At present, there is not enough information in the available literature about the anatomical features of the skull bones of various animal species, which is relevant when conducting forensic veterinary and medical examinations. Understanding of the structure of living organisms is impossible without anatomical preparations; it is necessary to clearly understand the place and position of each organ, to know all the options for anatomical relationships with neighboring organs. Knowledge of topographic anatomy is extremely important for the practitioner, it is necessary for successful diagnosis and subsequent treatment. The purpose of this work is to compare the bones of the skull of a cat, rabbit and hare, as well as to study their structure and morphometric parameters.

Objects and methods. The objects of the study were the skulls of domestic and wild animals: a domestic outbred cat, a rabbit of the Gray giant breed, a brown hare. The work was carried out in several stages: digestion with the addition of sodium bicarbonate, cleaning, bleaching with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, drying, followed by morphometric measurement and visual comparison.

Results. In a cat, the premaxillary bone and supraorbital process are absent, the hook of the pterygoid bone is long and rounded inwards. In rabbit and hare skulls, the anterior and posterior supraorbital processes are present on the frontal bone, and the hook of the pterygoid bone is short, sharp, and straight. The interparietal bone of the hare merged with the occipital, while in the rabbit and cat it exists as an independent bone. The information provided will greatly facilitate the conduct of a veterinary forensic examination in the investigation of crimes related to poaching.

Relevance. Ketosis is a frequently observed disease in cattle, which is especially susceptible to highly productive cows after calving, and therefore the search for affordable and effective methods for the prevention and correction of this condition is actively pursued.

Materials and methods. The biochemical parameters of the blood serum of Blackand-White cows with subclinical ketosis treated according to schemes that included propylene glycol, natural zeolites of the Khotynets deposit, and lecithin were studied. The biochemical composition of blood serum and the activity of enzymes in it were investigated in 4 groups of newly calved cows: 1 — clinically healthy (control); 2 — animals with subclinical ketosis which received 250 ml of propylene glycol 2 times a day for 7 days; 3 — animals with subclinical ketosis which received 250 ml of propylene glycol 2 times a day for 7 days and zeolites in the amount of 3% of the dry weight of the feed for 21 days; 4 — animals with subclinical ketosis which received 250 ml of propylene glycol 2 times a day for 7 days, zeolites in the amount of 3% of the dry weight of the feed and 15 g of lecithin per 100 kg of live weight for 21 days.

Research results. It was found that the restoration of the parameters of the biochemical composition of the blood serum of diseased cows to the levels of clinically healthy animals had been achieved on the 22nd day of therapy with the combined use of propylene glycol, natural zeolites and lecithin. The exception was the glucose content, which remained significantly increased by 14.0% compared to the control. The advantage of a complex treatment scheme over the main therapy used on the farm with the use of only propylene glycol is expressed in a significant increase on the 22nd day of the experiment in the blood serum of total protein by 7.0%, urea — by 17.5%, a decrease in cholesterol concentration by 29.0%, total bilirubin — by 27.5%, AST enzyme activities — by 31.9% and LDH — by 28.5%.

Relevance. Studies on the assessment of the pro- and antioxidant status of the body of productive animalsare relevant, since they are interconnected with health, the state of the immune and reproductive systems. There is a steadily growing body of information in the field of oxidative stress in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, which indicates the general importance of antioxidant defense of the body with impaired health and productivity of ruminants. There is a growing need to translate this knowledge into practical proposals for livestock specialists and veterinarians.

Methods. In order to study the indicators of antioxidant protection in the body of dairy cows depending on the month of lactation and the physiological state, the following groups of cows were formed in the conditions of the PZ Ladozhsky (Krasnodar district) in the winter period of 2021: dry; lactating: 1 month; 2 months; 3 months; 4 months; 5 months; 6–7 months. The following indicators were determined in the blood of the studied animals: the concentration of ceruloplasmin, products reacting with thiobarbituric acid, the total content of water-soluble antioxidants, the general antioxidant status, and the antioxidant activity of blood serum.

Results. The results obtained indicate changes in the antioxidant status in the body of cows, depending on the physiological state and month of lactation. By 5–6 months of lactation in the blood of cows the maximum levels of accumulation of LPO products are observed and the level of ceruloplasmin decreases, and the maintenance of the overall antioxidant status is carried out at the expense of other water-soluble antioxidants. The most significant changes in the studied parameters are observed between dry and lactating cows. The results obtained will allow monitoring the health status of animals and will serve as the accumulation of a database for the development of reference values for indicators of the antioxidant status in the body of dairy cows, depending on the physiological state and phase of lactation.

