Preliminary knowledge of which weed plant species find the climatic conditions suitable for their growth and development is extremely relevant for making a long-term regional forecast of weed species distribution. Formation of range boundaries of weed species is determined by the main natural limiting factors: the heat factor limiting the distribution of species to the north and the moisture factor limiting their distribution to the south. This idea can be used as a basis for phytosanitary zoning of weed species on the macroscopic level. With the use of ecological-geographical analysis, a list of 116 species of weed plants was compiled; the heat and moisture requirements of these species correspond to the climatic characteristics of the Kursk oblast: their occurrence frequency is described as "frequently”, "often”, "usually”. In addition, for another 17 species there is some deficiency of either heat or moisture in this territory: their occurrence is described as "rare”, "infrequently”, "sporadically”. Verification was carried out with the use of scientific publications, and it has confirmed the reliability of the results. The territory analogous to the Kursk oblast in regard to the climatic factors of heat and moisture was modelled, and a corresponding map was made. The presence of weed species of the Kursk region in the flora of a modeled zone was confirmed using the data of scientific publications. The results can be used as a basis for a long-term regional forecast of weed species distribution not only for the territory of the Kursk region, but also for the territory of the neighboring regions included in the modelled zone.

The article presents phytomonitoring data that are useful both for understanding the conditions for the formation of disease foci and their active distribution in plantings of medicinal plants, and for making decisions about the care and maintenance of collection plants, for carrying out seasonal work to improve them and preserve useful qualities. The purpose of the work is to assess the phytopathological situation in the collection plantings of medicinal plants to obtain high-quality medicinal raw materials. Phytomonitoring of collection plantings of medicinal plants was carried out on the territory of the Main Botanical Garden n.a. N.V. Tsitsina RAS (MBG) and All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR) (Central Non-Chernozem Region, Moscow). The phytopathogenic situation was evaluated for 156 species of cultivated medicinal plants, the nature of weediness and the dominant of 65 species of weeds in the structure of agro(phyto) cenosis were determined: Ambrozia artemisiifolia (22%), Setaria viridis (17%), Taraxacum officinale (17%), Veronica repens (14%), Festuca pratensis (14%), Plantago major (10%). Classical methods of microbiology determine the structure and composition of the complex of fungi on the leaves of medicinal plants selected in the collections: MBG - Alternaria spp., Chaetomium spp., Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium spp., Heterosporium iridis, Phoma spp., Stemphylium spp., Verticillium spp.; VILAR - Alternaria spp., Botrytis spp., Cladosporium spp., Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium spp., Peronospora spp., Phoma spp., Pullularia spp., Septoria spp. The seasonality of occurrence in terms of the frequency of occurrence of fungi of different genera on collection medicinal plants was established: maximum represented (with frequency of occurrence above 10%) in spring - Actinomucor sp., Arthrobotrys sp., Aspergillium sp., Clonostachys sp., Pythium sp., Fusarium sp.; in autumn Verticillium sp., Aspergillium sp., Trichoderma sp., Clonostachys sp., Fusarium sp.

The paper analyzes the potential hazards in the cultivation of mixed crops of spring and winter legume-cereal crops without the use of herbicides and phytosanitary basics of their use in the conditions of the Kaliningrad region are formulated. It has been established that the joint cultivation of legumes and grain crops leads to an increase in the assimilation surface and photo potential of cenoses by37-79%. It was shown that, on average, pure sowings of narrow-leaved lupine plants were affected by anthracnose more strongly than its mixtures with grain crops, although the difference between single-species and mixed sowings is relatively small, it was 2.7-4.5% for narrow-leaved lupine. In order to avoid mass contamination by main weeds, it is recommended to use well-cultivated fields with late summer treatment with glyphosate-containing herbicides of continuous action. During the main processing under mixed legume-cereal crops, the best method of tillage is the alternation of soilless tillage with plowing.

The increased interest in biological products is due to the unique mechanism of action of microorganisms-antagonists included in their composition, which provides ample opportunities for the agronomist to create and regulate controlled biocenosis in the greenhouse. Therefore, the authors aimed to identify the role of antagonist microbes introduced into the substrate from biological products in the formation and regulation of controlled biocenosis in the coconut substrate. The experience laid the CX JSC "Grower", Togliatti in the winter-spring crop rotation scheme that includes 4 options of spraying vegetative plants of cucumber by a combination of zircon with biofertilizersEcofys, Ferovit, Siliphant and adding biologics Binal, W and Vitaris Extra, Well in drip irrigation. As a result of research it is established that the biocenosis of the substrate does not remain unchanged in the process of growth and development of cucumber plants. It develops and evolves, consistently changing from the beginning of the cultural turnover to its completion. Anthropogenic impact on plants in the greenhouse led to a change in the entire structural complex and an increase in the total number of species of microorganisms, which in turn had a positive impact on the survival and activity of antagonists present in the substrate. The complex spatial structure of microorganisms formed at the end of the crop rotation due to the consistent introduction of physiologically valuable microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Tricho-dermaviride) allowed to form a substrate with high biological activity, contributed to the increase in species diversity, and at the same time the formation and regulation of a sustainable biocenosis. Thus, one of the ways to form and control the composition of the substrate biocenosis is the introduction of biopreparations into drip irrigation to combat phytopathogenic microorganisms and as preventive measures aimed at preventing the emergence of a stable population of phytopathogenic microorganisms.

