The article presents the results of studying the bioequivalence of the reproduced drug “Pinpramil” in comparison with the reference drug “Milbemax”. The experiments were conducted on 12 dogs, which were divided into two equal groups of 6 animals each. Dogs of one of the groups were given a reproduced drug, and animals of the other group were given a reference drug. The studied drugs were injected into the body of dogs once, individually, orally at a dose of the active substance, which corresponded to 0.5 mg of milbemycin oxime and 5 mg of praziquantel per 1 kg of body weight. After administration of the drugs, blood samples were taken from animals 14 times within 96 hours for subsequent production of serum, in which the content of praziquantel (including its active metabolite, trans-4-hydroxypraziquantel) and milbemycin oxime were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The obtained concentrations of these substances served as the basis for calculating their pharmacokinetic parameters in the body of dogs. The statistical analysis showed that the two-way confidence intervals for the C_max, AUC_0-t, AUC_0-∞ ratios were in the range of 80–125%, and the C_max/AUC_0-t ratios were 75–133%. Thus, the research results have demonstrated that the drugs “Pinpramil” and “Milbemax” are bioequivalent.

Relevance. The aim of the study was to study the biochemical profile of blood in the first three months after lambing in first-year goats with different dynamics of milk yield in the first half of lactation.

Methods. The work was carried out on a farm with intensive technology for keeping goats of the Zaanen breed (Leningrad region). Blood sampling was carried out in the spring and summer period: on the 20th– 30th day, 50–60 days and 80–90 days after lambing. The concentration of total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides was determined in the blood serum. To analyze the biochemical profile of the blood at the end of the 4th month of lactation, the goats were divided into two groups. Group I (n = 9) included animals that reached maximum milk yield in the 2nd month of lactation, group II (n = 8) included individuals with peak milk yield in the 3rd month of lactation. Milk yield for the first three months after lambing did not differ between the groups.

Results. At the 4th month of lactation, milk yield was 22.3% higher in group II (p_Adjusted < 0.05). Two of the seven biochemical blood parameters showed a difference: in group I, the blood glucose concentration on the 50–60 days after lambing was 7.7% lower (p_Adjusted < 0.05), and the serum creatinine content on the 80–90 days was 10.1% higher (p_Adjusted < 0.01) compared with group II. These differences may be due to the peculiarities of adaptation to metabolic load in first-year goats with different time periods from lambing to reaching maximum milk yield.

Relevance. Agricultural enterprises of the Russian Federation with intensive livestock farming are annually faced with the problem of a respiratory-intestinal nature, especially in young animals. This entails large losses. As a result of problems arising in animals, viral diarrhea of cattle occupies one of the leading places. The urgency of the problem lies in the large economic damage that occurs due to the birth of non-viable offspring, the death of newborn young animals, the development of various forms of pneumonia, decreased productivity, dysfunction of animal reproduction, as well as the costs of carrying out preventive, quarantine and liquidation measures. Reliable laboratory diagnostics allows you to correctly build a strategy to combat the disease. The article presents the results of verification of a test system for detecting antibodies to bovine diarrhea virus using the enzyme immunoassay method “Cattle VD — SEROTEST plus”.

Methods. The diagnostic significance of the test system was assessed according to the indicators of sensitivity, specificity and precision under conditions of repeatability and reproducibility.

Results. The coefficient of variation (CV) for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ranged from 1.9 to 11.2%, indicating good consistency of results with intra-laboratory precision under conditions of repeatability and reproducibility.

Relevance. The intensin’s microbiota plays a crucial role in feed digestion and nutrient digestion in farm poultry, influencing zootechnical performance.

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of the addition of lysine and methionine in various forms to the diet on the composition of the intestinal microflora of chickens and roosters of the «Smena 9» cross, as well as to establish a connection between the composition of microflora in different diets with the zootechnical indicators of birds.

Methods. Physiological reseach were carried out on meat chickens of the Plimutrock breed and roosters of the Cornish breed of the parent herd of the domestic cross “Smena 9” selection of the “Smena” SSC. 4 groups were formed (control 1A and experimental 2A-4A) such as of 9 laying heads and 4 groups of 9 rooster heads (control 1B and experimental 2B-4B). Analysis of samples of the contents of blind processes of the intestine of birds was carried out by PCR.

