Relevance. Prevention of ketosis in freshly calved cows is one of the urgent problems in the industry. The article presents data on the results of the use of propyleneglycol in the diets of cows during the transit period.
Methods. For the study, 2 groups of cows were formed, control and experimental, with 30 heads each. The cows of the control group were fed the rations for dry and dairy cows of the highly productive group adopted on the farm. Cows of the experimental group in the dry period two weeks before calving in addition to the diet of the control group got 150 g of propyleneglycol per head per day and for two weeks after calving — 250 g.
Results. It was found that the addition of propyleneglycol to the diets of cows for two weeks before calving and four — after — turned out to be expedient in the prevention of ketosis during the milking period. Analysis of milk for the presence of ketone bodies using test strips on the 10th day of lactation revealed positive results in 10% of cows in the control group, while 17% of cows were at risk. Analogical studies conducted on the 30th and 60th days of lactation showed the presence of ketone bodies in 7 and 3% of cows of the control group respectively, with questionable results in 6 and 4%. At the same time, in cowsof the experimental group, receiving propyleneglycol, this analysis did not show signs of ketosis.

Relevance. This work is devoted to the study of prognostic parameters for the development of labor pathology (retention of the placenta), a complication of which is often postpartum endometritis, as well as mastitis in Holstein cows, which will allow us to accurately and timely develop a preventive algorithm of actions.
Methods. To solve research problems, animals with different pregnancy periods of the Holstein breed were selected and divided into two groups in the amount of 42 heads: group 1 — cows with a pregnancy period of 5–6 months; group 2 — cows with a pregnancy of 7–8 months. To identify predictors of diseases in the fresh period, the metabolic status of pregnant cows was studied on the basis of clinical and biochemical blood parameters using laboratory methods; the presence or absence of pathologies in these animals was taken into account in the first 10–14 days after calving.
Results. Having studied the level of metabolic processes in selected pregnant cows (second and third trimesters), we were able to found that the concentrations of calcium (2.05±0.034 mmol/l), albumin fraction (12.7±2.31%), glucose (2.20±0.299 mmol/l), bilirubin (10.7± 2.94 mmol/l) in animals with a pregnancy of 5–6 months and the values of the protein index (0.17±0.014), phosphorus (2.75±0.215 mmol/l) at 7–8 months of pregnancy are factors predicting the pathology the labor and the postpartum period, namely retention of the placenta, diseases of the mammary gland and endometrium of an inflammatory nature. The most significant was the fact that a decrease in serum calcium and albumin by 18% and 53% in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy increases the likelihood of diseases in newly calved cows by 27–33%.

Relevance. Against the background of stress and high physiological load, cows experience a lack of energy, the need for which increases many times over in comparison with the dry period, in connection with this, their body is forced to use the reserves of adipose tissue. It is important to timely prevent and monitor the status of cows during the transition period.
Methods. The methodology of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of immunostimulating drugs PS-2, Prevention-N-E and PDE + E-selen. For scientific research, 4 groups of down-calving cows of the Holsteinized Black-and-White breed were selected, 10 animals each. Dry cows of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups received PS-2 and Prevention-N-E intramuscularly at a dose of 10.0 ml three times (40, 20 and 10 days before calving), animals of the 3rd experimental group were injected subcutaneously with tissue preparation PDE (denatured emulsified placenta) at a dose of 20.0 ml and intramuscularly — with a complex mineral and vitamin preparation E-selen at a dose of 10.0 ml 20 days before calving. Biological preparations were not used in animals of the control group.
Results. An analysis was made of the prevalence of postpartum metabolic disorders: clinically pronounced hypocalcemia was observed in 5.9% of the newly-calved cows, ketosis — in 11.6%, subclinical hypocalcemia — in 17.7%, and a latent form of ketosis — in 22.7%. Biological preparations PS-2 and Prevention-N-E have a corrective effect on the synthesis of aminotransferases, mineral and carbohydrate metabolism, digestibility of macronutrients, against which background the number of newly-calved cows with subclinical forms of ketosis and hypocalcemia is reduced by 2 times.

Relevance. In modern conditions of industrial poultry farming, technological methods in many respects do not correspond to the biological needs of the bird's body. A high concentration of poultry in limited areas, year-round stay in enclosed spaces in cages leads to negative consequences. Under the influence of unfavorable factors, nonspecific resistance and immunobiological reactivity of the organism decrease. Therefore, at present, the issues of implementing the reproductive qualities and productivity of poultry through the directed impact of biologically active substances are of particular relevance.
Methods. The methodology of the work was to study the effectiveness of the use of immunostimulating drugs PS-7 and Prevention-N-C for actualization of the productive and reproductive qualities of hens of the parent flock of the Hubbard F-15 cross. The objects of research were hens of the parent flock of broilers of the French cross Hubbard F-15. In the scientific and economic experiment, according to the principle of analogue groups, three groups of birds were formed with 150 heads each: one control and two experimental groups. Chickens of the 1st experimental group at the age of 21–23 weeks were fed with water three times with an interval of 7 days the biopreparation PS-7 at a dose of 0.1 ml/kg of body weight, chickens of the 2^nd experimental group — Prevention-N-C at the same dose and timing.
Results. It was found that the use of tested preparations based on the polysaccharide complex of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells and benzimedazole contributed to an earlier peak of egg production (by 2.0 and 3.0 weeks), increased egg yield on the initial laying hen (by 5.1 and 6.6%) and the average laying hen (by 2.8 and 2.0%), gross egg production (by 1,365 and 1,770 eggs) and livability (by 2.0 and 4.0%). The use of the tested preparations contributed to the improvement of the morphological parameters of eggs and, as a result, the withdrawal of chickens by 0.8 and 2.0%.