The goal of the research was to investigate potato varieties of Kazakhstan breeding for the presence of DNA markers linked to genes of extreme resistance to potato virus Y (PVY), as well as to determine the level of resistance of potato samples to PVY. The object of the researnh was the biomaterial of eleven potato varieties created in the North-West Scientific and Production Center of Agriculture, Republic of Kazakhstan. Using the polymerase chain reaction, DNA marker RYSC3 (Ry-and gene) was detected in Vid-1, Kostanaiskye novosti and Kurant-1. The RAPD marker PVY38-530 (gene PVY38-530) was detected in the genome of the Alaya zarya-2 and Dunyasha samples. Markers PVY38-530 and Ry186 (Ry-chc gene) were found in the Udovitsky variety, and markers RYSC3 and PVY38-530 were found in the varieties Valery and Tustep. Molecular DNA markers designed to search for the Ry-fsto (GP122-406), Ry-sto (YES3-3A, STM003), and Ny-1 (S1d11) genes were not detected in all eleven studied samples. In the biomaterial varieties Akzhar, Alaya zarya and Vid-2, none of the seven diagnosable markers were detected. To determine the level of samples resistance of to PVY, artificial infection of plants with the virus was carried out in open ground conditions and under controlled conditions of the phytotron. The assessment was performed by visual observation of symptoms on inoculated potato plants, as well as using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The varieties Valery, Vid-1 and Kostanaiskye novosti are attributed as the samples with extreme resistance type. The susceptible samples include Akzhar, Alaya zarya, Duniasha and Kurant-1. Alaya zarya-2, Vid-2, Tustep and Udovitsky varieties were assigned as weakly susceptible specimens, on the plants a local necrotic reaction were found accompanied by a weakly positive level of the detected signal in the ELISA. The results can be used in breeding programs for the creation of virus-resistant potato varieties, as well as in basic research on the study of the mechanisms of potato resistance to PVY.

The phenomenon of heterosis is widely used in agriculture. Scientists have conducted numerous studies on different cultures: tomatoes, beets, potatoes, wheat crossing lines grown in different environmental conditions, the hybridization of which receive a high heterosis effect for the mass production of hybrid seeds. The purpose of the research is to examine the environmental manifes-tation of heterosis in the cucumber by crossing maternal and paternal lines grown in different agro-ecological zones. Research objective: to identify the manifestation of ecological heterosis in hybrid combinations of cucumber when grown in the spring-summer and summer turnover of film greenhouses. The article presents indicators on the complex of economic and valuable features and properties in the spring-summer and summer turnover for 2017 and 2018. The manifestation of heterosis effect on early, total yield and yield of standard fruits was noted.

The Solution of the problem of year-round provision of the country's population with fresh vegetables in accordance with science-based consumption standards provides for a significant increase in their production in protected soil facilities with a more rational use of energy resources. Tomato is among the most valuable vegetable crops. Taking into consideration the wide variety of conditions of Dagestan, the territory with its sharp natural contrasts, even within a single agro-climatic region, the originality of light and other microclimate regimes requires clarification of the most important elements of agricultural technology. The age of the seedlings and the timing of its planting should be specific for each climatic zone of the region and the type of cultivation facilities - of protected soil. Biological features of tomato in the conditions of the protected ground are stated, the characteristic of perspective hybrids for cultivation in a transitional turn of the 6th and 7th light zone of the country is given. The results of the study of the influence of sowing and planting time on the duration of the growing season, the biochemical composition of fruits and tomato yield are presented. The optimal scheme of sowing and planting tomatoes in the conditions of transition turnover is determined. It is specified on prospects of their cultivation in this region.

The article presents the materials of testing to assess the winter-hardiness of seedlings of fruit and berry crops in the agro-climatic conditions of permafrost soils of the Khangalassky district of RS (Y). The purpose of the research is to evaluate for winter hardiness new varieties of fruit and berry crops in the conditions of permafrost soils on the floodplain terrace of average weaving of the Lena River. Research started in the fall of 2016. According to the results of research, winter-hardy cultures and varieties were determined. In overwintering the first year of research, the winter-hardiness was 18.2% of 55 seedlings. From overwintered crops and varieties of 18 seedlings, 10 or 55.5% were wintered. Thus, black currant saplings with winter hardiness of 100% for 4 years of life in 2 varieties Yadrenaya and Kalinovka are marked as the most winter-hardy. Biological treatment with foliar and foliar feeding contributes to the better formation of leaves and branches of the new order in these varieties, which affects the excellent winter hardiness of the black currant varieties Yadrenaya and Kalinovka. Research continues.

In the world and domestic practice, the creation and use of resistant to the sum of adverse biotic and abiotic factors of varieties of fruit crops and Apple trees in particular is the most effective means of plant protection. Currently, many varieties are losing their resistance to diseases, and this in turn reduces the resistance to adverse conditions of the winter and vegetation periods. In this regard, the issue of the development of adaptive horticulture, in which the variety has a decisive role, is acute. One of the most harmful diseases of Apple trees in the middle zone of gardening is scab. The purpose of the research is to give a comparative estimate of sustainable (Vm) and immune (Vf) and scab of Apple cultivars for components of hardiness and identify the genotypes with hardy stew of buds and tissues on the rate of released winter-hardy varieties. Many years of research conducted on the basis of the Institute of selection of fruit crops by the method of artificial freezing in the freezer. The result revealed that the complex resistance to frost and kidney tissues for the four components of hardiness on the level vysokoskorostnogo varieties grushovka Moscow has a variety Kandil Orlovsky; at the level of varieties Antonovka ordinary varieties Orlovsky Pioner, Memory Isayev, Celandine, Bolotovskii, Imrus and Start.