Results. As shown by the quantitative PCR method, the studied feeding factors: various sources of lysine and methionine and a 5% reduced level of metabolic energy of feed had a different effect on the composition of the microflora of chickens and roosters of the parent stock of the new cross «Smena 9». For example, with a decrease in the level of metabolic energy in the diets of chickens, there was a decrease from 1.2 to 5.0 times in such representatives of the normoflora as Bacteroidetes and Eubacteriaceae, compared with similar groups with a basic amount of metabolic energy (p < 0.05). When lysine was introduced into the diet in the form of monochlorohydrate and DL-methionine, a decrease in the weight of ovaries with an oviduct by 6.9 g was noted against the background of a decrease in the level of metabolic energy compared with the corresponding group with a base content of metabolic energy (p ≤ 0.05), whereas when using lysine in the form of sulfate and methionine in the form of a hydroxyanalog of methionine, a similar effect was reduced not noted (p > 0.05). At the same time, shifts in the composition of microflora against the background of changes in diets did not have any connection with the studied zootechnical parameters in chickens and roosters.

Relevance. Studying the bacterial diversity of the intestine under the influence of various factors makes it possible to study changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition under the influence of various factors.

Methods. In our work, we studied the bacterial profile of samples of the contents of the cecum of broiler chickens. To assess the effect of ultrafine particles of Cu and Fe on the metabolism in the body of animals fed a semi-synthetic diet, 120 heads of one-week-old broiler chickens were selected, which were divided into 4 groups (n = 30) using the analog pair method. During the experiment, all birds were under the same housing and feeding conditions. The duration of the experiment was 28 days. To solve the problems, broiler chickens were used, which were supplemented with ultrafine Cu and Fe particles in their diet in order to study their effect on the microbiocenosis of the poultry digestive system. Using the analogue pair method, four groups of 30 broiler chickens each at the age of 7 days were formed. During the study, housing and feeding conditions were identical for all groups. The study was conducted over 4 weeks. For feeding, we prepared a semi-synthetic diet (K₁) and a semi-synthetic diet, deficient in microelements, modified by us (K₂₎.

Results. The use of ultrafine copper and iron particles has been shown to alter the intestinal bacterial community of broiler chickens. Thus, based on the data, we can conclude that obligate bacteria in the cecum of birds can modulate the level of accumulation of chemical elements in the bird’s body when various substances are introduced. According to the data obtained, ultrafine iron particles made it possible to maintain the normal diversity of the digestive microbiota of poultry, which was expressed, among other things, in a decrease in the number of representatives of the Enterobacteriaceae family, which includes representatives of pathogenic and opportunistic taxa, while the introduction of ultrafine copper particles contributed to an increase in the number of representatives of this family.

Relevance. The study of the Bos taurus iNOS gene polymorphism and its association with resistance to bovine leukemia, as well as with breeding value in terms of milk productivity, is a topical subject of genetic selection research.

The purpose of this study was to identify and map polymorphic restriction sites in 4 SNP markers (AH13-1, AH13-2, AH13-3, AH13-4) of the Bos taurus iNOS gene, followed by PCR-RFLP profiling of the encountered genotypes and modeling of the method of gene testing of cattle by the listed polymorphic markers of the analyzed locus.

Methods. An effective tool for visualizing the result of computer simulation of the experiment, which contributed to predicting the applicability of the developed method of gene testing, was in silico modeling of the generated PCR-RFLP profiles of the encountered genotypes of polymorphic markers of the Bos taurus iNOS gene. At the same time, the very result of mapping the identified polymorphic restriction sites and subsequent profiling of the encountered genotypes indicated the technical feasibility of detecting polymorphic positions of 4 SNP markers of the Bos taurus iNOS gene by PCR-RFLP analysis. This, in turn, initiated the modeling of the method of gene testing of cattle by the listed polymorphic markers with the provision of successive stages of DNA isolation from whole preserved blood of cattle, PCR with oligonucleotide primers iNOS-F and iNOS-R, RFLP with selected restriction endonucleases (HinfI, Sau96I (AspS9I isoschizomer), HpyAV and MluCI (Sse9I isoschizomer), as well as performing gel electrophoresis detection with visualization of the obtained electrophoregrams in a UV transilluminator.

