Relevance. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the study of trepel, the mass fraction of zeolite in which reaches 50%. The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of the Zikeyevsky field trepel on the cells of the cow embryo lung (CEL).

Methods. To characterize cytotoxicity, 6 fractions of trepel were selected (mining quarry — Zikeyevskoye deposit of Zhizdrinsky district of Kaluga region) with particle sizes: no. 1 — 0.03 mm, no. 2 — 0,03–0,06 mm, no. 3 — 0,09–0,15 mm, no. 4 — 0,15–0,3 mm, no. 5 — 0,3–0,5 mm. To determine cytotoxicity, zeolite suspensions were prepared on a DMEM maintenance medium in concentrations 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 1000 micrograms/ ml. As a model for determining the toxicity of trepeles, a transplanted cell line of CEL (epithelium of the lung embryo of a cow) obtained from a Collection of vertebrate cell cultures (ICiG RAS, Russia) was selected. The cells were grown on a DMEM medium with the addition of 10% fetal bovine serum ("HyClone", USA), penicillin and streptomycin (100 IU/ml each), 20 mM glutamine ("Sigma-Aldrich", USA) in 96-well tablets ("Costar", USA) at +37 °C in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂. Cell viability was assessed by the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase according to the standard method. Statistical data processing was performed using "GraphPad Prism 6.0" software (USA). The experiments were carried out in 5 repeats, p ≤ 0.05 was taken as a statistically significant level.

Results. It was found that concentrations of all fractions of trepels up to 100 micrograms/ml do not have a cytotoxic effect on the studied cells. A significant cytopathogenic effect is manifested in the concentration range of 300–1000 micrograms/ml; is in a positive correlation with the size of trepel particles — the proportion of necrotic cells when processing monolayers with maximum concentrations is up to 99.7±2.9%, which may be due to the mechanical effect of large mineral particles on cellular structures. 

Relevance. Prevention of circovirus diseases in swine management is one of the urgent problems in the industry. The article provides data on the results of the use of two regimens for administering vaccines against circovirus infection to piglets according to immunological, biochemical and zootechnical indicators.

Methods. The work was carried out on piglets, which were vaccinated with "Ingelvak CircoFLEX" vaccine (Germany) against circovirus at the age of 21 days, in the experimental group it was administered together with "leukocytic lysate" obtained from donors hyperimmunized with this vaccine. Evaluation of the effectiveness of post-vaccination immunity formation was carried out based on the results of immunological, biochemical, zootechnical and statistical studies.

Results. It was established that when the vaccination was combined with the introduction of «leukocytic lysate» from hyperimmunized donors, the number of piglets with a positive test for the presence of viral neutralizing antibodies was 79.30–82.33%, in the control — 67.80–71.60%, as a result of changes in the leukocytic blood pool within the normal limits. In piglets of experimental group blood concentration of total protein and albumins starting from 60-day age exceeds control level by 7.73–8.68 and 17.84–30.27% respectively. In the experimental group, compared with the control group, the co-storage of animals is increased by 9.02%, the live weight of piglets at the end of the nursery period is increased by 12.88 kg, or 31.85%, based on one head and the value of medium increases in live weight — by 90 g, or 26.01%. 

Relevance. According to WHO, rabies is common on all continents except Antarctica. More than 55 thousand people die from it every year in the world. According to the Veterinary and Life information portal, up to 10 cases of human rabies are recorded in Russia every year. In 2020, according to statistical reports, 7 deaths were recorded (two of them in children under 17 years old), in 2021 — 6. In 2021, more than 333 thousand people applied for help to medical institutions after being bitten and attacked by animals. In most cases (68.5%) — it was dog attacks.

Methods. Based on the data obtained from official reports in the 4-vet (annual) form for 2021, provided by state veterinary laboratories, the Federal State Budgetary Institution TsNMVL analyzed the epizootic situation and the prevalence of rabies in the Russian Federation.

Results. On the territory of most subjects of the Russian Federation, an unfavorable situation for rabies persists. The disease is registered in all federal districts. The number of people turning to medical institutions for anti-rabies help is increasing. Human deaths are recorded every year. There is a high level of morbidity among animals. As a result of annual epizootic monitoring for 2021, 1189 positive results were obtained. Of these, 47% of cases occur in pets (dogs, cats), 44% — in wild animals, 9% — in farm animals. Unfavorable locations were recorded in 63 subjects of the Russian Federation. The tensest epizootic situation has developed in the Volga Federal District and the Central Federal District (385 and 257 positive cases, respectively). 