Blackleg of potato is recognized as a dangerous disease based on the developed Pest Risk Analysis for Dickeya dianthicola and by obtaining the status of Regulated Non-Quarantine Pests for these causative agents on seed potatoes in EU. The disease is caused by the complex of bacteria from genera Dickeya and Pectobacterium. Currently, these pathogens widely spread in European countries and are able to take establishment in Russia. As extensive damage of these bacteria, scientific projects are being carried out in Europe. These projects may help to properly understand the structure of their populations, epidemiology and take correct decisions to control them. Up-to-date experience of foreign experts may help to organize diagnostics, scientific projects, and the certification of seed potatoes in the frame of subprogram ‘The development of selection and seed potato production in Russia’ of Federal scientific program of development of agriculture for 20172025.

Late and early blights of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans and Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata belong to the most harmful and common potato diseases in Russia and other parts of the world. Yield losses caused by these diseases can be reduced using integrated protection system, which includes the use of healthy seed material, disease-resistant cultivars, proper agrotechnic approaches, and also modern chemical fungicides. Like other countries, Russia often suffers from severe late and early blight epiphytoties; under such conditions, only chemical treatments may provide a reliable level of protection against the diseases. The purpose of our two-year studies was evaluation of the efficiency of different schemes of potato protection against the late and early blights under conditions of the Moscow region. The first scheme included plant treatment with the following fungicides: 2х Orvego (a.s. ametoctradin + dimetomorf, 0.8 L/ha); 1х Infinito + Signum (a.s. fluopicolide and propamocarb hydrochloride + boskalid +piroklastrobin, 1.6 L/ha + 0.3 L/ha); 1 х Orvego (a.s. ametoctradin + dimetomorf, 0.8 L/ha); 1х Poliram + Signum (a.s. metiram + boskalid +piroklastrobin, 2.5 kg/ha + 0.3 L/ha); and 1х Poliram (a.s. metiram 2.5 kg/ha). The second scheme included the treatment with the following fungicides: 1 х Revus (a.s. mandipropamid, 0.6 L/ha); 1х Ridomil Gold MC (a.s. mancoceb + mephenoxam, 2.5 kg/ha); 1х Infinito + Scor (a.s. fluopicolide and propamocarb hydrochloride + difenoconazol, 1.6 L/ha + 0.5 L/ha); 1 х Revus (a.s. mandipropamid, 0.6 L/ha); 1х Shirlan + Scor (a.s. fluazinam, + difenoconazol, 0.4 L/ha + 0.5 L/ha); 1х Shirlan (a.s fluazinam, 0.4 L/ha). The third scheme included the treatment with the following fungicides: (1 х Revus (a.s. mandipropamid, 0.6 L/ha); 2х Infinito (a.s. fluopicolide and propamocarb hydrochloride 1.6 L/ha); 1х Revus (a.s. mandipropamid, 0.6 L/ha); 2х Shirlan (a.s fluazinam, 0.4 L/ha). The fourth variant included untreated plants (control). Under conditions of late blight epiphytoty and moderate development of the early blight, all tested schemes showed high efficiency in relation to the reduction of the late blight harmfulness that provided a prolonged vegetation period and, therefore, higher potato yield and improved quality and marketability of potatoes. At the same time, the best yield and quality of potato was observed for the variants 1 and 2 characterized by a complex suppression of both diseases during plant vegetation period.

The article presents data on the prospects of development of the main directions of environmentally safe protection of potatoes from diseases and pests. The results of studies of methods of environmental protection of potatoes, including crop rotations, sustainable varieties, optimal predecessors, pre-seed preparation, the use of growth regulators, agrochemicals and biological products. Application of short-rotation crop rotations with 25% potato saturation in the following crop rotation: 1) barley - (oats+peas) - winter wheat-potatoes; 2) (barley+clover) - clover of the 1st year of use-clover of the 2nd year of use - potatoes. reduces the number of tubers for Rhizoctonia to 2 times, and scab - 3.6 times. Variants of these rotations increase the number of species of beneficial entomofauna in 1.6 times in comparison with the permanent culture of potatoes. The row spacing of 90 cm provided an increase in the gross yield of 6.3 t/ha compared to the standard (70 cm). The positive influence of Atonik Plus drugs, Mival agro, Albite, Carefin at reducing the incidence and severity of black scurf, early blight, late blight, dry and wet rots of potato in the growing period and after the silo. The biological effectiveness of the drug Verticillin in the fight against aphids in the conditions of gauze-film insulators (tunnels). According to the data this figure is an average of 98.0-98.9% of and almost not inferior to the efficiency of a chemical preparation of BI-58 New (of 98.4-99.1% of). According to the results of the evaluation revealed a complex field resistance to major pathogens from the following domestic and foreign varieties of all maturity groups: Arosa, an Athlete, a delicacy in Bryansk, Bryansk reliable, Giant, Vitesse, Blue, Elizabeth, crane, Innovator, Bun, Kuznechanka, Lugovskoy, Lyubava, Lady Rosetta, Hope, nikulinskaya, Victory, Pogarsky, Resource, Rosary, Russian souvenir, Santana, Sokol, Spiridon, Tulevski, Luck, Duck, Fritella, Magician, Anniversary Zhukov, Effect. The studied environmentally safe methods of protection of potatoes from diseases and pests are the preparatory stage for the organic cultivation of this crop in the Russian Federation

