the spread of values for unfertilized eggs is 5.6 times less. Spectrum parameters such as asymmetry and kurtosis differ significantly for the luminescence of dark and light-shell chicken eggs. For table eggs, the integral energy parameters are 2.8–3.1 times greater than those of incubation eggs.

Relevance. Reduced calorie confectionery products, such as marmalade containing fruit raw materials, cocoa products, are included in the diet of consumers, are in high demand and are associated with healthy food products.

Methods. The aim of the work is to identify patterns of changes in the quality of jelly-fruit marmalade containing sweeteners erythritol and xylitol during storage. Apple puree was used as a fruit raw material. The sweeteners erythritol and xylitol are justified for partial replacement of white sugar. Samples of jelly-fruit marmalade with 50% replacement of white sugar with polyols were made in the laboratory. The production of marmalade included the preparation of agar-sugar syrup, the preparation of a semi-finished fruit product, the addition of sweeteners, modified starch, molasses, boiling the formulation mixture to a mass fraction of moisture of 18– 23%, the introduction of a 50% solution of citric acid, cooling to a temperature of 82–83 °C and molding by casting a mold. The samples were packed in a polypropylene film with a thickness of 35 microns and stored in a climatic chamber at a temperature of 18 °C and a relative humidity of 40% of the ambient air.

Results. The mass fraction of moisture, water activity, strength, taste, color, and smell of marmalade samples during storage were studied. It was determined that after 14 weeks of storage, the strength of the control sample increased by 2%, sample No. 1 — by 20.4%, samples No. 2, 3 — by 11.1% and 16.4%, respectively. The shape of the manufactured samples is correct, without the presence of body defects. It was found that the samples had high organoleptic properties, while the least moisture loss during the entire studied storage period was detected in sample No. 2 containing erythritol.

The article examines the dynamics of export and import indicators of horse breeding products (in the category of goods “Live horses”) from 2015 to 2022, both in absolute and monetary terms, including taking into account the categories of breeding and use animals. For the first time, the foreign trade balance of the horse breeding industry in 2019–2022 has been analyzed, and the prospects for domestic and foreign markets for the products of Russian horse breeding farms have been assessed. It has been established that the export flows of the eastern regions of the country, and primarily the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Republic of Tyva, the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic, are focused primarily on the Republic of Kazakhstan, which makes commercial farms for the production of horses for meat production in the Siberian Federal District dependent on the political situation in Central Asia and the general state of veterinary well-being of the region. The ban on the export of horses classified as luxury goods from the European Union, introduced as part of a package of anti-Russian sanctions, affected the import of breeding and use animals, significantly limiting the opportunities for domestic consumers focused on trained horses. The state program for the development of horse breeding in the Republic of Uzbekistan may influence the increase in demand for products from enterprises involved in breeding riding horses.