In Sverdlovsk region the Ural type of Holsteinized black-and-white cattle is raised and used. Admixing of Holstein line revealed a number of problems in the breeding of crossbred livestock, including decrease of the cows’ productive longevity. This poses new challenges for solving the issues of the herd reproduction and growing of young replacement livestock. The research of correlation between the dynamics of live weight gain by periods of growth along the young livestock lines is relevant and has practical significance. In result of the research it was found that the heifers of Vis Back Ideal 1013415 line outcompeted their peers from the Reflection Sovering line 198998 in terms of live weight in all periods, provided that they were raised under the same conditions, same feeding and same care; moreover all heifers had practically the same live weight at birth. At 6, 10 and 12 months of age, the difference in live weight was significant at p ≤ 0.05–0.01 in favor of heifers of the Vis Back Ideal 1013415 line. According to the periods of growth, a positive conjugation of body weight changes was revealed. The correlation between live body weight by periods and the age of the first insemination is negative. 

Relevance. Of scientific interest are studies of the integrated use of feed factors aimed at enriching and increasing the biological potential of animal diets.

Methods. The scientific and economic experiment was carried out on dairy cows of the Holstein breed at the "Mavrino" farm of the FSUE experimental farm "Klenovo-Chegodaevo" in two groups of 10 animals each. One group was the control group, the other was the experimental group. Cows of the experimental group two weeks before calving and within 100 days after calving received 150 and 300 g of microbial synthesized protein for the main diet, 25 and 50 g of biologically active mixture before and after calving, respectively. The mixture consisted of a granular mass of organic iodine containing 0.5 mg of iodine per 1 g, dry biomass of microalgae Spirulina platensis, dry beer sprouts as a filler in a proportion of 40, 6 and 54%. During the experiment, at the end of the first and third months of lactation following indicators were studied: biochemical indicators; hematological parameters; milk productivity and milk quality, reproduction indicators.

Results. The inclusion of microbial synthesizet protein, microalgae Spirulina platensis and organic iodine in the diet of cows during the periparturient period had a positive effect on the interstitial metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and minerals, optimized the activity of enzymes and hormones, resulting in the average daily milk yield in cows of the experimental group for three months after calving being 30.6, 33.3 and 27.8 kg, which was higher than that of the controls by 7.7, 7.1 and 14.1%. The cows of the experimental group also improved reproduction rates. 

Relevance. Due to the cancellation of feeding animals with low doses of antibiotics, alternative substances are being searched, phytobiotics and probiotics may become promising. The use of plant-based feed additives in the nutrition of farm animals and poultry contributes to improving health, and, consequently, improving productive qualities.

The purpose of the study: to study the effect of probiotic (Bacillus cereus IP 5832) and coumarin both separately and together on the concentration of chemical elements in the body tissues of broiler chickens.

Methods. The object of the study was 7-day-old broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross. In our research we used: probiotic based on Bacillus cereus strain and coumarin. Experimental scheme: control group (C) — the main diet (MD), experimental group I — MD + Bacillus cereus (dose of 12.6˟10³ microbial bodies/kg of feed/ day), experimental group II — MD + coumarin (dose of 2 mg/kg of feed/day), experimental group III — MD + Bacillus cereus + coumarin. The experiment period is 35 days. Analysis of the elemental composition of tissues was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry on a "Nexion 300D" quadrupole mass spectrometer and an "Optima 2000 DV" atomic emission spectrometer.

Results. As a result of experiments conducted on feeding probiotics to broilers based on Bacillus cereus and coumarin strains, their positive effect on the accumulation of essential and conditionally essential trace elements in the liver and pectoral muscles and a decrease in the presence of a number of toxic elements was established. 

Relevance. Estimating the energy content of feeds and their digestibility is important to the industry in order to better account for the effects of additives in diet formulations and to calculate the value of these additives in different diet formulations. This is especially important in diets that are high in non-structural carbohydrates because the energy efficiency of digesting or fermenting sugars cannot be directly compared to the digestion and absorption of starch, fat, or protein.

Methodology. The object of the study are broiler chickens of the Arbor Aсres cross. The control group was kept on the main diet, and the diet of the experimental groups was supplemented with 10% casein (proteins) from the dry matter of the diet, 10% sugar (carbohydrates) from the dry matter of the diet and 10% sunflower oil (fats) from the dry matter of the diet. The content of toxic elements in the resulting ash was assessed using an "Elan 9000" mass spectrometer and an "Optima 2000 V" atomic emission spectrometer.

Results. In the final period of cultivation in the experimental groups, an increase in the digestibility of all components of the diet relative to the control indicators was noted. When compared with the control, the level of digestibility of DM and OM in group I was higher by 6.8% and 7.1%, in II — by 8.5% and 8.4%, in III — by 5.7% and 5.6% respectively. The coefficient of digestibility of crude protein was higher in the group treated with casein, compared to the control, this indicator was higher by 7.3%. Digestibility of SF was maximum in the III experimental group and amounted to 90.23%, which is higher than in the control by 26.5% (p ≤ 0.05). The degree of digestibility of carbohydrates was higher in the group that received sugar, relative to the control by 9.5%. 