In the Lower Volga region, an important negative factor in the cultivation of potatoes is the infectious load, determined by the high number of carriers of viral diseases due to the climatic features of the region. The aim of the study was a phytosanitary assessment of the status of potato planting when growing a healthy material in the conditions of the Saratov region. To achieve the goal, the virus content was monitored when growing healthy potatoes in the field and the rates of re-infection with potato viruses were used when using commercial potato and healthy seeds as planting material. 4 varieties of potatoes served as materials for the study: Silvana, Labella (seeds of the elite category), Red Scarlett, Nevsky (mini-tubers obtained by the aerophone method from microclones, improved by isolating the apical meristems in the biotechnological laboratory of Saratov State Agrarian University). Evaluation of viruses in laboratory and field samples of potatoes was carried out by visual assessment of plants, as well as based on the detection of virus RNA by PCR-RV. It has been established that the applied level of chemical treatment with insecticides did not provide complete protection of crops against vectors of viral diseases. The main carriers in these conditions were large potato aphids and cicadas, which contributed to the infection of plants with viruses. Analysis of plant samples by real-time PCR revealed the presence of latent infection with PVY and PVM viruses. To ensure the production of high-quality planting material for potato tubers in the conditions of the Saratov region, careful control of the virus content using nucleic acid analysis methods, including real-time PCR, is necessary.

Viral diseases cause serious damage to the potato, significantly reducing crop yields. Infection of a plant with a single virus leads to a yield loss of approximately 30%, and the simultaneous influence of two or more viruses can lead to almost complete loss of yield or even death of plants. The undoubted problem is a decrease in the immunity of infected plants and their increased tendency to infect fungal and microbial pathogens. In this regard, the control of infection of seed material is important. The presented work is part of a study on the development of a multiparameter potato virus detection system. Representative panels of monoclonal antibodies that recognize potato viruses X and M have been obtained. The possibility of using monoclonal antibodies to detect virus particles by immunoblotting has been shown. On the basis of the obtained antibodies, test systems were developed for the quantitative determination of potato viruses X and M with a linear range of PVX measurement of 0.4 - 50 ng /ml and PVM 6 - 400 ng /ml.

At different regions of Russia, potato crop is affected with different diseases, late blight, early blight, fusariosis are prevailing among them. Potato losses caused with these diseases go to 50-60%. Leading role at their suppression should be associated with complex cultivar resistance. It provides good potato yields. Aim of our investigation is an estimation of potato cultivars with different resistance to the agents of potato late blight, early blight and fusariosis. Cultivar resistance is principal factor at pathogen aggressiveness manifestation. Our investigation revealed potato cultivars with high leveled tuber resistance (Nikulinsky, Udacha). Also some cultivars (Sante) inappropriate to manifested characteristics. Pathogen propagules were found to be the primary factor influencing the pathogen aggressiveness manifestation. A high their concentration provides a high leveled aggressiveness. Currently, aggressiveness of Phytophthora infestans, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum was investigated depending from cultivar, kind of inoculation and concentration of zoosporangia and conidia. Tuber disks of potato cultivar Nikulinsky were affected with all pathogens at minimal level. Tuber disks of potato cultivar Avrora were affected with Fusarium oxysporum conidia and chlamydospores at maximal level. According to the data obtained, potato cultivars with high leveled field resistance such as Nikulinsky, Udacha should be practically used with joint assessment of populations of potato pathogens.

Results over of researches are brought on the study of influence of soil-climatic terms of highland, on a defeat and distribution of viruses at till of potato. Possibilities of the use of favorable soil-climatic terms of alpine zone are considered for organization of primary seed-grower, and also choice economically of advantageous chart of growing super-super of elite and elite potato. At the use of six-year-old chart of growing of elite, seminal material, saves the qualities, and his gross volume increases in 6,0-7,3 times.

In order to select the most virulent races and aggressive strains to create artificial infectious backgrounds used to select resistant genotypes, the species composition was clarified and the structure of populations of phytopathogenic microorganisms of potentially dangerous and harmful diseases of vegetable crops was studied.

During the last decades there has been an increase in harmfulness of phytoviruses reflected in production loss and quality impairment of the cultivate crops is in NonChernozem belt. The principal reasons for this are cultivation of the varieties lacking adequate resistance to phytoviruses, unsupervised planting material and seed trading, and appearance of more aggressive new strains. At present selection of resistant varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops is still the most efficient method of viral disease control. Therefore identification and monitoring of propagation of viral pathogens of the vegetable crops and the search of the sources of resistance to commercially significant phytoviruses are the most urgent areas of our immunological research aimed on creation of parent material. The tasks of our phytopathological research included: identification and study of the properties of Moscow phytoviral isolates; comprehensive assessment of resistance and other commercially valuable characters of collection and selection vegetable crop material in FGBNU FSVC under conditions of artificial inoculation, challenging and natural infection background with the use of visual diagnostics, serological diagnostics, biotesting and electron microscopic methods. Monitoring of phytosanitary status of vegetable and ornamental crops, which was performed by the personnel of the Laboratory of Plant Immunity and Protection (2002-2018) has revealed the most harmful and economically significant viral pathogens. Key physical-chemical characteristics of Moscow viral isolates belonging to the genera Tobamovirus, Cucumovirus, Potyvirus, and Tospovirus were identified and demonstrated. The main symptoms caused by those isolates in indicator plants and in host plants under conditions of Moscow region have been described. Based on evaluation of collection and selection material of the vegetable crops the sources of resistance to viral pathogens exhibiting economically important characters have been identified. These specimens are incorporated into FGBNU FSVC program aimed on creation of high-productivity varieties of green bean meeting the current market requirements.