Relevance. The article presents the results of experiments to determine the antigenic properties (the ability of quinoid radiotoxin to synthesize antiradiotoxic antibodies) of plant radiotoxin using IHA.
Methods. An antigenic variant of the erythrocyte diagnosticum (AGED), which is a ram erythrocytes sensitized by radiation antigens, was used to conduct the IHA-test. As control (positive) antiradiation antibodies in the reaction, we used antiradiation antibodies obtained by hyperimmunization of rabbits with a radiation antigen — radiotoxin isolated from the liver tissue of lethally irradiated sheep, tested antitoxic antibodies — hyperimmune sera from sheep hyperimmunized with quinoid (plant) radiotoxin, negative serum obtained from intact (non-irradiated, not vaccinated with any vaccines) sheep, heterologous sera (antiburn, anticolibacillary). The reaction was placed on microplates in a volume of 50 ml and was taken into account according to a four-point system in crosses.
Results. The study of the antigenic activity of the test radiation antigen — plant quinoidr adiotoxin (QRT) — using the IHA-test showed that the test antigen has a high antigenic activity, inducing in the body of immunized animals (sheep) the synthesis of antiradiotoxic antibodies, the titers of which significantly exceed those immunized with liver (animal) antigen — animal radiotoxin. Quinoidr adiotoxin, obtained from plant tissue (potato tubers) and conjugated with a protein-lipoid group (incomplete Freund's adjuvant — IFA), has a high antigenicity, inducing the synthesis of specific antiradiotoxic antibodies, which can be used as an essential component of the immunochemical test system — sensitin used for sensitization of micro- and nanoparticles of bentonite in the design of antiradiation antibody variant of bentonited iagnosticum (ABBD).

Relevance. One of the unsolved problems of modern industrial pig breeding remains the problem of preserving the health and realizing the reproductive potential of the breeding stock. In the light of the above, it seems promising to develop, test and introduce into practical veterinary medicine new therapeutic and preventive means that ensure the preservation of health, the actualization of productive and reproductive qualities of animals, the use of which would be economically feasible.
Methods. To set up the experiment, 30 heads of suckling sows were selected on the 15th day after the first farrowing. The selected sows were divided into 3 groups based on the breed, reproductive qualities and reproductive health according to the principle of pairs-analogues.
Results. It was found that intramuscular injection at a dose of 5 ml per head on the 15th, 20th and 25^th days after farrowing of the immunotropic drug PigStim-C to animals of the 1st experimental group, and PigStim-M — to animals of the 2nd experimental group contributes to: reducing the period from weaning to the manifestation of phenomenon of heat and the onset of the optimal period for insemination by 4.5–9.1%; an increase in the fertility of insemination from 90% in the control group to 100%; an improvement in the multiplicity of sows by 8.1–8.6% and a decrease in the number of stillborn piglets by 16.7–33.3%; reducing the number of sows with prolonged farrowing by 2–3 times and, as a result, reducing the occurrence of postpartum pathologies of the reproductive organs, such as metritis-mastitis-agalactia syndrome, as well as to increase the effectiveness of therapeutic measures if pathologies occur; reducing the incidence of young pigs received from these sows during the next farrowing by 36.8–41.5%, an increase in their livability by 1.45–2.97% and an increase in live weight at the end of the growing period by 0.16–0.18 kg, at the end of rearing — by 1.1–1.22 kg, and when removed from fattening — by 3.6–4.0 kg.

Relevance. The live weight of pigs is closely related to the process of growth and development of their organism. It varies depending on the growth rate of animals, is determined by genetic factors and environmental conditions. The aim of the article is to study the influence of live weight and age on the productive qualities of sows.
Methods. On the basis of FGUP "Kolos" of the Tsivilsky district of the Chuvash Republic, 50 sows of a Large white breed were evaluated according to a set of characteristics: exterior, development, live weight, productivity. To identify the rating of the sow, the instructions for pig bonitization were used. The pigs were fed according to the rations in accordance with the feeding standards.
Results. According to the milk content, the difference between the first and fifth farrowing is 5.3 kg, according to the weight of the nest in 2 months — 16.6 kg. The mortality in the first and second farrowing was 11%, in the third — 10%, and in the fourth and fifth farrowing the livability was 96 and 95%. With an increase in prolificacy the milk yield and nest weight increase in 2 months, the difference between multiple births with 9 and 12 pigletsby the milk yield was 4.3 kg, by nest weight in 2 months — 25.1 kg. With an increase in the live weight of sowsincrease prolificacy , milk production, and nest weight in 30 days and in 2 months. The difference in prolificacy between the first and third groups was 1.8 heads, in milk production — 6.3 kg, in nest weight at 30 days — 9.31 kg, and at 2 months — 23.95 kg. In our studies, the cost of one newborn piglet of sows on 3rd, 4th, 5th farrowings and with a live weight of over 180 kg was 10–18% lower than of a piglet received from sows on 1st, 2nd farrowings and weighing up to 180 kg.