Relevance. Interbreeding and hybridization are important factors in increasing pig productivity. As a result of the heterosis effect, the multiplicity of sows increases, the safety of offspring increases, the growth rate of young animals improves, the quality of meat improves and, as a result, the profitability of the pig industry increases.

The paper presents an assessment of the meat qualities of local young pigs obtained as a result of industrial three-breed crossing.

Methods. To implement the scientific and economic experience, three groups of sows of pairs of analogues of a large white breed from the Hypor company (KB Hypor) were formed. Sows of the 1st group were crossed with boars of the Landrace breed from the PIC company (Landrace Pic), the 2nd — with boars of the Landrace breed from the Genesus Genetics company (Landrace Genesus), the 3rd — with boars of the Landrace breed from the Hypor company (Landrace Hypor). As a result, two-breed crossbreeds (F1) were obtained. Next, crossbred sows (F1) of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups were crossed with boars of the Duroc breed from Genesus Genetics, as a result, commercial young (F2) were obtained.

Results. According to the research results, it was found that the highest pre-slaughter live weight was obtained from animals of the 1st group (125.12 kg), which is more than in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, respectively, by 5.8% and 4.0%. Studies of the chemical composition of the longest back muscle of young pigs showed that the protein content in all meat samples was in the range of 23–24% with a minimum value (23.31%) in the muscle tissue of animals of the 3rd experimental group, and the maximum (23.7%) in the 1st experimental group (the difference was 0.39%). The amount of intramuscular fat in the meat of animals of the 1st (5.57%) and 2nd (6.30%) groups was significantly higher by 1.23% and 1.96%, respectively, compared with analogues of the 3rd group. The minimum pH level of meat was noted in the 1st experimental group (5.51 pH units), the maximum — in the 2nd experimental group (5.56 pH units), the difference was 0.05 pH units. The largest mass fraction of collagen (1.11%) was obtained in the 3rd group, the smallest — in the 1st experimental group (0.66%), the difference was 0.45%.

Relevance. The quantitative and qualitative composition of organisms settling on floating macrophytes depends on the presence in the water of nutrients necessary for their life, such as fish waste products, food residues and excrement.

Methods. The roots and leaves of duckweed (Lemna minor) act as a substrate for the attachment and development of aquatic organisms. And they, in turn, consume organic substances as food sources, thereby reducing the amount of pollutants in the water. In this regard, it seems relevant to study the faunal composition, frequency of occurrence and density of various taxonomic groups of organisms settling on duckweed leaves during the integrated cultivation of aquatic plants and aquaculture objects.

Results. The results of the study showed that the zooperiphyton of duckweed is characterized by a high diversity of the faunal complex. On the surface of aquatic macrophytes (Lemna minor), grown by the integrated method together with carps, the number of hydrobionts is twice as large as on duckweed grown in a control installation of a closed water supply, in which there were no fish. Fish excrement and washed-out food residues created a nutrient substrate for the development of aquatic organisms.

A total of 22 species of organisms were found inhabiting duckweed in the experimental variant, among which barnacle crustaceans dominated, rotifers were subdominants, and chironomids, copepods, and nematodes were also found. The zooperiphyton of duckweed in the control version consisted of 12 taxa of hydrobionts, most often there were protozoa and barnacles, there were protists, paddlefoot crayfish and oligochaetes. The greatest faunal diversity was recorded on duckweed in the experimental version.

Relevance. For the manufacture of high-quality pasta, durum wheat grain is used. Improving the productivity of hard spring wheat is an urgent task. The formation of a powerful root system is the key to the full supply of nutrients and plastic substances to the plant. Increased productivity, the number of spikebearing shoots. Plants become more resistant to adverse environmental factors, which is important for spring durum wheat, which is more demanding than spring soft wheat. The timing of sowing and especially the application of mineral fertilizers are a significant factor affecting not only the formation of individual elements of the crop structure, which subsequently form the productivity of plants, but also the formation of the root system. To do this, it is necessary to choose the optimal sowing time, at which the critical phases of plant development fall under the most favorable agrometeorological conditions and the formation of the most powerful root system.