Relevance. Lactating cows, especially at the beginning of lactation, consume a higher proportion of minerals received from the diet, and as a rule there is a lack of them. Therefore, the composition of feed mixtures for lactating cows includes premixes, natural mineral additives with a known chemical composition, sapropel, marl, and others that contribute to replenishing the mineral part of the rations.

Materials and methods. The objects of research were lactating cows at the third lactation and a recipe for a feed mixture with marl; clay-carbonate rock contains from 50 to 70% CaCO3. Accounting of milk productivity was carried out according to the results of control milkings. The mass fraction of fat and protein in milk was determined on the Clover-1M milk quality analyzer, the calculation of economic efficiency was carried out taking into account the cost of feed and the cost of production and its value.

Results. Feeding dairy cows a feed mixture with the addition of marl in the amount of 40 g per day per head contributed to an increase in productivity by 8.2% and a reduction in the cost of energy feed units by 1 kg of milk by 7.7% compared to the control group. The amount of milk fat and protein in milk in the experimental group was increased by 14.5 and 11.7%, respectively. When evaluating the effectiveness of feeding lactating cows feed mixtures with mineral additive in the summer, it turned out that the level of profitability of milk production in the experimental group was greater by 2.77% compared with the control group, which was fed feed mixture without a mineral additive.

Relevance. With the organization of optimal conditions for keeping and full-fledged, balanced feeding, a more complete realization of the bioresource potential of meat productivity is possible. Interbreeding contributes to the production of crossbred young animals, which, due to enriched heredity, have the potential for intensive growth and achieving a high level of meat productivity.

Methods. For the study, 3 groups of bulls of the following genotype were formed from newborn young animals: I — Kazakh white-headed, II — 1/2 Hereford x 1/2 Kazakh white-headed, III — 3/4 Kazakh white-headed x 1/4 Hereford.

Results. It was established that due to a more significant manifestation of the effect of crossing, the crossbred bulls of the II group (1/2 Hereford x 1/2 Kazakh whitehead) were superior to the crossbred peers of the III group (3/4 Kazakh whitehead x 1/4 Hereford) in the consumption of all types of nutrients. It is suffice to say that this advantage in dry matter intake was 98.9 g (1.1%), organic matter — 87.9 g (1.1%), crude protein — 18.8 g (1.4%), crude fat — 3.8 g (1.3%), crude fiber — 28.2 g (1.4%), nitrogen-free extractives — 37.1 g (0.9%). The obtained experimental data indicate the influence of the genotype of young animals on the value of the coefficient of digestibility of nutrients in the diet. At the same time, crossbred bulls of groups II and III better than purebred peers of the Kazakh white-headed breed used the nutrients of the feed diet that entered the body. This is evidenced by the value of the coefficient of their digestibility. It was found that the maximum consumption of all types of energy was characterized by crossbred half-blooded (1/2 Hereford x 1/2 Kazakh white-headed) bulls of group II.

Relevance. Purposeful selection contributes to obtaining the optimal type of sheep of the Stavropol breed with improved exterior and productive parameters in the steppe conditions of the Volga region.

Methods. The experiment took place in the CJSC “New Life” of the Novouzensky district of the Saratov region. The research material is purebred sheep of the Stavropol breed. Formation of experimental groups of queens (3): during selection into constitutionally productive types, an eye-dimensional assessment of external forms was used, which was specified by the measurements of body articles, live weight. In the first group were selected queens with a deviation to the strong type of constitution, in the second — to the gentle, in the third — to the loose. They mated with strong-type tups.

Results. The offspring were formed: group I — from strong queens, II — tender, III — loose types. At birth, group III ewes had an advantage over I by 1.70%, over II — by 7.47%. Group I was superior in live weight to group II by 5.67%. In 4.5 months, “loose x strong” offspring exceeded “strong x strong” by 2.43%, “tender x strong” — by 12.27%. “Strong x strong” had an advantage over “gentle x strong” by 9.61%. According to the exterior at birth, the descendants of “loose x strong” surpassed “strong x strong”, “tender x strong” in chest width by 19.52; 5.78%; chest circumference — by 6.08; 10.99%, “strong x strong” prevailed over “gentle x strong” in chest width by 32%; chest circumference — by 4.62%. The trend of changing body measurements was observed at 4.5 monthsas well. According to the downness index at birth, “tender x strong” exceeded “strong x strong”, “loose x strong” by 8.03; 9.12%, at 4.5 months “strong x strong” had superiority over “tender x strong”, “loose x strong” by 3.77; 4.77%. All the young animals inherited the constitutional and productive characteristics of their parents, which is important in the inbreeding selection of sheep of the Stavropol breed in the Volga region.

