Relevance. The etiological agent in the development of persistent lymphocytosis and lymphosarcoma in cattle is Bovine leukemia virus. Phylogenetic analysis of sequenced nucleotide sequences of the BLV env-gene locus is the main, but not the only, approach to pathogen genotypic classification.

Metods. The aim of the study was to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the locus of the Bovine leukemia virus env-gene, considered as diagnostically significant for SNP genotyping of BLV based on the analysis of direct sequencing data of the PCR-product.

Results. Alignment of the nucleotide sequences of the env-gene locus of 101 BLV type isolates of known Bovine leukemia virus genotypes revealed 155 single nucleotide polymorphisms, of which 35 SNP were considered diagnostically significant. At the same time, for BLV SNP-genotyping, an analysis of 22 characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms is sufficient, 14 of which are genotype-specific in relation to nine genotypes of the studied viral pathogen (C232G for the 3rd, G84A for the 4th, A117G, T326C and C412T — 5th, C394T — 8th, C40G — 9th, C132T — 10th, T113A and T256C — the 11th, T49C and G140A — the 12th, C83A and T304C — the 13th genotypes, thereby ensuring their identification. The other 8 characterized polymorphic positions are not genotype-specific, but the interpretation of the results of their detection has identification value in relation to the remaining 4 BLV genotypes: 1st (G205G and A337A), 2nd (T220C and A334G), 6th (A127R, C132C, T153C and C341C) and 7th (T220C and A334A) respectively.

Results. In order to study the hemolytic activity of Streptococcus, α-, β- and γ-isolated from samples of clinical material from synanthropic birds and rodents, we studied 324 cultures of Streptococcus. In rats, mice and birds caught in livestock buildings in cultures of Streptococcus, α- and γ-types of hemolysis were mainly manifested, β-hemolysis was observed less frequently.

To study the hemolytic properties of Streptococcus, we studied 140 cultures of Streptococcus isolated from the air, washings from walls and floors, as well as from feeders, in livestock buildings of the KabardinoBalkarian Republic. 50 cultures isolated from the air of cowsheds, sheds, stables and pigsties had α-hemolytic activity in 52,0% of cases, complete clarification of blood agar (β-hemolysis) caused 7 cultures and did not cause hemolysis in 17 cultures. 44 cultures of Streptococcus isolated from washings from walls and floors caused α-hemolysis in 40,9% of cases, β-hemolysis in 25,0% of cases and did not cause hemolysis in 34,1% of the studied cultures. 46 cultures isolated from feeder washes caused partial hemolysis in 17 cases, complete hemolysis in 6 cases, and no hemolysis in 23 cases.

Relevance. Currently, the development of molecular and population genetics is a relevant task. The need to identify reliable candidate genes is associated with increase in pig population and quality improvement of both breeding and meat products. In this regard, the whole-genome analysis method solves issues of the genetic determination in quantitative and economically important traits.

Methods. In this study, the GWAS method was applied to reproductive traits of Landrace sows.

Results. 35 reliable candidate genes with biological functionality were identified and described, located near or within the identified significant SNP, responsible for various reproductive traits of sow organisms. Genes were classified into two clusters — 20 genes belonged to Cluster 1, which was responsible for mitochondrial and coupled electron transport, ATP synthesis, as well as binding of fatty acids and tryptophan (AFF4, IL13, IL4, IRF1, SHROOM1, IL-5, UQCRQ, MRPL13, TTR, ENPEP, NOL4, PCDH7, DSG3, RASSF6, ALB, AFP, ANKRD17, SOX9), and 15 genes belonged to Cluster 2, which was associated with response to bacterial and viral infections (YTHDC2, KIF3A, EYA1, DSG2, DSG4, PPIH, RNF125, TRAPPC8, PITX2, KIAA1462, MTPAP, JMJD6, METTL23, SRSF2, and U2AF1).