Relevance. Interspecific hybridization of domestic animals with wild related species is considered as one of the promising directions in animal husbandry in the framework of increasing the genetic biodiversity of the gene pool of agricultural animals. The article presents the results of studies of the reproductive characteristics in animals of the genus Ovis with different genotypes.

Methods. The objects of research were purebred sheep of the Romanov breed, mouflon and interspecific hybrids from sheep of the Romanov breed with mouflon. The qualitative and quantitative indicators of the sperm at the age of 9, 12 and 18 months were studied. An assessment of the morphometric parameters of spermatozoa from interspecific hybrids is given in comparison with the original parental species. The testes histological studies of purebred and hybrid animals at the age of 12 months were carried out.

Results. Differences in several indicators of sperm production and spermatogenesis in purebred and hybrid animals depending on the genotype were revealed. A decrease in the volume of ejaculate and concentration of spermatozoa in hybrid animals relative to purebred males at the age of 12 and 18 months was established in 3.5, 2.6 times and in 1.6, 2.1 times, respectively (р < 0,01). An increase in the proportion of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology in hybrid animals relative to purebred males in 2.9–3.3 times was revealed (р < 0,01). The obtained data are confirmed by histological studies. There is a decrease in the area and volume of seminiferous tubules in hybrid animals by 9.7% and 37.1%, respectively, compared with similar indicators of purebred males of the Romanov breed (р < 0,01). It was shown that in purebred animals in the lumen of the seminiferous tubule have many mature germ cells — sperm, while in hybrid males the presence of single germ cells was established, which indicates a later puberty of hybrid animals compared to the original maternal form — sheep of the Romanov breed. 

The Ural type of the domestic Black-and-White mottled breed of cattle features high rates of milk productivity, good suitability for industrial milking technology, but the productive longevity is 2.4–2.6 lactations only, although in the herds there are livestock of cows with a productive longevity up to 10 lactations. The decline in productive longevity is associated with deterioration of reproductive qualities of the cows. In result of the research it was found that the most resistant to long-term use in conditions of dairy complexes for industrial milk production in pedigree reproducing farms were the cows of the Siling Trajun Rokita line. Their productive period was 4.0 lactations. In other lines, the productive longevity ranged from 1.8 (Pabst Governor’s line) to 2.5 (Montvik Chieftain’s line) lactations. A low fertility rate (less than 0.95) indicates the presence of reproduction problems in the herd. The modern Holsteinized black-and-white mottled cattle, bred in Sverdlovsk region, possess high breeding qualities. The potential of their use is quite high and, despite certain problems with reproduction system, they can produce for a long time in the environmental and forage conditions of the breeding zone. 

Relevance. Despite the more than 20-year history of research, the study of the polymorphism of the kappacasein (CSN3) gene in domestic dairy cattle breeds and its effect on the indicators of dairy productivity of cows is still relevant. The largest number of domestic studies on the kappa-casein gene was carried out on the Black-and-White and Yaroslavl breeds, while the Kostroma breed of dairy cattle in this area has not been studied enough.

Methods. The source of DNA for analysis was whole blood taken from the tail vein of animals and treated with a set of reagents "Proba-NK" ("NPO DNA Technology" LLC, Russia) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Genotyping of the single-nucleotide polymorphism of the kappa-casein gene (rs43703017) was implemented by real-time PCF using the "DTprime" amplifier ("NPO DNA Technology" LLC, Russia) and HRM-analysis technology (high resolution melting). The results were processed using methods of zootechnical and statistical studies.

Results. As a result of the study, it was found that the population of cows of the Kostroma breed is characterized by a significantly greater consolidation of the gene pool compared to animals of the Blackand-White breed, which suggests a higher efficiency of breeding work with the Kostroma breed using the kappa-casein gene as a genetic marker of suitability of milk for cheese making. The kappa-casein gene has a significant effect on the parameters of dairy productivity and functional longevity of cows. 

Relevance. The biological potential of microorganisms due to the high level of physiological and adaptive characteristics to the action of abiotic factors (the formation of resistant forms) and has a wider range of applications in contrast to substitution therapy. Our work presents experimental data on the assessment of the level of tolerance of soil isolates of Bacillus subtilis in relation to various chemical compounds of copper and the degree of influence of a massive cationic load on the growth of the most resistant strains.