Results. The conducted studies allow us to recommend the most optimal terms of sowing and the use of fertilizers to ensure the efficiency of growing durum spring wheat. In dry conditions, when sowing crops without applying fertilizers, sowing in the second ten days of May is most effective. If it is possible to apply nitrogen fertilizers and nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers, it is better to sow durum spring wheat in the second and third decades of May.

Relevance. The main areas of durum wheat cultivation are located in the regions of the Lower and Middle Volga region, the southern Urals and the southern regions of Siberia. The Chuvash Republic is not a traditional region for the cultivation of spring durum wheat. The development of varietal technologies that take into account the adaptive potential of the crop, taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the region, is especially relevant for expanding the area of cultivation of this crop.

Methods. To conduct research in the conditions of the Chuvash Republic, a single-factor experiment was carried out in six repetitions with five varieties of spring durum wheat: Bezenchukskaya 139, Bezenchukskaya zolotistaya, Luch 25, Kargala 223, Annushka. Records and observations were carried out according to the methods of state variety testing.

Results. The highest tillering indicators were noted in the standard variety, where the indicators of general and productive tillering were 1.8 and 1.7, respectively, and in the Luch 25 variety — 1.9 and 1.6 respectively. The largest number of productive stems for harvesting was formed by varieties of the Bezenchuk selection, the lowest indicator — 458 pcs. per 1 sq. m was shown by the Kargal variety 223. The best indicators of the yield structure on average for two years should be noted in the varieties Bezenchukskaya 139 and Bezenchukskaya zolotistaya. The lowest indicators on the structure of the crop are noted in the varieties Kargala 223 and Annushka. The most full-weight grain on average for two years was formed by the varieties Luch 25, where the mass of 1000 grains was 42.9 g, Annushka — 42.4 g, Bezenchukskaya zolotistaya — 40.9 g. The highest yield was provided by the varieties Bezenchukskaya (139–3.41 t/ha) and Bezenchukskaya zolotistaya (3.19 t/ha).

Relevance. In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the acreage of Hordeum vulgare L. In view of this, it is necessary to look for techniques to ensure the stability of gross grain collections. Especially considering its versatile use in the food industry and feed industry.

Methods. The experiments were conducted in 2022 in the conditions of the Azov sea zone of the Rostov region. The objects of research are varieties of spring barley (factor A) Leon, Yarunchik, Prairie and growth regulators (factor B) “Artafit” (0.3 l/ha), “Biodux” (3 ml/ha), “Obereg” (60 ml/ha), “Trainer” (3 l/ha), “Fulvohumate” (0.4 l/ha), used in the “tillering” and “earing” phases.

Results. The highest yield was formed by barley plants under the action of the drug «Biodux» in Leon and Prairie varieties. Under the influence of Biodux, the grain had a large natural mass in all the studied varieties — from 622 to 630 g/l. The weight of 1000 grains in the variants with the use of growth-regulating substances exceeded the control, especially with the use of Biodux: 3.5 g more control in the Leon variety, 5 g more in the Yarunchik variety, 3.1 g more in the Prairie variety. The largest number of feed units has been received: in the Leon variety — when using the preparations «Biodux» and «Obereg», in the Prairie variety — the preparation «Biodux» (4.49 t /ha). More than 3 t/ha of digestible protein was obtained from Leon and Prairie varieties with “Biodux” preparation — 3.15 t/ha and 3.14 t/ha, respectively.

Relevance. Early-ripening varieties breeding is a constant task in the selection of rice in the Russian Far Eastern rice-growing zone, since the duration of the vegetation period is the main limiting factor in the region. Mediumand late-ripening forms, although more productive, often do not reach the full maturity phase. Early ripening varieties, as a rule, are less productive. Despite a certain negative relationship between productivity and precocity, it is necessary to select precisely these properties of rice plants.