Relevance. The main task in organizing the feeding of suckling piglets is habituation early to feed and supplements, as well as the prevention of diarrhea and anemia. Up to 2 months of age is the most important period in the life of a piglet. The need of piglets for nutrients up to 3 weeks of age is usually met by sow milk, but from the first days of life they need additional nutrients, which must be given in the form of supplements.
Methods. Experimental studies were conducted on pigs of Large white breed. For scientific research, 5 sows were selected at their 2nd and 3rd farrowing with 10–12 piglets, covered with one hog-producer (Miron-149, age 42 months, live weight 317 kg. The zoohygenic parameters of the indoor microclimate were maintained. Pigs of all groups were in the same conditions of feeding and maintenance, and they were fed compound feed in accordance with the developed recipes.
Results. As a result of the research, it was revealed that with an increase in the age of sows increase their prolificacy, milk yield and nest weight on the 30th day and at 2 months of age. By milk yield the difference between sows of the first and fifth farrowing was 5.3 kg (P < 0.001), by nest weight at the age of 2 months — 16.6 kg (P < 0.001). The livability of piglets after the first and second farrowing was 89%, the third — 90%, the fourth and fifth farrowing — 96 and 95%. In all studied periods of development piglets with a larger live weight at birth were distinguished by a high absolute increase in live weight.

Relevance. In recent years, there has been a decrease in the total number of cattle of both meat and dairy production. In this regard, the study of the features of breeding of beef cattle is relevant. In the studies, the growth and development indicators of the young cattle of Hereford breed were studied, depending on their origin.
Methods. The research was carried out in the conditions of a breeding reproducer of LLC "Chebomilk", Cheboksary district of the Chuvash Republic. The dynamics of growth and development were studied by monthly weighing of animals. In newborn calves at the age of 205 days, 6, 8, 9 and 12 months, and in heifers additionally at 15 and 18 months, the height in the sacrum was measured. Based on the data from the weighing results, the absolute and average daily increase was calculated.
Results. It was found that the growth rate of heifers and calves on fattening is influenced by the genotype of the father. When comparing the average live weight of young animals at the age of 18 months, the best results were in bulls received from the bull Perets — 375.8 ± 17.5 kg, this is 3.8 kg more than the same indicator for bulls received from the bull Timeline and 7.8 kg more than the bull Emuleishn, and by the live weight of heifers at the age of 18 months the Timeline is leading — 352.6 ± 25.2 kg. Bulls and heifers — descendants of the bull Perets of the Mayer-Verne 88480 line are distinguished by the best growth rate. The average daily increase at 18 months of age in bulls was 931 ± 57.2 g, in heifers — 577 ± 54.1 g, which is higher than their peers by 1.2–12.2%. To improve the productive and breeding qualities of the Hereford breed, it is recommended to carry out targeted selection and selection of parental pairs.

Relevance. In connection with the widespread introduction of monoecious hemp varieties into the production, it became necessary to study issues related to the effect of seeding rates on productivity and product quality. In particular, it was necessary to study the effect of seeding rates on the yield and quality of seeds, the characteristics of plant growth and development. In addition, it was important for production to establish the effect of the seeding rate on the yield of seeds, stems and fiber, on the technological qualities of the fiber and the sowing qualities of seeds.
Methods. A comparative study was carried out in 2000–2015 on the experimental plots of the Chuvash Research Institute of Agriculture. The sown area of each experimental plot was 20 m2, accounting — 18 m2, the repetition of the experiment was four times. Observations of the growth and development of plants were carried out according to the methodology adopted at the Institute of Bast Crops.
Results. It has been established that the density of the stem stand increases with an increase in the seeding rate for all sowing methods, both on an unfertilized and fertilized background. On a fertilized background with the same seeding rate and sowing method, the density of plants is higher than on an unfertilized background. The number of seeds, seed weight and fiber weight per plant in the experimental variants studied by us decreased with an increase in the seed sowing rate. A similar pattern was obtained for the weight of 1000 seeds. The largest weight of seeds and fiber from one plant was obtained with a single-row sowing method with a seeding rate of 10 kg per ha, and the smallest — with a continuous sowing method with a seeding rate of 100 kg per ha. The highest seed yield on both fertilized and unfertilized backgrounds was obtained with a wide-row sowing method and a seeding rate of 10–15 kg/ha. The highest fiber yield on both backgrounds was obtained with a continuous sowing method with a seeding rate of 80–100 kg/ha.

Relevance. The issues of reproduction of fertility of light gray forest soils of the forest-steppe zone and utilization of poultry industry waste as organic fertilizers are interrelated and are very relevant.
Methods. The experiments studied the effect of one-time application of various doses (15, 30, 50 t/ha) of chicken manure, chicken manure compost and local organic fertilizers (sapropel and peat) on crop yields, and the aftereffect of fertilizers on the main indicators of soil fertility — amount of humus, nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The variants of the experiments were investigated sixfold. The Federal State Center of Agrochemical Service "Chuvashsky" was involved in laboratory analyses of soils and crop production. Mеthods of analysis of soil samples and crop production are generally accepted in agrochemical science.
Results. Organic fertilizers for three years of research were introduced into the soil only once at the beginning of the experiment in doses of 15, 30 and 50 t/ha, and their effect on the yield and quality of crop production (potato tubers, spring wheat grains and peas) in 2020–2022 was positive. The agrochemical properties of the arable soil layer in the variants with the use of organic fertilizers have significantly improved. The nitrate content in the products in variants with doses of chicken manure and compost of 50 t/ha or more approached the critical level. Local fertilizers (sapropel and peat) at a dose of 30 t/ha, chicken manure and compost at a dose of 15 t/ha are good organic fertilizers with a long aftereffect.