Methods. To implement the tasks set, we used the methods of isolation and identification of pure cultures of microorganisms, the diffusion method of agar wells (assessment of the inhibitory characteristics of chemical compounds), and the nephelometric method (the effect of heavy metals on the growth of microorganisms).

Results. The most resistant strain to chemical stress is the B. subtilis P-8, isolate, which exhibits resistance to extremely high concentrations of copper: CuCl₂ · 7H₂O and CuSO₄ — 0.125 M/l, Cu(CH₃COO)2 — 0.250 M/l, while the strain B. subtilis P-6 is the most sensitive to two of the three chemicals. When conducting studies to assess the level of copper sulfate fusion on the growth of the population of strains selected by us, it was found that this compound has a pronounced prolonging effect on the growth of the cell population of B. subtilis P-6 and B. subtilis P-8 with an increase in the time of onset of the stationary phase of growth by 6 hours, relative to benchmarks. 

Relevance. The article is devoted to the relevant problem of assessing the productive and nutritional value of complex grass mixtures of various families, as well as assessing the economic and agro-energy efficiency of cultivating legume-grass mixtures for fodder.

Methods. Experiments were laid at the VNIIMZ experimental agro-reclamation site in 2019–2021. The objects of research were herbal mixtures: 1) oriental goat's rue + cereals (60:40%); 2) variable alfalfa + red clover + meadow timothy (30:35:35%); 3) variable alfalfa + red clover + meadow fescue (30:35:30%); 4) clover-timothy mixture (45:55%). Control — clover-timothy mixture (60:40%), traditional for the production of green mass. The area of the experiment is 6.1 ha, the placement of the options is randomized, in three tiers, the repetition is three times. The use of grass stands is two-cut, agricultural technology is generally accepted. The studies were carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations adopted in fodder production and agriculture. Statistical processing was carried out by the method of dispersion analysis using computer programs.

Results. High yields of grass mixtures based on goat's rue with cereals were obtained — green mass up to 49.9 t/ha, dry matter — up to 14.1 t/ha, while the timothy mixture used as a control — only 23.8 and 6 .78 t/ha, respectively. At the same time, it was found that the collection of fodder protein units, digestible protein and energy productivity were the highest in legume-grass mixed crops based on goat's rue with cereals (13.97 t/ ha, 1.50 t/ha and 167.7 GJ/ha) and grass mixtures based on clover, alfalfa and timothy grass (9.17 t/ha, 1.03 t/ha and 115.2 GJ/ha), while clover-timothy grass mixture provided only 5.49 t/ha, 0.57 t/ha and 58.3 GJ/ ha, respectively (significance of differences p < 0.05). Grass mixtures from goat's rue, alfalfa and red clover with intensive varieties of cereal grasses provide the maximum amount of nutrients per unit area, improve the quality of fodder. 

Introduction. One of the most urgent issue of plant production which attracts the attention of many researchers and farmers, is salt tolerance of plants. Salinity has a negative effect, caused by the disruption of an osmotic balance of a cell that negatively affects water regime of plants. At the same time, plants experience growth inhibition and reduce their yield.

The purpose of the study was to estimate resistance of different sorghum species to chloride salinity and to identify the most resistant genotypes.

Methods. The study was carried out in the laboratory for plant physiology in 2018–2021. For the current study there has been carries out a modelling of a salt stress by a pure salt solution (concentration of 13 atm.) according to a conventional methodology, the control was distilled water.

Results. There has been established the salinity stress effect on seed germination of different sorghum species. The values of germination energy and laboratory germination of grain sorghum were 53.1% and 62.0%; of sweet sorghum — 39.1% and 43.1; the values of Sudan grass — 30.1 and 33.5%, respectively. In the first and second groups — of highly resistant and resistant species (seed germination affected by salinity ranged from 61 to 100%) — were are 61% of grain sorghum genotypes, 56% of sugar sorghum genotypes and 6% of Sudan grass genotypes. There has been established a resistance degree and identified some features of the development of varieties with different degrees of resistance to this stress (length of sprouts and primary roots). Grain sorghum was found less susceptible to salinity stress of all studied species. Among grain sorghum samples, 9 genotypes have demonstrated the highest salinity resistance with a germination rate from 87.5 (Uch. 22/20) to 95.9% (Uch. 29/20). The maximum values were shown by the samples of Uch. 29/20 (95.95%), Uch. 20/20 (93.9%), Uch. 21/20 (93.8%), Jetta x Uch. 45/20 (91.5%) and Uch. 7/20 (90.8%), which indicated the ability to tolerate severe salinity concentration. 