Methods. In the work, 157 samples of the updated rice collection Oryza sativa L. from 22 countries were studied. Varieties Primorsky 29 and Dolinny were used as control. Rice was sown in 2022 in a growing area in 1.54 m2 pots filled with soil. Each sample was placed in rows with row spacing of 15 cm, 10–12 plants in a row (randomized) in double repetition. Standard biometric measurements were taken. The sample size of each sample was 5–10 plants in replication. A total of 2194 plants were analyzed in the work.

Results. Based on the first year results studying of the rice collection in the Primorsky Krai conditions, 39 accessions were identified that exceeded the standards in terms of main panicle grain mass and/or plant grain mass. Four of them exceed both standards in productivity (UkrNIS 9706, UkrNIS 3455, DON 7790, Nika Zulanzon). Nine early maturing accessions were identified with a vegetation period of 101–106 days, which is 2–8 days lower than the standards, which retained the productivity of panicles and plants at the control level (Zeravshanika, Onne Mochi, Mu 07-980, Mu-07-1055, Ussur, Uzros 24-24, No. 24, Kascade, Long Jing 15). Samples No. 24 are superior in main panicle grain mass, Mu 07-980 in grain mass of both control plants.

Relevance. In the potato industry, the use of biological techniques has become widespread to improve the quality of the seed material of tubers, reduce the incidence and damage of potato pests.

Methods. Studies on the effectiveness of the use of biological and chemical techniques on potatoes were carried out at the experimental field of the Kostroma Research Institute of Agricultural Research — a branch of the A.G. Lorch Potato Research Center in 2021–2022.

The purpose of the work is to identify the effectiveness of the use of the biological drug “BisolbiSan”, the intake of ozonation and the chemical fungicide “Maxim” on the yield and quality of potatoes in the Kostroma region.

Results. The evaluation of the use of drugs as a pre-planting treatment of tubers on potatoes of the Favorit variety was carried out. With the combined use of “BisolbiSan” biologics and ozone, the greatest reliable increase in tuber weight from the bush was obtained at 177 g, which is 30.8% more than in the control version. When processing tubers with the chemical mordant «Maxim», the weight increase was 20.5% compared to the control. In all variants, a significant increase in the number of tubers (from 1.5 to 2.6 pcs/bush) was obtained compared with the control variant. The largest number of tubers from the bush (9.1 pcs.) was obtained by joint processing — «BisolbiSan» + ozone. The highest yield of the seed fraction in the amount of 13.8% was achieved when processing tubers with the «Maxim» mordant, which exceeded this indicator by 3.7% in the control version. The joint pre-treatment of tubers with “BisolbiSan” and ozone provided the highest yield of a large fraction (81.9%), while the treatment of tubers with the “Maxim” mordant produced the lowest indicator of all studied options (76.8%).

The article is devoted to the development of a program for contactless control of a UAV using a neural network that tracks the position of an object. For these purposes, a corresponding model was trained on the ultralytics YOLOv8 neural network. The graphs of the training of this model are presented, demonstrating the change in the magnitude of the loss function over the bounding box and class, as well as the values of the mAP50-95 metric. The training was completed when the value of the mAP50-95 metric was 0.855. Software has been developed to control the UAV using hand movements, its block diagram and description are given. The program reads the coordinates of the hand in each frame, calculates its area, evaluates the received data and sends control commands to the copter, which moves in the appropriate direction for a given step, including a certain group of LEDs. At the same time, the screen displays a simulation of the drone›s movement in two projections (front and top) and displays the relative coordinates of the drone. The software was tested on a Geoscan pioneer mini quadcopter. It can be used for educational, demonstration purposes, in agriculture, UAV sports competitions, aerial photography and video filming and other fields of activity.

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Relevance. The efficiency of the use of agricultural wheel units, the process of interaction of the wheel mover with the support surface is influenced by structural parameters, the properties of the support surface and the tire tread, the ratio of vertical load and longitudinal pushing force. In order to reduce wheel slipping, a built-in differential with an off-center application of external knobs and a driving torque is proposed

Methods. For a quantitative and qualitative description of the operation of the wheel, methods of analytical, comparative, information-logical and system analysis of factors that have a causal relationship with the performance of mobile units, wheel propellers were used. The analysis of the propeller operation was carried out by the methods of theoretical mechanics on the provisions of the theory of rolling of a deformable wheel on a deformable supporting surface. The subject of the study is a two-stage process of interaction between the surface and the drive wheel during acceleration. At the first stage, the sprung mass of the tractor moves with a stationary wheel rim within its radius. At the second stage, the movement of the tractor masses occurs with a rotating wheel, the wheel gear operates in differential mode, preventing its external slip.