Relevance. The forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region is most susceptible to the influence of summer droughts. Forage crops in the study area due to lack of moisture in the second half of the growing season often form insufficient yields. Sorghum crops, in particular sugar sorghum, due to their heat and drought resistance, deserve to take a place in the field fodder crop rotations.
Methods. To conduct research in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region at different sowing dates and norms of mineral nutrition, two-factor experiments were laid. Factor A — sowing dates: I — May 10; II — May 20; III — May 30. Factor B — mineral fertilizers: without fertilizers (control); N₆₀P₆₀К₆₀; N₈₀P₈₀K₈₀.
Results. It was revealed that the timing of sowing and the background of mineral nutrition had an impact on the formation of the leaf surface, plant height, the dynamics of their density, and on the formation of the crop. The leaf surface was from 32.4 to 38.3 thousand m²/ha on an unfertilized background in the booting phase, on an average background — 34–37.0 in the flowering phase, on a high background — 51.9–55.0 thousand m²/ha before harvesting. A similar situation was observed in terms of plant height and tillering of plants. When using N₆₀P₆₀К₆₀ the duration of the growing season averaged 113 days over three years, which is 9 days more than in the control. The variant of the mineral background N₈₀P₈₀K₈₀ increased the vegetation period by 15 days compared to the non-fertilized variant of the experiment. The creation of a background of mineral nutrition N₆₀P₆₀К₆₀ in the second term of sowing sorghum made it possible to obtain an increase in the yield of fodder mass from 6.6 to 8.0 t/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N₈₀P₈₀K₈₀ provided an increase in yield from 10.8 to 15.4 t/ha.

Introduction. A promising direction for granulation of combined secondary raw materials of animal and vegetable origin is high-temperature molding of granules under the influence of an electromagnetic field of super highfrequency (SHF-EMF), which improves the microbiological parameters of protein feed.
Results. Microwave granulators of multicomponent raw materials containing different design versions of resonators have been developed— for example, toroidal, cylindrical and ellipsoidal resonators. The electrodynamic parameters of these resonators are determined and the technical characteristics of the granulators are described. The required specific heat for the processing of secondary fat-containing raw materials has been calculated. With a granulator capacity of 200 kg/h and a specific power of the microwave generator of 1.4–2 W/g, the duration of exposure to the raw material weighing 0.8–1 kg in the resonator chamber should be 10–12 s. This ensures the minimum specific energy costs of 0.06 kW·h/kg.

Introduction. The research is aimed at substantiating the optimal design and technological parameters and operating modes of the microwave installation being developed, designed to implement the process of processing wax raw materials with preliminary separation and preservation of honey fraction contained therein.
Methodology. The effective modes of heat treatment of apiary raw materials in a microwave wax melter were determined through regression models obtained during the implementation of the matrix of threefactor active planning of a multifactorial experiment.
Results. The main factors influencing the process of heat treatment of the sail are revealed: the specific power of microwave energy generators, the duration of exposure to the electromagnetic field of super high frequency, the humidity of the feedstock. The expediency of implementing microwave technology for processing wax raw materials in a two-module installation containing hemispherical resonators to ensure continuous operation in compliance with electromagnetic safety, as well as control of technological parameters is proved.

Introduction. The existing methods of cooking eggs in water and with steam have a high energy intensity. Currently, the problem of continuity of the technological process is still not solved. That is why, in order to reduce energy consumption, reduce water consumption and intensify the process of heat treatment of eggs, we consider it relevant to use the energy of the electromagnetic field of super high frequency (SHFEMF) in a special temperature regime without using water.
Methodology. Three-dimensional modeling of the installation was carried out in the Compass 18.0 program, the justification of the heat treatment modes was carried out by analytical methods, to identify the optimal parameters (energy consumption and temperature regime) of the proposed installation, second-degree least squares polynomials were used, in particular, a rotatable second-order planning matrix, statistical analysis of the matrix was carried out in a software package for statistical analysis Statistica 12, confirmation of analytical data with empirical data was carried out in the CST Microwave Studio program for three-dimensional modeling of electromagnetic field propagation processes in the Eigenmode calculation module, where patterns of electric and magnetic field intensity distribution in a spherical resonator were studied.
Results. The structural design of the conveyortype radio wave installation allows for heat treatment of eggs when moving in dielectric cups through slotted spherial resonators. The borehole of the process is less than 0.5 due to the location of the cups in the resonators and between them in relation 4:9. The value of the resonator's own Q-factor reaches 8800. The visualization in the program shows a uniform distribution of the electric field in the resonator, with a voltage of 1.5–3 kV/cm, which ensures high sterility of the product. From the regression models compiled on the basis of the matrix of rotatable planning of the second-order experiment, it follows that the effective duration of exposure to EMF is 154 s, the specific energy costs are equal to 143 Wh/kg. The speed of rotation of the conveyor gear motor is 0.4 rpm.