Relevance and methodology. In the conditions of the arid steppe zone of the Volgograd region in the Elansky district in 2018–2021, we studied the effect of sowing dates and seeding rates of seeds of winter wheat Zernogradka 11 on productivity. Sowing dates and seeding rates are considered by various sources as two main factors in increasing grain yields without any additional economic costs. The predecessor was black bare . The technology of cultivation of the variety Zernogradka 11 in field experiments was according to B.A. Dospekhov and the method of state variety testing of agricultural crops. The experiments were carried out for 5 sowing dates (III decade of August; I, II, III decades of September and I decade of October) and seding rates period (4, 5 and 6 million pcs/ha). Seedlings, at different sowing dates, appeared at different intervals, which is associated with a changing temperature regime.

Result. Based on the data obtained over the years of research it can be concluded that there is a decrease in productive stalk with advancement to later sowing dates. The highest yield was obtainedthen sowing in I decade of September. For other dates and seeding rates, except for the III decade of August, there was a noticeable decrease in indicators of the yield structure. The optimal seeding rate was found to be 5 and 6 million pcs/m2. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out and the dependence of the yield of winter wheat on sowing dates and seeding rates on average for 2018 — 2021 was revealed. It was found that the model describes the phenomenon well in almost all indicators, but the model of relationship between individual factors and the yield oneeds to be improved. The study showed that the influence of sowing dates and seeding rates are not sufficiently interconnected. 

Relevance. The selection of the best winter wheat precursors that provide low yield variability in contrasting years is an important task of farming.

Methods. Studies were carried out in 2017–2021 at the Prikumskaya Experimental Breeding Station in a 6-field crop rotation, where winter wheat was placed on bare and full fallow and semifallow. The aim of the research was to evaluate the precursors in different nutritional backgrounds from the position of low variability of yield, ecological stability and high adaptability to the conditions of the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory.

Results. The hydro-thermal coefficient of summer-autumn period was 0,22 and of spring-summer period — 0,06 units drier than the average summer value. The pre-sowing period was especially unfavorable (HTC = 0.22). The stocks of productive moisture in a meter layer of soil in autumn were considerably below the norm on bare fallow in 40% of years of experiment and on other predecessors — in 80% of years. Yield of winter wheat varied from 2.43 to 4.46 t/ha on bare fallow on control, 2.86 to 4.93 t/ha — on fertilized variant, 1.98 to 4.72 and 2.15 to 5.35 t/ha— on ful fallow, 0.59 to 2.19 and 0.64 to 2.44 t/ha — on semifallow. And the environmental conditions index ranged from –0.51 to +1.52 and –0.64 to+1.43; from –0.90 to+1.84 and –1.10 to +2.10; from –0.72 to + 0.88 and –1.19 to +0.79 respectively. Maximum yields in all nutritional backgrounds were obtained on bare and full fallow. Only 1 year out of 5 was favorable as it had positive environmental conditions index values. The environmental plasticity ranged from 1.67 to 3.04. The highest yield variability (47.1%) and maximum stress tolerance (–1.6 –1.98 t/ha) was observed for the half fallow Semifallow. Bare fallow was the most flexible under stress conditions of cultivation as it had the highest yield (2.94–3.50 t/ha) and the lowest variability (26.4%) compared to other precursors. 

Relevance. With the increasing interest of agricultural producers in biological farming, there is a need to provide farmers with affordable and effective biological preparations. In the current realities, under the conditions of sanctions, special attention should be paid to domestic manufacturers of biological products.

Methods. The effectiveness of the use of a new microbiological fertilizer "Tatfarmat (marka A)" for presowing treatment of potato tubers of the Salsa variety of domestic selection was evaluated. The experiment was carried out on gray forest soil. We studied such indicators as potato yield, the number of tubers (from 1 bush and from 1 m²), the average mass of marketable tubers (from 1 bush and from 1 m2), the fractional composition of tubers (in %) and the content of starch and vitamin C in tubers.

Results. The positive effect of the biopreparation "Tatfarmat (marka A)" on the quantitative and qualitative indicators of potatoes was revealed. The yield in the variants with the use of microbiological fertilizer increased by 4.9–14.8% compared to the control, the number of tubers (from 1 m²) — by 7.8–46.9%, the average mass of marketable tubers (from 1 m²) — by 11.4–33%. The share of seed and food fractions of tubers increased by 0.5–3.6% and 1.5–3.1%, respectively. There was an increase in the content of starch in dry matter by 0.7–4.7%. The content of vitamin C in tubers increased by 9–19%. 

Relevance. Mung bean is a new culture of versatile use for the Middle Volga region; it has a complex of valuable economic and biological properties. When studying seeds, seedlings and mung bean plants as raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, it was revealed that this culture also has a biocidal effect on phytopathogens. The purpose of our research is to study the biological activity of the juice from the sprouts of mung bean on the seedlings of spring soft wheat for the subsequent creation of theoretical foundations for the development and use of mung bean as a growth stimulant and protection of wheat seedlings from phytopathogenic organisms.