Relevance. Kazakhstan possesses enormous pasture resources, which in turn requires proper management and regulation. Drought, climate change, plant degradation and declining grazing resources have led to a shortage of feed , which led to massive livestock deaths in 2021. Lack of up-to-date information on the condition of rangelands is the main problem for Kazakhstan. The use of Earth remote sensing data makes it possible to obtain important information about the dynamic and spatial characteristics of pasture vegetation. Methodological substantiation of remote sensing data for the assessment of pasture lands formed the basis of the conducted research. Detailed and regularly updated results of assessing the rangelands condition based on space monitoring data will increase the efficiency of using the country’s pasture resources.

Materials and methods. For remote assessment of pasture lands the following methods were used: cartographic, geographical, mathematical, methods of spatial analysis of remote sensing data and geoinformation design. Optical images from KazEOSat-2 and Sentinel-2 satellites for 2021, the results of a field survey, online platforms Land Viewer from EOS and Earth Explorer from USGS were used to mapping the main indicators of pasture lands of the Pavlodar region of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a remote sensing data.

Results. This article presents the results of using space monitoring methods to assess the condition and productivity of rangelands on the example of one region of Kazakhstan. Interpretation methods of remote sensing data using field data decryption and verification of data, initial cartographic data and geobotanical analysis of reference territories have been substantiated. The main stages of data processing are presented. Based on the results of the work, schematic maps of the main indicators of the pastures of the studied territory were developed according to remote sensing data, information was formed on the parameters of the productivity of the pastures of the studied territory.

Relevance. Because of difficult economic conditions, sanctions applied to Russian Federation, the issue of resource conservation is becoming more and more urgent. Finding ways to reduce costs in the tillage system is a top priority, which determines the relevance of our research. Empirical studies are aimed at studying the influence of methods of basic tillage on the yield of spring barley.

Methods. Object of research: spring barley plants of the Prairie variety. Mеthods of tillage for spring barley: 1. Plowing (control) — 20 cm (POM–4/7); 2. Combined — 14 cm (AKSO-4); 3. Combined — 8 cm (AKM-4). 4. Without tillage. The total area under the experiments is 4 hectares, the area of each variant is 1 hectare, according to the main observations, the repetition is 3 times. The link of the crop rotation is sunflower — spring barley. The soils of the experimental site are ordinary chernozem.

Results. The greatest compaction of the arable layer during the growing season was with the absence of tillage — from 1,26 g/cm3 to 1,29 g/cm3. During the growing season, the porosity of the arable soil layer decreased in all variants, the greatest trend was in the variant with plowing by 15%. The effectiveness of combined mulching treatments is undoubtedly positive: the reserves of productive moisture in the spring in the meter layer were higher than after plowing. In the variant without tillage, the moisture reserves before sowing were 15 mm higher compared to the control. The method of basic tillage affected the abundance of weeds in barley crops. The smallest number of weeds in the tillering phase of spring barley was against the background of plowing — 36 pcs./m2. By harvesting, the contamination of crops increased in all variants, as well as their mass by 3,1–3,5 times. A significant increase in yield was on the variants with combined processing to a depth of 8 cm and without tillage, as well as a high profitability of 110–117%.

Relevance. The biological features were studied, the average dates of the beginning, end and duration of the phenological phases of growth and development of species, forms and varieties of the genus Clematis (Clematis L.) were established. The assortment of small-flowered clematis for cultivation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Stavropol upland, characterized by high decorative properties, resistance to drought, pests and diseases, is highlighted.

Methods. The object of research is small-flowered species, forms and varieties of the genus Clematis L., cultivated in the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The studies were conducted in 2012–2021 according to the methods of variety study and evaluation of the decorative qualities of clematis species and varieties.

Results. The dates of the beginning and end of the growth of shoots are determined. According to the duration of shoot growth, all taxa are divided into groups: with a short growth period (38–51 days), medium (60–79 days); long (90–126 days). According to the timing of the beginning of flowering, the studied taxa are classified into five groups, most of them are included in the groups of early summer and summer flowering. According to the duration of flowering, three groups are distinguished — with short flowering, up to 30 days (C. jubata Bsch., C. recta L., C. recta f. atropurpurea, C. terniflora DC.); medium, from 41 to 60 days (С. fusca Turcz., C. ‘Bryzgi Morja’, C. integrifolia L., C. orientalis L., C. serratifolia Rehder, C. tangutica (Maxim.) Korsh., C. virginiana L., C. viticella L., C. viticella f. rosea); long-lasting, more than 60 days (C. ‘Fargesioides’, C. heracleifolia DC., C. hexapetala DC.).

Relevance. Based on satellite remote sensing data, it has been suggested that there is a linear relationship between NDVI and FPAR. However, the significant influence of seasonal factors of a particular ecosystem on this relationship creates uncertainty in the assessment of plant productivity by remote sensing. This uncertainty in the estimates of total grown products (GPP) by the indicator calculated as the ratio of GPP to photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation can be explained by daily changes in incoming optical radiation both in composition and magnitude. It is shown that the GPP indicator can be determined indirectly by calculating the extremum of the heat flow of the soil coming from the outside.