Relevance. With the increase in livestock production, the question of the rational use of by-products arises. Currently, such raw materials are mainly sold without processing. To increase the profitability of production, it is proposed to sell the offal in boiled form. One of the ways to obtain boiled products from small-sized meat raw materials with good consumer properties is the use of endogenous heating during massaging in brine.
Methods. Theoretical studies were carried out by analyzing the physical processes associated with the propagation of electromagnetic waves in media with losses; the mass-transfer processes in raw materials with a curing substance during endogenous heating were studied. The visualization of the distribution of the electromagnetic field (EMF) in a cylindrical slotted resonator, the calculation of the intrinsic quality factor and the electric field strength (EF) were carried out using the CST Microwave Studio program. The substantiation of the operating modes of the installation was carried out through regression models obtained using a threefactor experiment of type 23 in the programs Statistica 12.0, Microsoft Excel 10.0. In the Compass-3D 18 program, three-dimensional modeling of the structural design of cylindrical slotted resonators-drums was carried out. Electromagnetic safety was evaluated by the results of studies of the power of the radiation flux by the installation using a PZ-33M, PZ-41 measuring devices.
Results. The operating modes of the developed and manufactured microwave installation with a slotted cylindrical resonator-drum for heat treatment and massaging of raw materials are established, taking into account regression models. They are: productivity 10 kg/h; specific power 1.6 W/g; processing time 1.0 h, at a salt concentration of 12.88%; specific energy costs 0.165 kW·h/kg; frequency of rotation of the resonator-drum 23 rpm.

Introduction. Hop production in the Russian Federation averages 116 thousand tons from 54 thousand hectares. The HS-400 hop-kiln used in the hop drying process line is energy-intensive. The concept of hop growing development in the Chuvash Republic for 2020–2025, approved by the decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic (dated 20.08.2020 No. 738-r), provides for the development of up to 45–50 hectares of new areas for hop, at the rate of 15–17 hectares per one hop-kiln HS-400. To expand the production of hop, it is necessary to effectively master innovative technologies and installations for drying freshly harvested hop that are not inferior in technical and economic parameters of foreign analogues. The development of a hop-kiln that provides dehydration and disinfection of freshly harvested hop, pre-servs consumer properties with reduced operating costs, is currently relevant.
Methodology. The electrophysical parameters of hop cones (according to the Rogov method) were analyzed depending on the frequency of the electromagnetic field, humidity and temperature, heat and mass transfer processes during the supply of convective heat to the volumetric resonator of the microwave installation were theoretically investigated, and the effective technological parameters of the hop-kiln were determined. Studies of the electromagnetic field strength, current density, and intrinsic Q-factor of resonators were carried out in the CST Studio Suite 2017 three-dimensional computer modeling program and its CST Microwave Studio subprogram.
Results. A multi-resonator hop-kiln with an energy supply in an electromagnetic field has been developed. The proposed hop-kiln contains resonators sequentially arranged in a horizontal plane with curved surfaces, docked through ceramic biconvex perforated plates. The design and technological scheme of the hop-kiln has been developed. The intrinsic Q-factor of elliptical toroidal resonator is 14600, of triangular prismatic resonator — in the range of 9000–1200, depending on the degree of concavity of the upper face. The calculation of the installation productivity amounts to 180–200 kg/h with a power of 15.66 kW, which made it possible to determine energy costs — to 0.1 kWh/kg.

Relevance. The development and use of new tools and technologies aimed at energy saving in agriculture has been and remains an urgent task. The use of non-traditional and renewable energy sources has become very popular. An advanced role in this direction is acquired by the use of heat released by cattle.
Methods. It is assumed that due to the free heat, which is directed to the disposal of the livestock premises, heating will occur, for which a new device for heating water has been developed. Based on the results of calculations and observations, it was decided that the device for water heating will be placed in the place where the air temperature in the livestock premises reaches maximum values. There are a number of issues that need to be solved. One of them is an important part of the design of a new heating device — this is the calculation of its constructive parameters.
Results. It is necessary to take into account many factors that affect the heat generation of cows, their drinking conditions, possibility of the installation of the heat exchanger to affect the ventilation in premises, its heating capacity. The calculation of these parameters will make it possible to evaluate in real conditions of use of water heating device, working due to the release of heat from cattle. Its use will reduce the consumption of electric energy, which is used to heat water intended for cows.

Relevance. Improving the efficiency of grain drying is possible by increasing the intensity of moisture evaporation from the processed material and reducing energy costs. In this regard, the task was set to study a small-sized mobile installation for drying grain, which would meet the requirements of small-scale agricultural production, as well as to substantiate drying modes.
Methods. As a result of the analysis of a priori information, as well as taking into account the relevant requirements, the factors that most affect the grain drying process were identified. At the proposed installation, laboratory studies were carried out in the drying mode of wheat of the Moskovskaya 39 variety. During the research, measurements of the corresponding parameters were carried out. A systematic approach was used to generalize the theoretical and experimental results of the study.
Results. An installation for drying grain in conditions of small-scale farms is proposed. During the drying process on this installation, the following is ensured: a uniform supply of heated air to the entire area of the grain layer undergoing heat treatment; continuous removal of moisture formed on the surface of the grain. In this paper, expressions are proposed for determining the power required for drying grain and the specific power consumption with a decrease in grain moisture. The studies carried out made it possible to identify the dependences of the specific power consumption and moisture removal on the temperature and speed of the drying agent, drying exposure. The dependences obtained made it possible to establish that this installation, at the optimum temperature of the drying agent of 60 ± 2.5 °C, is adjustable within 8 ± 2.5 W· h/kg·% specific energy consumption and provides 5% moisture removal. The developed installation has operational parameters acceptable for small farms.