Methods. To obtain juice, three-day seedlings of mung bean of the Saltan variety were taken. Three varieties of spring soft wheat created at the Volga Research Institute of Breeding and Seed Production named after P.N. Konstantinov were used in the experiments — Kinelskaya 2020, Kinelskaya jubilee, Kinelskaya Zvezda.

Results. The effect of juice from green and etiolated mung bean seedlings on phytopathogens and the growth of spring wheat seeds in the early stages of organogenesis was studied. It was found that the juice of green seedlings has a pronounced biocidal and stimulating activity. Thus, in the tested variants, the formation of primary roots exceeded the control by 15–26%, the length of primary roots exceeded the control by 248– 297% and the length of sprouts — by 337–403%. There were no signs of damage in all tested variants. In the juice of etiolated seedlings, such activity is less pronounced. Only at a concentration of cell juice of 1% in the studied wheat varieties, an excess over the control was observed: the formation of primary roots — by106–112%, the length of primary roots — by109–127% and the length of sprouts 108–125%. In other versions of this experiment, the results were ambiguous. The defeat of phytopathogens manifested itself, but the number of affected wheat seeds decreased as the concentration of cell juice solutions increased. 

Relevance. Apples and apple juices are healthy food products with a large amount of biologically active substances. The polyphenols contained in them are powerful natural antioxidants. They prevent the development of many chronic heart diseases and have many pharmacological properties. Thus, polyphenols increase the resistance of blood vessels, improve blood circulation, protect elastin and collagen fibers, and serve as fundamental elements supporting skin tissues. Apples contain such practically valuable substances as pectins. At the same time, in fresh apples, protopectin prevails over soluble pectin and makes up 52.3– 97.0% of the total amount.

Methods. The objects of the study were the fruits of apple varieties: Voskhod, Talgar Bayterek, Sarkyt and Saya, as well as pear varieties: Bostandyk, Nagima, Sylyk, Zhazdyk. The fruits of apples and pears were harvested from September to mid-October 2021 in Saryagash district, in the farm "Tenge". Experimental data were obtained in the laboratory of the South-Kazakhstan University named after M. Auezov. At the first stage of the study, the quality of apples was determined in accordance with the requirements of GOST R 54697–2011. At the second stage, physico-chemical parameters were determined according to standard methods. The content of soluble solids was determined by the refractometric method using a refractometer, at ambient temperature 20±0.5 °C, The mass fraction of dry substances was determined by the refractive index. The sum of sugars — according to the Bertrand method.

Result. Studies have established that the fruits of all studied varieties of apples and pears grown in Kazakhstan, according to organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators, contain high levels of chemicals and phenolic compounds, but the most valuable source of biologically active substances were apples of variety Baiterek and pears of variey Zhazdyk. 

Relevance. Fruits and vegetables are an excellent source of substances with antioxidant and healthy properties. Such substances include polyphenols, carotenoids and triterpenoids. Phenolic compounds have strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anti-carcinogenic properties. Pear is the main fruit crop of regions with mild climate and have growing cultivation scales. Pear flavonoids contribute to the coloring of fruits, protect them against pathogens and are healthy ingredients of fruits. The purpose of the research is to analyze the content of flavonoids in pears of Kazakhstan selection.

Methods. The methods used in the study are as follows: determining solids content (the found value is expressed in units of the mass fraction of sucrose in an aqueous solution of sucrose, which under given conditions has the same refractive index as the analyzed solution, in %) titratable acidity (determination of the mass concentration of titratable acids in terms of malic, tartaric or citric acids (μg/mL) was carried out using potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide solution to pH = 8.1), total sugars (the permanganate method is based on the ability of sugar carbonyl groups to reduce copper (II) oxide to copper (I) oxide in an alkaline medium), sugar-acid index, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content, total phenolic compounds content, total flavonoids content.

Results. The comparison analyses shows Syilyk and Zhazdyk varieties have the highest values of studied traits,. Specifically, physico-chemical indicators: solids content, total sugars and titratable acidity. Also the best indicators are shown in biological active compounds: sugar-acid index, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content, total phenolic content and total flavonoids content. The polyphenols content in all pear varieties have high values in the range 107–124 μg/mL. Extracts of Syilyk and Zhazdyk pears have highest values of biologically active substances, and might be recommended for the development of technology in order to obtain concentrates and to enrich the compositions of the food products. 