The aim of the research was to determine the fungicidal and immunostimulating action of seedling treatment with rhubarb extracts based compositions in powdery mildew protection. It was necessary to solve the following problems: a) to determine the effect of the time interval (72 and 4 hours) between the treatment of fam. Cucurbitacea seedlings and their artificial infection (S. fuliginea) on the biological effectiveness of rhubarb extract based compositions; b) to determine the effect of microelements and rhubarb leaf extract in combination with rhubarb root extract on the effectiveness of the composition. As a result of research, the optimal concentration of rhubarb root extract (1,0 - 1,5%) was identified, to suppress the development of powdery mildew and to increase the chlorophyll index on pumpkin seedlings in greenhouses, and its biological effectiveness was determined (87,6 - 96,6%). The immunostimulating effect of rhubarb root extract in a concentration of 1,5 - 2,0% has been proven, the biological effectiveness of which, when processing the pumpkin seedlings leaves (4 and 72 hours) before infection, reaches 89,3%, providing reliable and stable protection of seedlings from powdery mildew. The addition of micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mg, B) microdose increases the immunostimulating properties of the composition. It is proved that the composition of the rhubarb root and leaves extracts has a fungicidal and immunostimulating effect and is the most promising and cost-effective for protecting pumpkin cultures from powdery mildew in greenhouses.

For pumpkin crops, powdery mildew is the most harmful disease. With its epiphytotics, economic losses can be 30% or more. The main way to combat this disease is the use of fungicides, but this is often not justified, because the pathogen can become resistant to them. In addition, in recent years ecological farming has been developing widely, in which the use of fungicides is not acceptable. Therefore, the creation of new varieties that are resistant to powdery mildew is one of the priority areas for the selection of pumpkin crops, including squash. The aim of the work was to create lines of squash resistant to powdery mildew, with other valuable features: precociousness, bush habit, attractive appearance of the fruit. To achieve the goal, it was necessary to solve a number of tasks: to determine the conditions favorable for the development of powdery mildew; select from the collection material samples with disease resistance; to carry out a reliable assessment of breeding offspring and select the most stable forms, consolidate and increase their stability with further selections in subsequent generations. The work was carried out in 2014-2018. on the Krymsk EBS, VIR Branch. The material for research was collectible and selection samples of squash. Studies have shown the effectiveness of sampling and squash lines for resistance to disease in open ground in the Krasnodar Region. Optimum weather conditions for the development of a pathogen in this region occur in early July and continue until September. In 2014-2015, eighty collection samples of the squash were studied, the most resistant of them were selected (F₁ Dessert, F₁ Е28Т00358, Line Ap3, F₁ Aleksandria). Annually, the active spread of the disease was observed on breeding material sown in summer, which contributed to the selection of lines with resistance to powdery mildew. As a result of research, squash lines (Ar3.1, Ds4, C1 x Ds4) with high resistance to powdery mildew were created. The direct dependence of the selection efficiency on resistance on the degree of natural infectious background was determined.

The article provides the names and synonyms of cucurbits powdery mildew pathogens. The identification of pathogens Erysiphe cichoracearum and Podosphaera xanthii conform the conidial stage was made. It has been shown that species can developed together and caused mixed infections of the same leaves. The genetic features, without which cannot be interpreted the own and described in the literature results, are noted. A reliable methodology for identifying of cucurbits powdery mildew pathogens allows confidently to link research with concrete species of powdery mildew pathogens. This is very important for plant breeders, phytoimmunologists, geneticists, mycologists, botanists, plant pathologists, toxicologists and plant protection specialists.

Research work was carried out in "Pridnestrovian research Institute of agriculture" in film greenhouses (spring-summer and summer turnover) and in the open ground on the trellis. The aim of the work is to study the source material and create promising cucumber lines with high parthenocarp capacity, yield and resistance to downy mildew to obtain on their basis heterosis hybrids of cucumber of universal type for different growing conditions. To achieve this goal in 2013-2017. the following tasks were identified: to study the collection samples and identify the most resistant to false powdery mildew; to assess the source material and select the stable forms; to study the combinational ability of the main features and properties of parental forms and hybrids of cucumber (parthenocarpy, yield, resistance to disease); to study the variability and inheritance of the main useful features and properties; to test promising hybrids of cucumber on economically valuable features and properties. The standards were hybrids Enthusiasm (selection RF) and Claudia (Dutch selection). With the aim of creating original material parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids resistant to downy mildew, in the closed and open ground were studied 20 samples of breeding material from different countries of origin. Four maternal and six paternal forms, as well as eighteen large-hilly hybrid combinations were evaluated by the topcross method according to the complex of economically valuable traits and properties. And full diallele the scheme of the seven lines and forty-two tuberculate hybrid combinations. Regularities of variability and signs manifestation in the first generation of hybrids are studied. Given information about the inheritance of the trait of resistance to downy mildew is a promising parthenocarpic hybrid combinations of cucumber created in the Transnistrian agricultural research Institute. Highlighted is sixty-six hybrid combinations of cucumber. Three samples that showed high resistance to downy mildew, was submitted to the State varietal Inspectorate of the Republic of Moldova and Pridnestrovie under the name Condor, the Orlan and the Shegol. Condor and Shegol Hybrids are listed in the register of breeding achievements of the Republic of Moldova and all three in Transnistria for 2019.