Relevance. Currently, contactless remote measurements of the parameters of the exterior of animals are of considerable interest in the field of breeding and genetics of cattle. They can reduce the risk of dangerous reactions of animals to stress and significantly reduce the time needed to get measurements. We offer a way to obtain information about the size of an animal in real time by obtaining an image using the Structure Sensor 3D depth sensor.
Methods. Scientific experimental studies were conducted in 2018–2022 on Black-and-White cows in breeding enterprises of the Udmurt Republic (Russian Federation). The volume of the sample population of animals was about 2000 cows. The animals were evaluated from the 90th to the 150th day of lactation. We have selected the following measurements: height at the withers, chest depth, chest width, hips width, straight length of the hip area, straight length of the trunk, circumference of the cannon bone, length of the rump bone, depth in the lower back, width. These parameters most accurately characterize the dimensions (frame) and hip area of the animal.
Results. The analysis of the obtained results indicates the validity of using the Structure Sensor 3D depth sensor as a priority method for obtaining animal measurements. A comparative analysis of contactless methods for obtaining measurements of cows shows that in approximately the same time, it is possible to obtain numerical values of up to 10 exterior parameters. Calibration is performed easily and quickly within 10–15 minutes. The use of the Structure Sensor 3D depth sensor eliminates inaccuracies of obtaining a silhouette, that arise due to the continuous movement of animals, and does not require the creation of a new technique for obtaining measurements of the body of animals that differ in age, size and live weight. Using Structure Sensor 3D, examples were obtained with an accuracy of 1 mm without causing stress in animals.

Relevance. This paper presents relevant topic of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in the agroindustrial complex (AIC) to obtain timely reliable information about the state of agricultural land for the entire period. In modern infocommunication technologies and communication systems, high requirements are placed on the reliability of information transmission. In mobile data exchange systems, compositions of noise-resistant codes are used in the form of cascade designs or turbo codes, and in order to increase their efficiency, it is necessary to make the fullest use of the redundancy introduced at each stage of data processing. To solve such a problem, it is advisable to apply a decoding method based on the ordering of the character confidence indices (CCI) of the code combination.
Methods. When determining the encoding-decoding systems, the Mathcad application software was used. Mathematical studies have shown that binary block codes for reaching the specified boundary can be decoded not only on the basis of ordered statistics, but also using the method of dividing the space of allowed code combinations into clusters. Based on this method, a block diagram of the algorithm of the simulation model of the operation of the block code decoder based on cluster calculation is compiled.
Results. The application of the proposed method of soft decoding of systematic block codes reduces the processing time of code combinations in the decoder by reducing the dimension of the square matrix to determine the nonlinearity property of the rows of the rearranged generating matrix after ordering the columns of the original generating matrix.

Relevance. Accurate monitoring of the live weight of animals provides important information about the state of health, the predicted age of removal from fattening and the timing of the sale of livestock. However, weighing animals at all stages is a time-consuming process, unsafe for livestock breeders; it also causes stress to livestock. To overcome these problems, it is necessary to create non-invasive weighing mechanisms. Based on the results of experimental studies, a method for determining live weight based on ultra-precise neural networks applied to deep images of animals has been developed.
Methods. Scientific research was carried out in 2021–2022 in the KFH Lekomtsev M.M., Glazovsky district of the Udmurt Republic. The volume of the sample set of animals was 78 bulls raised for meat and 75 heifers raised for herd repairs. All animals were divided into three groups depending on their origin: group 1 — bulls (n = 27) and heifers (n = 25) of the Black-and-White breed; group 2 — bulls (n =25) and heifers (n = 25) of the Aberdeen-Angus breed; group 3 — crossbred bulls (n = 26) and heifers (n = 25) of the first generation, obtained by crossing Black-and-White cows with bulls-producers of the Aberdeen-Angus breed. The intensity of growth was studied by indicators of live weight and average daily gains. The animals were weighed on electronic scales. The exterior was evaluated according to the following measurements: height at the withers, straight trunk length, chest depth, chest width, width of loin at hips, width of loin at pin bones, straight hip length, circumference of cannon bone. Exterior parameters were determined by the method of processing images obtained using a depth sensor Structure Sensor 3D.
Results. The biological regularity of the formation of the exterior-constitutional features of cattle in age dynamics and the close correlation between the parameters of the physique and the intensity of growth have been revealed, which give reason to believe that the calculated values of the body mass index (in heifers — 0.34–0.35, bulls — 0.28–0.29) can be used as coefficients for predicting the live weight of young animals, excluding at the same time laborious weighing process.

Relevance. Russian farmers in recent years have begun to open small cheese factories. When meeting the requirements of production technology, farmers' cheeses are not inferior in quality to industrially produced cheeses. In this regard, the relevance of the development of technologies for the production of cheese in a farm is high. Research is aimed at developing a technology for the production of cheese “Caciotta” for farmers.
Methods. The mass fraction of protein in milk was determined by the Kjeldahl method, the mass fraction of fat — by the acid method, the mass fraction of dry matter and dry skimmed milk residue — by the calculation method. The mass fractions of milk fat, protein, lactose, dry milk residue, dry skimmed milk residue, mineral salts, the amount of added water, density, freezing point, degree of homogenization, and temperature were determined by ultra-sonic method. Active acidity and titratable acidity, redox potential and temperature of milk were determined on a milk analyzer.
Results. Under laboratory conditions, a technology for the production of semi-hard “Caciotta” cheese was developed, which is recommended for production on a farm.