Results. The wheel differential contributes to maintaining the maximum value of the friction coefficient and the rational ratio of the driving moment and the moment of resistance to rolling. The use of a built-in differential in wheel propellers is a promising option for their improvement, it helps to maintain a high specific longitudinal reaction, preventing slipping and, thereby, destruction of the soil structure. As a result, the productivity of wheeled mobile units increases, fuel consumption and tire wear decrease, soil compaction decreases.

Relevance. The use of fertilizers in the agro-industrial complex is an important means to ensure sustainable development, food and environmental security. The scientific application of various types of fertilizers can reduce the negative impact on natural ecosystems, as well as optimize the use of resources and take into account the individual needs of each plant. Due to the balanced composition and biological modification by chelate complexes, fertilizer mixture has increased biological efficiency and stimulate plant growth. At the same time, there is an urgent task of obtaining mixtures that have a high degree of uniformity. In this connection, the requirements for the mixing equipment are very high, since the structural and kinematic parameters are the most important factors affecting the stability of the mixing process and the uniformity of the final mixture.

Methods. Based on the analysis of existing mixing plants, the authors proposed the concept of a centrifugal type mixing plant with a working body in the form of a conical surface. In the course of the research, the processes occurring during the operation of the working body, the proposed centrifugal mixer, were studied using methods of mathematical analysis, graphical and mathematical modelling.

Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the greatest influence on the change in the absolute velocity of the granules is exerted by the circumferential velocity of the granules, which is largely determined by the rotation frequency and parameters of the conical surface. In turn, it was found that over time, the angle between the direction of the absolute velocity of the fertilizer granules and the forming conical surface tends to the direction of the circumferential velocity, while with increasing rotation frequency, this indicator changes more rapidly.

Relevance. The development of lactose-free probiotic products has recently attracted the attention of many scientists. Such products are especially interesting for people with individual characteristics of the body, in particular intolerance to the chemical components of milk, or their own food preferences. As a food system for obtaining a probiotic product, plant-based drinks are increasingly being used: oatmeal, rice, soy almond and others. Plant-based drinks provide a range of nutrients, and fermentation processes using lactic acid microorganisms can enrich them with functional ingredients such as probiotics.

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the possibility of fermentation of oatmeal drink by strains of probiotic lactic acid microorganisms and to search for optimal modes of this process.

Methods. Fermentation of a non-alcoholic beverage from vegetable raw materials “Oat milk” was carried out using a starter culture Danisco Choozit MA 11 25 DCU, including Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. Cremoris. The efficiency of the process was assessed by the accumulation of biomass, titratable and active acidity, lactic acid accumulation, and the most likely number of probiotic microorganisms. Additionally, the influence of the functional component — routine — on the activity of changes in these indicators was assessed.

Results. The possibility of adaptation of lactic acid bacteria in the plant environment of an oat drink was established, the addition of rutin contributed to the activation of the fermentation process. The increase in the biomass of lactic acid bacteria without the introduction of rutin was 150%, and when applied — 230%. The variation of the temperature factor during fermentation of the drink for 12–20 hours allowed us to establish the optimum for the accumulation of lactic acid — 16 hours at a temperature of 34.7 °C. The number of probiotic microorganisms in the finished drink was 3.8–5.2 × 107, which makes it possible to classify drinks as functional products with probiotics. Thus, the research results confirm the possibility of using an oat-based vegetable drink for fermentation by lactic acid bacteria Lactococcus lactis subsp. Lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris. The research was carried out with the financial support of a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (RGNF) within the framework of the project 23-26-10063.