In recent years the most of tomato seeds are imported from abroad, and they are not always of a good quality. The goal of our research was to select modern chemicals that provide the minimum pesticidal force, but give the maximum protective effect against the most common disease of tomatoes. The task of the research was to determine the most effective combination and study of the impact of fungicides on the development of Alternaria blight on tomato. The research was carried out in 2016-2018 years in the fields of OOO “Nadezhda-2”, Kamyzyakskiy district of the Astrakhan region. The article describes the main disease of tomato which bears significant losses of yields - Alternaria blight, and indicates two forms of the disease excitant. There are provided a description of the variety on which the research was conducted, the scheme of trial of the fungicides study, their active substance, rates and frequency of application, and the hydraulic fluid consumption; methods are indicated. The article presents the results of the research of the impact of fungicides on the distribution and development of the disease; it shows their biological effectiveness in the flowering phase of 2-3 tomato trusses, in the fruit filling phase and during the period of fruits ripening of 1 truss. It has been established that when growing seed tomatoes in the Astrakhan region, the use of modern fungicides significantly keeps the development of Alternaria blight, increases the crop yielding capacity by 28,435,4% and reduces the number of diseased fruits by 1,7-2 times. The most effective against Alternaria is the two-fold spraying of plants with the fungicide Bravo, KS (by 3,0 l/ha) and the third treatment with Kvadris, SK, (by 0,5 l/ha) or the twofold spraying of plants with fungicide Ridomil Gold MC, WDG (by 2,5 kg/ha) and the third treatment with Bravo, KS (by 3,0 l/ha).

Plant resistance to biotic and abiotic factors is determined by a complex of specific and non-specific immune responses. The aim of the work is to investigate the properties of some saprotrophic and phytopathogenic fungi as inductors of plant resistance. Research conducted in 2005-2018 at the Department of Botany of the Belarusian State University. The article presents the results of the influence of metabolites of the culture fluid (QL) of micro- and macromycetes, aqueous extracts, and also fungicides based on strobilurins on disease resistance and yield of tomato. Soaking seeds led to an increase in early ripeness, productivity when processing QL of Fusarium oxysporum by 19%, to an increase in the share of healthy fruits in the yield structure by 20.7%; when treating QL and extracts of Lentines edodes (shiitake) and Ganoderma lucidum (lacquered tinder, Reishi), strobi and quadris preparations to increase yields by 35-75%, the proportion of healthy fruits in the yield structure by 4.8-14.3%. Thus, the use of metabolic products of Fusarium oxysporum f. lycopersici, Lentines edodes (shiitake) and Ganoderma lucidum, as well as aqueous extracts of these basidiomycetes as inducers of resistance and plant growth stimulants have an undeniable perspective.

The reduction of tomato areas among large land users in Transnistria has led to an increase in the number of greenhouses in the private sector and among small farms. Narrow specialization without compliance with preventive measures and warm winters, established in the region in recent years, have led to an increase in the severity of fungal disease - Cladosporium fulvum. Especially harmful is the disease in film greenhouses with high humidity and daily fluctuations in air temperature. The aim of the research was to create an early tall large-fruited tomato hybrid for spring-summer culture using a line with functional male sterility as a maternal component. It was necessary to solve the following tasks: a) to find the source of genetic resistance to Cladosporium fulvum; b) to carry out hybridization with a functionally sterile line, and then take a sterile and resistant to this disease combinations; с) to carry out hybridization of the obtained selections with fertile lines and to study the resulting F₁ hybrids for complex of economically valuable features and properties. The studies were conducted on a natural infectious background in the spring-summer-autumn culture in the unheated film and glazed greenhouses of the Transnistria research Institute of agriculture since 2007. The result of this work was the creation of and registration in the Registry of the PMR and Moldova, a hybrid of tomato F₁ Atos, resistant to Cladosporium fulvum and tobacco mosaic virus. Hybrid F₁ Atos - mid-early, semi-determinant type of growth, weighing 110-160 g, plane-circular shape. Fruits without green spots in the stalk, red, delicious, with a high content of biologically active substances (dry matter - up to 6,9%, total sugar - up to 4,0%, vitamin C - up to 18,2 mg/100 g of raw material).

The article presents the peculiarities of the reaction of the perspective tomato lines to the culture filtrates (CF) of the fungi Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp., based on the germination of seeds, the length of the embryonic root and stalk. The purpose of the research is to identify tomato lines with complex resistance to the most harmful fungal pathogens in the Republic of Moldova. For infection of seeds, culture filtrates of the fungi Alternaria alternata, F. oxysporum, F. solani, isolated from the roots of tomato plants with signs of damage were used. Was revealed a significant differentiation of tomato lines according to the degree of reaction to the used isolates of fungi. It was established that CF in most cases did not significantly affect seed germination. Root growth was most affected by F. oxysporum, and the average values compared with the control varied from -3,5 ... -33,0%. As for the stem, it is most sensitive to pathogens of fungal diseases in the early stages of ontogenesis. Using two-factor analysis of variance, it was found that the genotype had the greatest contribution to the root variability source (46,7%), and the species of fungus for the tomato stalk (62,5%). The genotype x fungi interaction had a significant contribution to the common source of variability, its share for the root was 61,6%, while for the small stalk it was 14,3%. This suggests that the germinal root interacts more strongly with the species Fusarium spp., A. alternata. According to the cluster analysis, Mary Gratefully, L 302, L 304, L 310 have the least sensitivity of the root and stalk to CFs of Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp., Thus they are of interest in breeding programs as potential donors of sustainability.