Relevance. In general, phenolic compounds are aromatic compositions, where a benzene ring is associated with one or more hydroxide groups. All phenolic compounds are divided into groups by structure and fragment’s type. There are more 10 000 types of different phenolic compounds structures that are found in plants raw materials and food products. The studies covered in the article are relevant, both from the point of view of scientific novelty, and to substantiate the benefits of consuming cherries of new varieties of Kazakhstan breeding.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the cherries of Kazakhstan selection.

Research objectives: to collect theoretical data, apply research methods to determinethe content of polyphenols and flavonoids in the laboratory, to draw relevant conclusions.

Methods. For the study of physico-chemical and chemical indicators of the total polyphenols and total flavonoids contents, following sweet cherry varieties of the Kazakhstan selection were considered: Aigerim, Lyazat and Merei. Following physico-chemical indicators were studied: solids content, total sugars and titratable acidity. It was found that among the considered sweet cherry sorts, the highest values had variety Lyazat, specifically in the chemical indicators: sugar-acid index, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content, total polyphenols and total flavonoids contents.

Results. By the total polyphenols and flavonoids contents varieties Aigerim (866 μg/mL and 275 μg/mL), Lyazat(885 μg/mL and 290 μg/mL) and Merei (865 μg/mL and 255 μg/mL) are close to each other. In the considering relatively Lyazat, the Total polyphenols content, Aigerim and Merei have lowest data by 0.05% and 0.13%, respectively. Total flavonoids content of varieties values for Aigerim and Merei 0.05% and 0.22% — were also identified. In general, a review of all obtained data with the known values shows that indicators of the total polyphenols and flavonoids contents are with in the acceptable variations. 

Relevance. The most well-known biologically active substances are natural antioxidants, which consist of: polyphenols, flavonoids, various aromatic hydroxy acids, anthocyanins, vitamins C and E, carotenoids and other compounds. Raspberries are rich in phenolic phytochemicals, especially flavonoids, such as anthocyanin pigments, which give raspberries a dark red color. The aim of the study is to analyze biologically active substances of raspberries of Kazakhstan breeding in laboratory conditions. Research objectives: theoretical analysis, collection and structuring of laboratory data on biologically active substances, appropriate conclusion.

Methods. The physicochemical properties and chemical indicators in the various raspberry varieties of the Kazakhstan selection were studied, such as: Anar, Arai and Salem. Mostly the recognized and available research methods were used. The method of determining the amount of soluble solids is based on using a refractometer. The found value is expressed in units of the mass fraction of sucrose in an aqueous solution of sucrose, which under given conditions has the same refractive index as the analyzed solution, in % (Brix) (GOST 51433: 1999).

Results. Physico-chemical parameters were studied: the dry matter content, total sugars and titrated acidity. It is established that among the raspberry varieties considered, Anar variety has the highest values. Anar also has the highest chemical indicators: the sugar acid index, the content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), the total content of phenols and the total content of flavonoids. The total content of phenols and flavonoids in the varieties Anar (860 µg/ml and 188 µg/ml, respectively), Arai (870 µg/ml and 189 µg/ml, respectively) and Salem (855 µg/ml and 187 µg/ml, respectively) have similar values. Extracts of these raspberries sorts could be advised for the enrichment of the nutritional value composition of food products. 

Relevance. The use of liquid fraction of pig manure as technical water for manure removal is a resourcesaving solution. Applying this solution in designing combined resource-saving manure removal systems requires calculation and accounting methods for the manure nutrients and suspended matter, which pass into the solid and liquid fractions during manure separation. The study aimed to develop a methodology for calculating the quantity and quality of manure fractions for the case when a part of the liquid fraction would be used in the manure removal system.

Methods. Calculations were based on the data from a pig rearing complex located in the Leningrad region, with 65,100 heads on the complex at any one time. The calculation results were compared with the actual values from the protocols of laboratory analyses.

Results. The developed methodology will allow the farm to make a more efficient accounting plan for nutrients passing into organic fertilisers. It will also save up to 47 450 tons of clean water for the manure removal system per year. 

Relevance. The development of fermented herbal beverages will make it possible not only to process grain crops as efficiently as possible, but also to meet the needs of people with intolerance to milk components, as well as those who adhere to a vegetarian diet. As one of the directions, it is possible to offer production of fermented vegetable drinks with predetermined properties by enriching them with antioxidants of polyphenolic nature. These technologies will minimise the risks of non-communicable diseases in the Russian Federation and stabilise public health in the long term.

Methods. Six samples of fermented herbal beverages were identified as objects of study, two of which were obtained by fermentation of wheat and barley grains using "Bifivit" starter, powdered flavonoid taxifolin was added to other two samples at the fermentation stage, while the last two used the hydroxypropyl-betacyclodextrin encapsulated form of taxifolin. Total flavonoid content using spectrophotometric method, antioxidant activity(AOA) using DPPH-method as well as bioavailability index and digestibility criterion were determined in all tested samples.