Methods. A new approach to the synthesis of the optimal radiation regime of plant growth based on the methodology of optimization of isomorphic-holonomic systems is proposed. The basis of the proposed method for the synthesis of the radiation regime of plant growth is taking into account the total radiation coming from above to the crown of the plant, the peculiarity of this approach is to find a minimum of that part of the externally incoming photosynthetically active radiation that reaches the soil and is not spent on photosynthesis, provided that the production of the initially specified product is guaranteed. The optimization problem of achieving an extreme value of the total radiation coming from outside into the soil is formulated in the form of an unconditional variational optimization problem with a common target optimization functional. An approximate solution of the optimization problem is given, in which the target functional reaches a minimum, i.e. the maximum amount of external radiation is spent on the photosynthesis process.

Results. A solution is obtained at which the target functional reaches a minimum, i.e. the maximum amount of external radiation is spent on the photosynthesis process. It is shown that the application of the known method of unconditional variational optimization with a guaranteed given value of GPP allows us to determine the optimal radiation regime of plant growth.

Relevance. The influence of crop rotations on the infestation of crops has been little studied. А goal was to investigate the influence of biologized crop rotations on infestation of crops in the arid steppe of the Trans-Ural region of Bashkortostan.

Methods. The relief of the experimental field is flat, represented by the foothill steppe of the Southern Urals. The soil is black soil, common medium-coal. The climate is arid, with periodically hot summer and moderately cold and little snow winter periods. During the years of experiments (2019–2021), the amount of precipitation for the vegetation period, May — August, averaged 88 mm. Over the past 10–15 years, the aridity and unevenness of the distribution of atmospheric precipitation has noticeably increased, which led to the oppression of field crops and the complication of the fight against weeds.The method of field experimentswas applied. Accounting of infestation was carried by quantitative and weight method. The effect of biologized crop rotations with cereals and alfalfa on the degree ofinfestation of crops compared to traditional grainfallow rotation was evaluated.

Results. The infestation of crops in experimental crop rotations depended on the strength of the development of cultivated crops and suppression of weed plants. In the favorable conditions of 2019, weeds developed poorly in well-developed crops, with an amount of 8–10 piece /m2 in biologized crop rotation. In grain-fallow crop rotation, the infestation was 1.2–1.9 times greater. On average over three years at the beginning of the field crop vegetation there are 14–19 piece /m2 weeds in biologized crop rotations, which is 45–56% less than in grain-fallow crop rotation. Before harvesting, the difference in infestation between crop rotations is reduced to 12–29%, but the advantage in reducing infestation in biologized crop rotations remains. In more humidi fied years, fertilizers contribute to a decrease in infestation compared to a back ground without fertilizer. In especially dry years, fertilizers lead to some increase of infestation of crops. Thus, it was found that biologized crop rotations effectively reduce the infestation of crops, regardless of the background of fertilizer.

Relevance. Breeding of new highly productive, adaptive, technological soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars plays an important role in increasing the fund of food protein. In this case, the key role belongs to the initial material. However the main problem of modern breeding has become a decrease in the genetic diversity of initial material of cultivated plants, including soybean. One of the ways to increase genetic polymorphism is the usage of induced mutagenesis. X-ray radiation is a highly effective physical mutagen that is successfully used in mutation breeding to increase the productivity of cultivated plants and acquire new traits by them. In this regard, the purpose of our work was to create a new initial material for soybean selection using ionizing radiation. The experiments were carried out in 2018–2020. The study materials were soybean cultivars SibNIIK 315, Milyausha, Chera 1, Samer 3, El’dorado, Zolotistaya.

Methods. For induced mutagenesis, the air-dry seeds of the cultivars El’dorado and Zolotistaya distinguished in our studies by high productivity were exposed to X-ray radiation in doses of 105, 107, 1010 rad. After irradiation, the seeds were sown in the field. Field assessments, phenological observations were carried out according to the methodology of the State cultivar testing of agricultural crops.

Results. The El’dorado cultivar showed less radiosensitivity. The largest number of mutant forms was obtained from it at the maximum dose of irradiation of seeds. The mutants were grouped according to their growing season duration and productivity. The group of highly productive early ripening mutant forms is of the greatest value for soybean breeding. Mutants MR-20/19, MR-22/19, MR-24/19, MR-28/19, MR-29/19 are 9–10% more productive than the original El’dorado cultivar and can be directly used to create new cultivars. Mutant forms from other groups identified by us are also of interest for soybean breeding.