The main cause of the tomato seeds death is considered fungi infection such as: Alternaria, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium [4]. The use of chemical preparations against phytopathogens is known to contribute to the reduction of field germination and inhibition of growth processes of agricultural crops [3]. Some of them have a negative effect on a plant even at the genetic level, which is not acceptable when maintaining and studying mutant collections. When storing private work collections, the choice of disinfectants must be carefully considered. The use of biological fungicides is the modern alternative. The purpose of the research is to study the biological efficacy of pre-sowing treatment of tomato seeds of the mutant form Mo 347 with biological preparations BFTIM KS-2, G and BSka-3, G against Alternaria and to determine their influence on the sowing qualities. The research was carried out in 2017-2018 under the laboratory conditions of FSBSI ARRIBPP, Krasnodar. Research material: BFTIM KS-2, G (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens KS-2 (VKPM-11141)) and BSka-3, G (Trichoderma viride 256 (VKPM B-3481); Pseudomonas koreensis Ap33 (VKPM B-3481); Bacillus subtilis 17 (Bacillus acidocaldarius) (VKPM B-5250), Bradyrhizobium japonicum 614a), Mo 347 (d) seeds. As a result of the study, it was established that the greatest biological efficacy in seed treatment against Alternaria was in the variant with the use of the biological preparation BFTIM KS- 2, F - 94.6%, in BSka-3, G was 32.4% lower. It should be noted that BSKA-3, G being bio-fertilizer with fungicidal properties, has a stimulating effect on root growth. It was also established that when using biopreparations BFTIM KS-2, G and BSka-3, G germination intensity and seed germination energy were higher than in control by 34.2-21.9% and 35.0-23.0%, respectively.

The main diseases of the testes of biennial vegetable crops are considered at the early stages of the life cycle and before leaving in the winter in direct culture. The features of the development of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria that are active at high positive temperatures are described. Proposed ways to protect plants. The studies were conducted in 20162018 in the fields of the FGNBU of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the Republic of Dagestan. For seed farms, a system of measures has been developed to prevent the occurrence of the water content of these phytopathogenic fungi. They are based on effective plant protection systems and agrotechnical techniques. Hot and humid conditions (2016) resulted in the activation of fungi of the genus Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Phythium on the testicles, which sharply increased the infection of beets with fusarium wilt, cabbage with black leg, carrots with felt rot. In this regard, the testes protection system should be developed in advance and rely mainly on preventive measures.

Immunity to scab must be one of the components of the characteristics of intensive cultivars, as in the modern world there is a constant struggle for improving the environmental safety of agricultural products. Precocious cultivars with a compact crown and a stable (annual) yield are necessary for modern production, and the columnar shape of the apple tree fully meets these requirements. In connection with this, breeding for columnar scab immune apple cultivars is not only justified, but also very relevant. Besides, it is known that the optimal apple ploidy is at the level of the triple set of chromosomes (3x). Therefore, the creation of immune triploid columnar cultivars is a breakthrough direction of breeding. At the VNIISPK, work on the creation of columnar varieties has been conducted since 1984, immune varieties since 1977 and triploid varieties since 1970. The purpose of these studies was to combine in one genome genes responsible for immunity to scab, columnar habit , as well as obtaining columnar cultivars with a triple set of chromosomes and having immunity to scab. The studies were conducted in the orchards and laboratories of the VNIISPK. The results of the long-term work (1984-2017) on columnar apple breeding are given. Scab immune columnar apple cultivars (Priokskoye, Vostorg, Poezia, Girlianda, Orlovskaya Yesenia, Zvezda Efira and Sozvezdie) as well as a series of promising seedlings that combine scab immunity (Vf) and columnar habit (Co) have been created at the VNIISPK. All of the columnar cultivars meet the up-to-date requirements. Along with the immunity they are characterized by high winter hardiness (sufficient for Central and Central-Chernozem regions), precocity, productivity and good fruit appearance and taste. Breeding work is carried out to obtain genotypes with more stable immunity on a polygenic basis (combination of Vf, V_r and V_m genes). A series of columnar hybrids that combine a triple set of chromosomes and immunity to scab in a genotype has been obtained. Their further study will open new perspectives in breeding for columnar habit of apple trees and accelerate the introduction of columnar apples in industrial gardening.

Monogenic scab resistance is important breeding trait of apple. To this moment, there were identified 20 genes determined resistances to apple scab of different races. The use of molecular markers allows in the early stages of ontogenesis to determine with high reliability the presence of the necessary genes in the genome, significantly reduce the level of complexity and reduce the amount of financial costs and to reduce the time of the selection process. The purpose of the study is to identify variety samples with the presence of monogenic resistance to scab in the collection of Apple trees of various ecological and geographical origins. The tasks of the research were to determine the genotypic structure of varieties and hybrid seedlings according to the Rvi6 gene, to identify genotypes carrying target alleles of monogenic resistance to scab genes, including those with dominant homozygous genotype (Rvi6Rvi6). Research carried out in 2015-2018 years on the basis of the gene-pool of the I.V. Michurin Federal scientific center in Michurinsk-Naukograd of the Tambov region, numbering about 6 thousand genotypes with different quality characteristics as the fruits and of the plants themselves. The article presents the results of scientific research on screening of apple genotypes for the presence of genes of monogenic resistance to scab. Molecular genetic analysis allowed us to select some samples of M. domestica Borkh, which contain the Rvi6 gene, providing absolute resistance to the Venturia inaequalis (Juice) Wiht.). The selected genotypes are of interest for further breeding programs, which are aimed at creating varieties that combine in their genotype the "pyramid" of genes that provide economically valuable traits of the phenotype.

Studies conducted in the Moscow region in 20142018 showed that the pathocomplex of micromycetes on raspberry stems includes about 55 species, of which the main stem pathogens are Coniothirium fuskelii (Leptosphaeria coniothyrium), Phoma idaei (Didymella applanata), and Colletotrichum rubicola. There was a decrease in the prevalence of P. idaei and C. rubicola on remontant raspberry varieties, which is associated with the technology of their cultivation. The main part of the micromycetes pathocomplex on raspberry berries in two areas was occupied by the fungi Botrytis cinerea and Cladosporium cladosporioides, they were associated with the rot of the berries. In the pathocomplex of micromycetes, Alternaria tenuissima and C. cladosporioides species prevailed on raspberry leaves. In addition, it includes fungi - pathogens of raspberry leaf spots, such as Phragmidium rub-idaei, Pyrenochaeta rubi-idaei, Phyllosticta fusco-zonata, Septoria rubi.