Relevance. The problems of the national food security of the Russian Federation in the context of the globalization of the world economy and the increasingly complex foreign policy situation are of particular relevance, since they are closely related to the security of the nation and largely determine not only the potential for general economic growth, but also the level of social tension within the country. In this regard, the importance of studying the dynamics of changes in the main foreign trade indicators and the trade balance of the Russian Federation in relation to agricultural raw materials and food products, as well as the use of various mathematical methods for analyzing and forecasting trends existing in this area, is growing.
Methods. The study of data on the value of indicators of exports and imports of wheat and barley by the Russian Federation was carried out using the methods of mathematical statistics (time series forecasting). The work also used such general scientific approaches as induction, synthesis and analogy.
Results. According to the results of the study, statistical patterns of changes in the volume of exports and imports of the Russian Federation of such important grain crops as wheat and barley were revealed. Based on the use of the time series method and autocorrelation analysis, a prognostic model was formed that makes it possible to evaluate the prospective values of the relevant indicators with an acceptable statistical error.

Relevance. Today, the agricultural sector is looking for new methods of work in order to meet the evergrowing needs of the population for food. The article discusses important directions for the transformation of the agricultural sector, the main trends that ensure the success of the transition to digital agriculture, the benefits it will bring to the industry, and also covers the factors and reasons that limit this process. To ensure the effective operation of organizations of the agroindustrial complex, it is necessary to restructure the processes of agribusiness management with the help of information and communication technologies and systems. In the process of digitalization of the economy, new opportunities arise, both for consumers of products and for the agricultural producers themselves, which determines the relevance of research.
Methods. The official data of the websites of the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Agriculture of Russia) and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Chuvash Republic; legislative and executive bodies of the Russian Federation; reports of agricultural organizations; materials of author's researches served as sources of analytical information. In the process of observation, collection, generalization and processing of information, various methods of analytical, economical, statistical, graphical and other research methods were used.
Results. The analysis carried out testifies insufficient digital maturity of the organizations of the agrarian sector of the republic. The main reasons are: insufficient level of training of managers and specialists of agribusiness enterprises in the field of effective use of scientific methods for managing business processes using ICT; low share of investment in R&D due to lack of funding for the main production processes. Digital transformation requires large financial investments — by the end of 2021, 84% of the costs of introducing ICT are internal costs of organizations — and without government support, a quick transition to digital technologies is not possible.

Relevance. Special attention is paid to the digitalization of agriculture: if you do not join this process in a timely manner and do not occupy your niche, then soon you can lose the profitability of the company. Taking into account current trends, the paper explores the potential for the transition of agribusiness in six subjects of the Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation to a digital economy, and also considers the prerequisites that contribute to the development of digitalization in the countryside.
Methods. The structure of the study can be conditionally divided into three stages. The first stage is to determine the digitalization potential of regional farmers by preparing and conducting a survey and analyzing the information received, using monographic, economic-statistical and computational-constructive methods, as well as peer review and scientific abstraction; the second stage is an assessment of the overall level of socio-economic development ofrural areas of these entities. At the third stage, the relationship between the potential of digitalization and the level of development of rural territories of the subjects of the Volga Federal District was revealed.
Results. According to the results of the survey, 66% of 100% of the surveyed companies in the Republic of Mordovia and the Ulyanovsk region have a high potential for the transition to the use and its analytics — these are the maximum results in monitoring. In the context of farm categories, a high desire for digitalization is demonstrated by resellers involved in the wholesale purchase and subsequent sale of agricultural products (57%), agricultural cooperatives (54%). Slightly above average data have agricultural and processing enterprises: 47.5% and 46.5% respectively. Based on the results of the work carried out, one can highlight the decrease in the number of companies not interested in digitalization: from 24.0% for the period 2020–2021 to 13.8% in 2021–2022. The results obtained by the authors are important for assessing the level of digitalization of agribusiness in the Russian Federation.

Relevance. According to Rosstat, for 2021 share of small agribusiness in the gross harvest of potatoes was 77.8%, vegetables — 71.6%, in production of raw milk — 43.8%, livestock and poultry (in live weight) — 21.9%. However, according to the 2021 census, compared to 2016, the number of small businesses in Russia decreased by an average of 25%. The number of agricultural organizations that are not small businesses increased by 26.3% over the specified period. In order to support small agribusiness, the authors have developed an economic model for calculating the profitability of business concepts for these categories of farms, aimed at automating the assessment of the effectiveness of doing business and investment.
Methods. To build the concept of calculations, methods of comparative, statistical analysis, economic and mathematical approach were used. To implement the methodology for calculating the profitability, the basic algorithms of financial mathematics and the functions of the financial category built into the spreadsheet processor MS Excel were used.
Results. The model allows to evaluate the cost of investments, credit funds; plan the number of staff; recalculate financial results taking into account the use of loans and subsidies; calculate taxes. In order to test the model, an assessment was made of the effectiveness of investing in dairy cattle breeding in the Chuvash Republic. The model was run 88 times to calculate the payback period for investments in the construction and launch of a dairy farm with a population of 250 head in the main herd with different productivity of cows and applied state support. According to the results of calculations, with an average and high productivity of cows (6500–9000 kg), taking into account the use of the main areas of subsidizing the industry available in the republic, the return on investment can come in 4 years.