Results. All the samples of fermented herbal beverages with taxifolin are characterized by sufficiently high flavonoid content. The samples containing encapsulated forms of the flavonoid have, on average, 7 to 8% lower values than the samples of herbal drinks containing the native form of the flavonoid. At the same time, the bioavailability index for the samples containing encapsulated forms of flavonoid was on average 40 to 42% higher, indicating the effectiveness of the encapsulation process. The highest values of antioxidant activity were characteristic of the plant drinks enriched with the initial form of taxifolin, which is probably due to the creation of a protective shell and a decrease in the AOA values by 10–12% on average in samples with encapsulated form. The process of fermentation of vegetable raw materials leads to an increase in their digestibility, as evidenced by the growth of the infusoria Tetrahymena pyriformis. Introduction of taxifolin into the formulation of drinks both in its original and encapsulated form increases the growth of protozoa by 187±4–315±3%. 

Relevance. Economic efficiency is the most important fact when introduction the new types of products into production. The article represents an assessment of the economic efficiency in case of introducing of the functional food products into mass production. An assessment of the costs of launching products into production has been conducted; the selling price of a unit of production will be 67.70 rubles per one piece. It has been established that due to the introduction of new types of products into production, the proceeds will increase in 3 years by 623.88 thousand rubles, which is more than 8%. It has been calculated and proven that investments in this project will be quite profitable, as confirmed by the positive value of the net present value. The estimated payback period of the project will be 4 months. Investment in this project will help to increase the return on costs from 21.21% to 21.39% and the return on sales from 17.50% to 17.62%.

Results. The results of analysis of the economic efficiency of implementation of project for the production of a functional bakery product, confirm that this project is cost-effective.

Relevance. The relevance of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, is due to the increased need to review and systematize the results of modern scientific research in the field of agricultural cooperation, which, on the one hand, reflect the trends and problems of development of agricultural cooperatives that have developed in world practice, on the other hand, have a heuristic and practical significance for improving the conditions for the development of cooperation directly in the Russian environment (moreover, taking into account its current state and existing challenges and threats).

Methods. The methods used in the course of the study, in particular, integrative and discursive methods, review and analytical techniques, rigorous comparative assessments of new (obtained in the analyzed works) conclusions, made it possible to carefully monitor and strictly correlate such research aspects as (1) struggles faced by cooperatives due to the deterioration of the political and macroeconomic environment, the negative consequences of climate change, emerging biological (and other) threats, (2) a theoretical justification for the reasons for the decrease in the efficiency of cooperatives due to existing fluctuations in the conditions of their functioning, ( 3) practical solutions offered by scientists in the light of modern interdisciplinary research of the phenomenon under study (agricultural cooperation).

Results. As a result of the review and analytical work undertaken to achieve the stated goal (generalization and systematization of existing concepts of the functioning of agricultural cooperatives, identification of their heuristic potential for use in the process of developing an algorithm and mechanisms for introducing business and socially-oriented models of agricultural cooperatives into Russian practice), it is necessary to highlight the publications of those authors who seek (1) to find new approaches to preserving the unique cooperative organization, on the one hand, and finding an adequate response to global changes in society and the economy, on the other, (2) to develop the theory of agricultural cooperation, taking into account a number of circumstances that a few years ago were not defined as worthy of attention, but today are considered as decisive for the development of many socio-economic processes (coronacrisis, foreign economic sanctions, a fundamental violation of technological and logistic chains), (3) to focus purely fundamental research on solving urgent (applied) problems in the field of agricultural cooperation. 

Relevance: In Russia, the issue of conducting an experiment on the implementation of educational programs of residency in veterinary medicine is being discussed. The purpose of the study is to determine the potential relevance of the residency program "Veterinary Medicine" among students of specialty 36.05.01 Veterinary Medicine.

Methods. The survey method was used to conduct the study. The questionnaire was posted on the "Google forms" platform. The link to the questionnaire was distributed among students of the 1–5th year of the specialty 36.05.01 Veterinary Medicine through ads on social networks.

Results. It was revealed that 40,7% of students of specialty Veterinary Medicine are considering admission to residency. The leading motives for continuing training in residency are: obtaining deeper knowledge and professional skills in the field of interest and increasing competitiveness in the labor market (to take a position of interest, etc.). According to respondents, the veterinary residency program should have a number of characteristics: free tuition; program of interest to students; mixed attendance mode; it is desirable that training would take place in the same city in which the training for specialist›s degree took place. The main reasons why students do not want to continue their studies in residency are: not seeing meaning in formal education at a university if there is an opportunity to study under flexible internship programs and special courses; the desire to try their hand at work; the need to earn a living.