The article examines the current state of the agricultural machinery market and the change in its structure after the imposition of sanctions. The production of the main types of agricultural machinery for 2018–2022 is analyzed. As a result of the analysis, the authors showed that despite the increase in the share of domestic machinery in the market, its production volumes are decreasing every year. In addition, the analysis made it possible to systematize the prospects for import substitution in the production of agricultural machinery. It is shown that under the conditions of sanctions pressure, it is necessary to solve a number of problems that hinder the development of domestic agricultural engineering. Specific proposals are presented aimed at increasing the production of domestic agricultural machinery to achieve the goals of import substitution, as well as providing the domestic market with modern and high-tech types of machinery and equipment, which will allow agricultural producers to produce high-quality products in order to ensure the country›s food security.

The problem of assessing the carbon footprint in the economy has recently received much attention in many countries around the world, including Russia. Given the importance of the problem of climate change, the urgent task is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to achieve international climate goals outlined by the Paris Climate Agreement and the Strategy for the socio-economic development of a country with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050.

Currently, the main global trend in the development of economic sectors is the implementation of ESG principles and a focus on the use of energy-saving technologies, therefore, special attention in all sectors of the economy is paid to the issues of accounting for greenhouse gas emissions and assessing their impact on climate change. Accounting, monitoring and justification of directions for reducing the carbon footprint is also an important task in the context of the formation of the Green Economy. Agriculture is in third place in terms of emissions after energy sector and industry sector. Regular monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions by source is necessary to effectively address the emissions problem and develop cost-effective public policy measures to ensure sustainable agricultural development and develop export potential.

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive study of the volumes and sources of greenhouse gas emissions, the role of agriculture in the formation of the carbon footprint. The study examines in detail the volume and structure of greenhouse gas emissions in long-term dynamics for 1990–2022. The use of a number of statistical methods made it possible to establish a reduction in emissions in the agricultural sector, which is explained by a sharp reduction in resource potential and the increased use of resource-saving technologies in recent years.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the impact of changes in the structure of acreage and the land use system on the sustainability of agriculture in Germany. It is established that the land management system in Germany is decentralized, with regional and local authorities responsible for land issues. According to the German Law on Land Management, land plots must be used taking into account environmental, economic and social needs. This means that land use must be sustainable and meet the needs of local communities and ecosystems. Germany has historically been one of the largest markets for organic products. As of 2020, the share of land under organic farming in the country is 9.6% (1592.7 thousand hectares). In 2001–2020, the area of land under organic farming increased by 56.8%. In general, the land management system in Germany is sustainable and focused on meeting environmental, economic and social needs. The country is actively taking measures to preserve and improve soil quality, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, preserve biodiversity and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Germany is also actively developing organic farming and precision farming, which makes it possible to use land resources more efficiently and reduce the negative impact on the environment. However, despite all these measures, the analysis of the reports of the German Government, the OECD and the FAO shows that the country still has problems with pollution of water resources, biocenoses and a decrease in soil fertility.

Relevance. Rural tourism is a developing, promising field of activity with specific features. Clients are not just looking for an idle holiday, but want to get acquainted with local customs, and some even want to participate in the production and processing of agricultural products, which leads to an expansion of the range of farm products, stimulates the production of environmentally friendly products, the development of small businesses and the improvement appearance of the village. In the article we examined the essence and importance of rural tourism, described the potential of agrotourism in the Chuvash Republic, identified the main factors hindering the development of the industry, as well as problems that require solutions.

Methods. In the process of observing, collecting, summarizing and processing information, various methods of analytical, economic-statistical, graphical and other research methods were used.

In order to compile static statistical ideas about the state of society and public opinion in the region under study, a cross-sectional study was carried out, for which a questionnaire was compiled and an electronic survey of respondents was carried out.

Results. The analysis shows the underdevelopment of rural tourism in the republic. Despite the high tourist and recreational potential of the republic, factors hindering the development of rural tourism have been identified: low level of development of rural infrastructure, quality of rural roads, poor Internet coverage, lack of modern hospitality facilities, rural residents are not ready for change, improving the level of service, they lack education in the relevant field.

The emergence and development of government programs to support initiatives in the field of rural tourism can become an impetus for the creation and transformation of hospitality facilities in the countryside, and, consequently, the formation of a whole new tourism sector.