Relevance. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that a comprehensive assessment system includes an analysis of indicators that characterize the functioning of an enterprise in an economic environment from different sides, but are not always linearly and unambiguously related to financial performance. In this regard, it is especially important to identify key indicators that most accurately reflect the relationship with the profit received. Their dominant influence on the final results will allow to assess risks in a timely manner and make effective financial decisions.
Methods. The main research tool was an algorithm for conducting a comprehensive analysis of the financial condition of the enterprise and identifying the dominant indicators that determine the final financial result.
Results. One of the primary tasks of the analysis is to identify the factors affecting the final financial result. However, as practice shows, the analysis of various coefficients can give ambiguous information. For example, there may be situations when low liquidity indicators have been identified, but financial results with the existing asset structure are quite high and the company's activities are highly profitable. Or borrowed sources of financing significantly prevail over their own, which sharply reduces financial stability, but at the same time the effect of financial leverage is significant, and the company receives high profits. That is, the values of some indicators do not always characterize the activity of the enterprise quite unambiguously. Determining the dominant indicators is a necessary tool for understanding the real impact of individual economic parameters on the final financial result. The purpose of the study is the practical application of the concept of dominant indicators in the financial analysis system of the enterprise. In the course of the study, a comprehensive analysis of the financial condition of the three largest grain processing enterprises in various regions of the Volga Federal District was carried out. The dominant indicators that most accurately reflect the impact on the profit are identified. The conclusion is made about the specific dominant indicators that determine the final financial result of enterprises, and about the varying degree of influence of individual economic parameters on the level of profit.

Relevance. Of particular relevance is the consideration of problematic aspects of the application of the system of special tax regimes for the activities of small businesses; this article on the taxation system for agricultural producers.
Methods. In the process of studying topical issues of taxation of agricultural producers, the works of famous Russian and foreign scientists-economists in the field of taxation, economic and financial security, accounting and reporting, economic analysis were used.
Results. The obtained calculations of the comparative assessment of the application of the single agricultural tax (SAT) and the simplified system of taxation (SST) of the studied economic entity OOO KFH "Kyzyl Sabancha" allow us to speak about the correctness of our hypothesis about the return to the application of the SAT. Moreover, the data for the past reporting year 2021 indicate a clear decrease in the amount of tax payments made to the budget from the current level of 825.84 thousand rubles to the level of 786 thousand rubles — minus 39.84 thousand rubles in absolute terms. The key factor is that the payment under the SAT in the amount of 68.46 thousand rubles is by 39.84 thousand rubles less than payment under the SST. In this regard, we recommend the management of the enterprise to switch to the SAT taxation system.

Relevance. The relevance of the study is due to the important role of analyzing the causes and factors of the economic condition of the leading agricultural enterprises in the region. Sustainable development of agricultural enterprises provides not only food security, it also determines the level of economic well-being of citizens and reveals the potential of socio-economic development of the region. The purpose of the study is to analyze the financial condition of comparable grain processing enterprises in various regions of the Volga Federal District; assessment of the capital and property structure of these enterprises and its impact on financial performance in the current economic conditions.
Methods. The main research tools were methods of financial analysis that can identify financial problems at the enterprise, establish cause-and-effect relationships and see ways to improve the situation.
Results. The current state of agriculture is characterized by the fact that the pandemic, the restrictions imposed in connection with it, as well as the unstable situation in the world economy and sanctions have led to a deterioration in resource provision and caused a decline in the economic efficiency of the agro-industrial complex. The cost of purchased materials has increased, the level of debt has increased, small farms have sharply reduced revenue and profits. Monitoring of the economic situation of the agricultural sector showed that the production and economic risks of the leading enterprises of the industry did not significantly affect the financial results of their activities, many large enterprises continue to increase production volumes, their revenue and profits are growing. Diagnostics of the financial condition and comparative analysis of the effectiveness of asset management and sources of financing of the leading enterprises of the agroindustrial complex of the Volga Federal District were carried out. Strategic recommendations have been formed to improve the effectiveness of their financial policy. The conclusion is made about the influence of the specifics of the formation of sources of financing and the structure of property on the financial results of the enterprise.

Relevance. Agrotourism is an actively developing sector in the system of modern tourism. Its development requires an in-depth study of the problems associated with it. Agrotourism as a form of man's relationship to nature in the cultural aspect is focused on the development of man as a person (as an object and subject). In the civilized aspect, it contributes to the implementation of a responsible attitude of man to nature based on the principle of utility. Agrotourism contains the potential for bringing peoples and countries closer together in the context of the interaction between East-West civilizational centers. The paper considers its existing regional, national models (Japan, China, Italy, Russia) of agricultural ways of life.
Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the principles of concreteness of truth, consistency; philosophical and anthropological analysis; activity and comparative approaches. Information from geography, history, ethnography, literature, economics, agriculture and tourism management was used as empirical material.
Results. It has been established that agrotourist 1) satisfies broad cognitive needs to get acquainted with the life of the local population (“ordinary” people) — living and “working on the land”, with its agrarian anthropocenosis / agrarian way of life; 2) develops the ability to understand and make adequate natural decisions in certain, including difficult situations; 3) satisfies the need for deep, competent interaction with nature; 4) satisfies the need to rest, return to the natural way of life/rhythm of life. As a result of such a journey, a person's sense of "one's" place in life and profession is actualized, and with it the sense of the Motherland. As a result, through the transformation of the self-image of one's own everyday life, a person grows psychologically and enriches himself spiritually.