The purpose of the work was to study the prevalence of viruses and the features of the recovery of raspberry plants Rubus idaeus L. of different varieties. Studies conducted in 2015 2018 in the Central region of Russia. Studied the species composition and prevalence of viruses ArMV, SLRSV, TBRV and RBDV in the Central region of Russia using ELISA. The prevalence of viruses ranged from 37 to 68%. The highest frequency of occurrence is noted for the RBDV virus-21-56%. The frequency of occurrence for other viruses was lower and was:ArMV- 4,5-5,9%, SLRSV- 3,5-8,0%, TBRV- 2,5-14%. Viruses ArMV and SLRSV were characterized by low frequency of occurrence. Selected free of harmful viruses of plants 17 varieties of raspberries. The high efficiency of chemotherapy treatments and methods magnetotherapy in vitro when the sanitation of raspberry plants from viruses.

In recent years, the yield of quince is reduced due to the annual pressure stress biostress and often observed epiphytotics of harmful diseases. In the south, there is an acute issue of selection for resistance to the most harmful disease in the quince - moniliose. On this basis, the main focus in the southern region is to work on improving the quince assortment in the direction of searching and creating varieties resistant to moniliosis, increasing their adaptability, yield and fruit quality. The main goal of the research was to study the reaction of the collection and hybrid stock of quince to the changing environmental conditions in recent years and the selection of promising varieties with environmental plasticity and disease resistance to replenish the regional assortment of the region. Studies were carried out in 2011-2018 on the basis of OPK "Central", Krasnodar. The test plot was laid in spring 2007, the plants are placed with a feeding area of 5x2 m. The varieties and elite forms of quince are selected from various ecological-geographical groups. The article presents the results of a study on the reaction of quince varieties to changing climatic conditions and their manifestation of varying degrees of resistance to moniliosis. The defeat of varieties in epiphytotic years was noted from 2 to 5 points. As a result of the research, the quince varieties were selected: Sofia, Gift, Heiress and elite form 3-1-19 of breeding NCFSCHVW, as well as the introduced Taman variety with relative resistance of flowers to moniliosis, which are recommended for cultivation in the conditions of southern Russia.

When using immuno inductors, albite, immunocytophyte, and ecogel on some peach varieties (Collins, Redhaven, Veteran) increase its resistance to curliness (Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul.), Monilia (Monilia cinerea Bonord.), and grey rot of fruit (Monilia cinerea Bonord.). The use of albite and ecogel resulted in an increase in the resistance of the peach to leaf curl, regardless of the varietal characteristics. The lowest degree of curl development was observed on the Redhaven variety. Biological efficacy in the use of albite and ecogel in pure form and in tank mixtures with fungicides was at a high level, regardless of the variety being studied. As a result of the activation of plant defense reactions to the elicitor exposure of immunoinductors. An analysis of the resistance of varieties to fruit rot showed that Redhaven had the lowest susceptibility to moniliosis. The degree of development of gray rot of fruit on the Redhaven variety was lower than that of the Veteran variety. There were no significant differences in the degree of development of the disease in peach varieties Veteran and Collins. All the tested preparations were distinguished by a high inducing activity contributing to an increase in the resistance of the studied peach varieties. Among the immunoinductors, albite and ecogel were the most effective in pure form and in a tank mixture with fungicides. The values of biological effectiveness in the fight against curliness and fruit rot, as compared with the control, are manifested with the use of albite and ecogel both in pure form and with fungicides.

The research is about the phytopathological evaluation of more than 200 grape varieties and forms in the natural background in the western part of Azerbaijan (Tovuz Supporting Point). As a result of the phytopathological evaluation against the background of mildiu disease in the leaves and bunches of grape varieties and forms, 12 varieties of grape was evaluated by 0 immune points, 1 resistant variety 2-2.5 points, 12 varieties tolerant 3-3.5 points, 138 varieties with no resistance 4-4.5 ball, and finally 33 varieties were evaluated as least resistant (5 points). Among these varieties, have been found the grape varieties (138 species) with less tolerance (4-4.5 points). As a result of the phytopathological evaluation against natural odium disease in leaf and bunches, 12 varieties were found as of 0 immune points, 2 resistant varieties 2-2.5 points, 17 tolerant varieties 3-3.5 points, 102 less resistant varieties 4-4.5 balls and finally 63 varieties were evaluated as the least resistant (5 points). During the phytopathological evaluation of Oidium disease, grape genotypes with high-resistance (1-1.5 points) response were not found. Here less resistant (4-4.5 points) grape varieties (101 varieties) were found. As a result of the phytopathological evaluation against the gray rot disease in fruits and bunches of grape in the natural background, 12 varieties were evaluated with 0 immune points, 12 resistant varieties 2-2.5 points, 140 varieties as resistant 3-3.5 points and 32 varieties were evaluated as less resistant (4-4.5 points). 140 grape varieties with the most tolerance have been found (3-3.5 points). As a result of the phytopathological evaluation against anthracnose disease in leaf and bunches, 12 varieties were evaluated with 0 immune points, 30 resistant varieties 2-2.5 points, 148 tolerant varieties 3-3.5 points and 6 varieties were found as less resistant (4-4.5 points) . During the phytopathological evaluation of anthracnose disease.