Relevance. One of the key tasks in the cultivation of seed potatoes is to obtain the optimal level of yield, the quantitative output of the standard fraction of seed tubers and ensure the quality of seed potatoes at the level of regulatory requirements of the standards set for the respective seed categories. In order to obtain a quality seed, it is necessary to form such a crop that its structure had the largest amount of seed standard fraction of tubers, and plants were less affected by viral infection.

 Methods. Studies on the effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers and the timing of the mowing of top on the output of seed potatoes of the variety Evpatiy were conducted in 2018–2020 on the experimental fields of ISA. The technology of cultivation of the new variety was studied in the crop rotation: peas — winter wheat + runchweed — potatoes — spring wheat. The area of experiment is 0,25 hectares, the accounting area is 10 m2, the repetition is fourfold. Soil of the site: dark gray forest heavily sougly; humus content 4.7%, potassium — 18,4 mg/100 g of soil, phosphorus — 22,3 mg/100 g of soil; soil pH 5,0. Experiment scheme: introduction of mineral fertilizers before planting and mowing top after flowering: N96P96К96 — 30 days, N96P96К96 — 45 days and N128P128К128 — 30 days, N128P128К128 — 45 days.

Results. On the version with the introduction of mineral fertilizers N96P96К96 before planting and mowing tops 30 days after flowering, a tuber yield of 30.8 t/ha was obtained, with a yield of seed tubers of 37.3%. On the version with the introduction of mineral fertilizers N96P96К96 and mowing of tops 45 days after flowering, a tuber yield of 34.8 t/ha was obtained, with a yield of seed tubers of 42.2%. The use of mineral fertilizers with a rate of consumption N128P128К128 before planting and mowing tops 30 days after flowering contributed to the yield of tubers of 34.3 t/ha, with a yield of seed tubers of 45.6%. On the version with the introduction of mineral fertilizers N128P128К128 before planting and mowing tops 45 after flowering a tuber yield of 36.7 t/ha was obtained with a yield of seed tubers of 42.2%.

Relevance. The pathogenic complex of seed infection causes large crop losses and reduced quality characteristics of flax products. The purpose of the research is to identify the species composition of pathogens that pose a threat to the crop crop by their harmfulness or are potentially dangerous.

Methods. The object of research was the seeds of 21 flax varieties included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation for 2015–2021. The research was carried out at the All-Russian Flax Research Institute, as well as at the Laboratory of Breeding Technologies of the Federal Research Center for Bast Crops in 2015–2021 using modern mycological and phytopathological methods, as well as VNIIL techniques.

Results. Analysis of the phytosanitary condition of the seed material of 21 flax varieties for 6 years (2015–2021) revealed a high degree of infection of seeds with parasitic and saprophytic infections, including 17 species of fungi and 3 species of bacteria. The saprophytic complex was mainly represented by species of the genera Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichothecium roseum, Trichoderma lignorum, etc. The lowest infectious load on flax seeds was noted in the Kostroma region (0–13.0%) and in the Kuban (5.0–19.8%). The following varieties had group resistance to seed infections of fusarium, anthracnose and aureobasidiosis: Diplomat, Caesar, Alexandrite, Alexim, Tonus, Nadezhda. The minimal infectious load of pathogenic microflora from the entire set of varieties was noted on the Tverskoy variety (14.7%).

Relevance. The soil cover of the Komi Republic is dominated by podzolic and sodpodzolic soils, which are characterized by very low natural fertility, therefore, liming, organic and mineral fertilizers must be used to widely reproduce the fertility and productivity of these soils.

Methods. The fodder crop rotation had the following alternation of crops: 1 — potatoes; 2 — vico-oat mixture with sowing of perennial grasses; 3 — perennial grasses of the 1st year of use; 4 — perennial grasses of the 2nd year of use; 5 — vico-oat mixture; 6 — potatoes. Organic fertilizers in the form of peat–manure compost (TNK) were introduced twice during the rotation of the crop rotation — for potatoes, mineral fertilizers in the form of Naa, Rsd and Kx during basic tillage, during the cultivation of perennial grasses, as well as during spring fertilizing of plants. To replenish the removal of nutrients by crops, annual doses of mineral fertilizers were N60P30K180 for potatoes, N40P32K116 for vico-oat mixture, and N40P32K108 for perennial grasses (Trifolium pratense + Phleum pratense). In the experiment were also used reduced doses (1/2 and 1/3 of the full dose of NPK).

Results. The humus content increased by 0.5%, the exchange acidity decreased to 6.8 units of pHKCl, the hydrolytic acidity was 0.6 mmol/100 g of soil, the amount of mobile phosphorus was 312 mg/kg and the exchange potassium was 164 mg/kg of soil. A significant average yield of agricultural crops was obtained: potatoes — 7.0 t/ha, annual grasses — 4.4 t/ha and perennial grasses — 6.2 t/ha of dry matter with high quality

Relevance. Cultivation of crops using No-till technology in the Stavropol Territory and other regions of our country is becoming more widespread. However, the expansion of this technology is hampered by fears that without tillage Russian soils, mostly heavy in mechanical composition, can overcompact, which will lead to a deterioration in their physical properties and, as a result, a decrease in the yield of cultivated crops.

Methods. In 2013–2020 on the experimental field of the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Agrarian Canter, located in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol Territory, on ordinary chernozem studies were carried out, the purpose of which was to establish the effect of long-term use of the No-till technology on the water permeability and accumulation of moisture in ordinary heavy loamy chernozem of the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol Territory. In the experiment, a four-field crop rotation was studied: peas — winter wheat — sunflower — corn. In one case, all crop rotation crops were cultivated according to the technology recommended by the scientific institutions of the Stavropol Territory with tillage, in the other case, according to the No-till technology, in which the soil was not cultivated for two crop rotations (8 years).

Results. During two rotations of crop rotation in the No-till technology, the water resistance of soil aggregates increases and, on average, over the years of the experiments, 30.4 pcs./m2 of earthworms lived in it, which is 4.0 times more than in the soil cultivated according to the recommended technology. The water permeability of ordinary chernozem in No-till technology after eight years of research (in autumn 2020) was 7.18, and in cultivated soil —5.17 mm per minute, which is 38.9% lower. These indicators ensured the accumulation and preservation of 133 mm of productive moisture in a one and a half meter soil layer by the time of flowering of spring crops and earing of winter wheat using the No-till technology, according to the recommended technology — 101 mm.

Relevance. Currently, there is an increased need to replenish the grape assortment with adaptive, valuable agrobiological and technological properties, competitively capable varieties and clones, the introduction of which into production will ensure an increase in the profitability of the grape-growing industry.

Methods. In the ampelographic collection of DSOSViO in 2012–2018, the study of breeding and introduced grape varieties was carried out: table varieties — Bulatovsky, Zhemchuzhina Yuga, Eldar, Suvenir DSOSViO, Yantar Dagestansky, Leki, Kishmish Derbentsky, Zarya Derbenta, Agadai (control), Moldova (control); technical varieties — Fioletta, Slava Derbenta, Saperavi (control). Grape culture is root-related, irrigated, not covered. The shape of the bushes is high-rammed (120 cm), double-shouldered cordon Kazenava. Planting scheme of grape varieties was 3.5 × 2.0 m.

Results. Studies have found that grape varieties have high quality and productivity indicators: the fertility coefficient is 1.02–1.57, the yield from the bush is 10.4–16.5 kg. Mechanical composition and chemical properties of bunches and berries in the studied grape varieties: the juice content in the berries is low — Agadai (control); medium — Yantar Dagestansky, Zhemchuzhina Yuga, Leki, Eldar, Souvenir DSOSViO, Moldova; high — Fioletta, Saperavi (control), Slava Derbenta. The attachment of berries to the peduncle is very strong in table grape varieties and Agadai variety (control). Most of the DSOSViO grape varieties proved to be quite resistant to pests and major fungal diseases. The DSOSViO grape varieties exhibit high adaptability in the conditions of the South of Dagestan, which allows to achieve high yields and product quality in the changing climatic conditions of the region. Varieties of the station’s table breeding direction can take a worthy place in the pipeline of fresh grapes intake and consumption in the period July — October, and red varieties of the technical direction are promising for obtaining high-quality terroir wines.

Relevance. Conducting research on the resistance of hybrid tea roses to phytopathogenic harmful organisms and determining the species composition of pathogens and factors affecting their developmen.

Methods. The objects of the study were the causative agents of fungal diseases of varieties of hybrid tea roses from the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden. The research was carried out using the Methodology of state variety testing of agricultural crops.

Results. The results of studying the species composition of mycosis pathogens on varieties of roses of the tea-hybrid garden group of the collection of the Stavropol Botanical Garden are presented. The nature and degree of damage to plants is described, the causes are established and methods of containment of diseases are developed. The most harmful and common diseases on hybrid tea roses in growing conditions are: powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa Lew. var. rosae Voron.); downy mildew (Peronoplasmopara sparsa (Berk.) Uljan.); rust (is caused by 2 pathogens — Phragmidium mucronatum (Pers.) Schltdl., Phragmidium tuberculatum Mϋll. Hal.); gray rot (Botrytis cinerea Pers.) and leaf spotting of different types: black spot (Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf. = Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Diet.); septoria (Septoria rosae Desm.); cercosporiasis (Cercospora rosiola Pass.), the development of which was facilitated by meteorological conditions over the years of research. Evaluation of hybrid tea cultivaris of roses for resistance to fungal diseases was carried out in 2019-2021 in the collection of the Stavropol botanical garden on a natural infectious background on a 5-point scale during the period of mass spread of diseases. Despite the fact that all cultivaris of hybrid tea roses are affected by fungal diseases, it has been found that different cultivaris are affected differently. According to the degree of resistance to the complex of diseases, 4 cultivaris received 1 point (practically resistant), 52 cultivaris received 2 points (weakly affected), 74 cultivaris received 3 points (mediumly affected), 33 cultivaris received 4 points (strongly affected). Regular monitoring of the phytosanitary state of the studied cultivaris, biological and chemical protection measures made it possible to reduce the massive spread of fungal diseases and preserve the decorative effect of plants.

Relevance. For the first time as a result of the research work carried out to study the acclimatization and adaptive features of shade-tolerant plants an assortment of ornamental and resistant herbaceous perennials for the Stavropol region, used for landscaping shady areas, has been proposed.

Methodology. Fundamentals of plant introduction, Karpun, 2016; Mеthods of phenological observations in botanical gardens, GBS, 1975; Biological features of ornamental plants of natural flora in Western Siberia, Fomina, 2012; Evaluation of successful introduction according to visual observations, Karpisonova, 1978. The species names of the studied plants were specified according to Cherepanov, 1995 and the Internet resource.

Results. Research work on the study of indicators characterizing the group of shadetolerant herbaceous perennials, both from a scientific and practical point of view, was carried out during 2017–2021. Long dry period 2018–2020 in the Stavropol Territory had a negative impact on the general condition of shade-loving plants. The most droughtresistant species were established. Еxtreme weather conditions did not affect their vital signs, the plants looked normally developed, healthy, bloomed profusely, actively fruited. As a result of scientific research it was found that most of the studied perennials belong to semi-shade-tolerant plants, spring-summer-autumn green phenorhythmotype — vegetative from early spring to late autumn. The difference in height of plants and decorative features allows to distribute them into different types of flower beds on gardening areas. One of the main tasks of the research work carried out is to expand the range and attract shade-loving ornamental perennials for gardening in Stavropol and other, more arid settlements of our region. Shade-tolerant species and cultivars are a good scientific basis for holding regional ecological seminars, consultations on agrotechnics of growing and distribution of plants in different parts of the shady garden.

Relevance. In recent years, in many countries of the world, in particular, in Denmark, Belgium, Canada, China, Japan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, as well as in our country, an increased interest in the mechanization of the cabbage harvesting process was shown. Harvesting using machines reduces labor costs by more than 3 times. At the same time, due to the introduction of traditional mechanized technologies for harvesting cabbage, there was a problem associated with maintaining the original quality of products, since when the heads are shipped to the body of the vehicle in bulk, as well as in the process of laying for storage, their mechanical damage occurs.

Methods. In this regard, the machine cleaning of cabbages with manual careful laying of cabbages in containers installed in the body of the accompanying vehicle using a belt conveying device is proposed and justified. The process of mechanized harvesting of cabbage according to the proposed technology will be stable while ensuring the necessary intensity of shifting the heads from the web of the belt conveying device into containers. In this regard, in order to optimize the technological parameters, the workflow of the proposed cabbage harvesting method is modeled using elements of the queuing theory.

Results. As a result, the number of maintenance personnel necessary for the smooth execution of the cabbage harvesting workflow according to the described technology has been established.

Relevance. As a result of the prohibition of technical hemp cultivation due to the fight against narcotic plants in 1980, the development of technologies and the production of technical means for the cultivation of hemp, the acreage of the crop was sharply reduced. One of the ways to ensure greater efficiency and competitiveness of drugsfree hemp products is to increase the level of technical equipment of the industry, the use of science-based intensive technologies and systems of high-performance energy-saturated machines.

Methods. The methodological approaches of leading scientists involved in the cultivation of technical hemp, the development of innovative technologies and systems of promising machines for the hemp growing industry together with machine-building plants were applied.

Results. A scientifically based system of machines for harvesting technical hemp using high-performance energy-saturated technical means has been formed: combine harvesters and hemp harvesters, innovative stripping headers, rotary cutters with wear-resistant cutting elements, modern tractors, balers, loaders, transporters. Production tests in hemp farms have shown that the use of a new system of machines not only increases the intensity of hemp harvesting, but also completely eliminates manual labor, reduces the agrotechnical harvesting time, improves the quality of hemp seed threshing up to 95% and reduces seed losses, increases the yield of stems with 2.2 to 4 t/ha and the quality of hemp trust — per 1 variety. It is assumed that the use of modern machines will not only increase the intensity of harvesting, but also completely eliminate manual labor, reduce agrotechnical deadlines, improve the quality of threshing of the seed part to 95% and reduce seed losses, as well as increase the quality of hemp trusts by 1 variety number. It is expected that due to the use of new technical solutions, the productivity of harvesting equipment will increase by up to 50% compared to the outdated one, the costs of growing cannabis will decrease, the quality and competitiveness of products will increase. Serial production of hemp harvesting machines requires additional scientific research and organization of their production.

Relevance. Heat treatment of milk is carried out at different temperatures on different equipment. When milk raw materials are cooled, the vital activity of microorganisms that cause spoilage slows down and the shelf life of fresh milk increases. Heating milk intensifies many technological operations. Pasteurization of milk and dairy products is designed to suppress the vital activity of microorganisms in vegetative form. Sterilization of milk and dairy products ensures the destruction of not only vegetative, but also spore forms of microorganisms, which significantly increases their shelf life.

Methods. On dairy farms, it is most advisable to use low-inertia electric heating installations. Now there are several basic and constructive schemes of such installlations. However, in most sources there is little information about their technical and economic optimization. The task in this paper was to find the extremum of the objective function under given constraints.

Results. The restrictions take into account the technical requirements inherent in this technological process of heat treatment of milk. In order to compare, calculations were performed for variants with final values of the cost of the basic units of the installation and optimization of only the sections of electropasteurization and heat exchanger recovery. The above algorithm can be used without significant changes to optimize installations with direct heating or other types of milk heating.

Relevance. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) belongs to the group of water-soluble vitamins. This vitamin belongs to the class of tetrapyrroles, biologically active substances consisting of pyrrole rings associated with metal ions. So, in the vitamin B12 molecule, the core is the cobalt ion. A feature of this vitamin is that its synthesis in nature is carried out only by bacteria, and therefore, it is present only in products of animal origin. And one of the sources of its receipt is milk and dairy products, including those enriched with B vitamins. Low concentrations of vitamin B12, even in vitamin-enriched dairy products, at the level of tenths and hundredths of a milligram, make the assessment of its quantitative content a difficult analytical task. The use of reversed-phase liquid chromatography for this purpose, followed by detection by means of a spectrophotometric or diode-array detector, is associated with a time-consuming sample preparation technique. Including repeated concentration of the sample to achieve the required concentrations of the desired substance. In this connection, the development of an analytical method that allows to remove the disadvantages described above, is an urgent task.

Methods. This article proposes a method for assessing the content of vitamin B12 by high performance liquid chromatography using a mass-spectrometric detector (HPLCMS). The method developed in this study can be used for laboratory analysis of vitamin B12 in dry formulas for baby food, which will provide the possibility of faster and more efficient results for the control and monitoring of baby food enriched with vitamin complexes of water-soluble vitamins of group B.

Results. A method of sample preparation is presented, in which the recovery coefficient of the analyte in the studied samples was 99.12–99.31%. When evaluating the calibration curve, the correlation coefficient was r2 = 99.999. The calculated limit of detection is 0.02 g/kg.

Relevance. In modern research, the topic of metabiotics is considered as one of the current directions in the development of probiotics, in the future — as a new class of metabiotics. The article presents the results of studies during the cultivation of the probiotic microorganism B. subtilis in a grain nutrient medium from naked oats, and a scientific and practical substantiation of an experimental probiotic suspension during the formation of microbiocenosis and metabolism of the gastrointestinal tract in early weaning piglets.

Methods. As the basis of nutrient media for obtaining metabolites of the probiotic culture of Bacillus subtilis, sprouted and non-sprouted oat grains of the naked variety Nemchinovsky were used at the rate of 100 g of crushed raw material per 3 l of water. The mass fraction of proteinogenic amino acids in experimental probiotic suspensions (EPS) was studied by capillary electrophoresis. The scientific and economic experiment was carried out according to the method of A.I. Ovsyanikov, 1976.

Results. In nutrient media based on oats (O, OP), the number of CFU of probiotic microorganisms has a certain variability. The increase in the abundance of B. subtilis CFU continued up to 6 days, in the OP sample it reached 5.8·107 CFU/cm, after what it decreased until 8th day down to 15.5·106 CFU/cm3. At the same time, the synthesis of amino acids is higher compared to control (germinated grain): lysine — in the range of 7.85–10.53 g/l, methionine — 2.03–2.35 g/l, leucine + isoleucine — in the range 5.79– 9.7 g/l. Indicators of protein metabolism are within the physiological norm in piglets of experimental groups. In piglets that received an experimental probiotic suspension, a more pronounced antagonistic effect, during the formation of microbiocenosis, was manifested to conditionally pathogenic bacteriaif they were given B. subtilis, obtained on a medium based on sprouted oats.