Relevance. The use of antibacterial drugs as feed additives for many years has made it possible to reduce the risk of developing infectious pathologies and, as a result, increased the productivity of the industry, in addition to obvious advantages, the constant use of antibiotics develops bacterial resistance, negatively affects representatives of the normoflora of biocenoses and has an accumulating effect in aquaculture. One of the possible ways to increase productivity is the use of probiotic strains with pronounced antagonistic characteristics against pathogenic microorganisms. It should be noted that for optimal fish growth, a high level of species-specificity of the structural microbiome is necessary, which ultimately cannot guarantee the effectiveness of the use of commercial probiotic drugs in fish feeding diets.

Results. The presented scientific data on the use of phytobiotics indicate not only a pronounced effect stimulating the growth of fish, but also a high antioxidant and immunostimulating effect. Separately, it is worth noting the high level of effectiveness of the tested plants against pathogenic strains of A. hydrophila microorganisms (purslane leaf powder; dogwood fruit extract; a combination of essential oils of thyme, red thyme and rosemary pepper; food nanoparticles of cinnamon, a combination of extracts of coriander, mallow, oak acorn; pandanus roofing extract), A. veronii (apricot seed powder), L. monocytogenes (basil clove leaf extract), S. agalactiae (Belgian quince fruit extract). Hypothetically, this mechanism can be explained not only by the activation of indicators of nonspecific immunity, but also by the influence of the majority of plants tested in experiments with the anti Quorum Sensing effect. This review is aimed at describing the global trend in the use of phytobiotics in fish feeding.

Relevance. The development of cattle breeding and the production of high-quality beef in Russia is currently one of the important tasks. This paper presents the results of studies on the effect of a feed additive based on colostrum oil, protein hydrolysate and vitamins on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of young animals.

Methods. The diet of animals of the experimental group included a feed additive, which includes colostrum oil, protein hydrolysate and vitamins. The feed additive was introduced into the daily diet at a dose of 100 g per head per day. It has been established that the introduction of a feed additive into the diet of young animals has a positive effect on the morphological and biochemical composition of blood, contributes to increasing the productivity of young cattle.

Results. The results of scientific and economic experience have shown that the use of feed additives in the feeding of young cattle is an effective method of reducing productivity losses during cultivation and contributes to improving the productive qualities of farm animals.

Relevance. Milk is not only one of the most consumed food sources for Russian citizens, but also a valuable raw material for food production. Its composition is influenced by many factors, including origin. To obtain it, dairy cattle are used, including Holstein, created by absorbing the breeding stock of domestic black-and-white cattle by bulls of the Holstein breed. The study of physicochemical parameters and technological properties of milk of cows of a new genetic formation of dairy cattle in the Middle Urals zone is of both scientific and practical interest.

Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the best indicators for the nutritional value of milk were found in the milk of the cows of the Montvik Chieftain line, the calorie content of which was higher than that of the milk of cows of other lines by 1.7 and 1.3%. It had more MJ, MDB, which had a positive effect on the content of dry matter and SOMO in the milk of cows of this line. Significant differences were found in the content of fat (MJ) and protein (MDP) in the milk of cows, as well as casein in favor of milk obtained from cows of the Montvik Chieftain line (р ≤ 0.05–0.01, respectively, in terms of indicators). The increased content of protein in the milk of cows of this group allows us to speak about the effectiveness of its use in cheesemaking, which is confirmed by indicators of cheese suitability and rennet coagulability. In the milk of cows of the Montvik Chieftain line, the duration of rennet clotting of milk (the duration of clot formation) was shorter by 7–8 min. according to Dilanyan and by 7'43''–10'11'' — according to N.V. Barabanshchikov).

Relevance. Due to widespread metisation the Kholmogorskaya breed is on the verge of complete extinction, which requires the development of measures aimed at preserving not only the animals themselves, but also their genetic diversity. Microsatellites can be considered the most convenient for analyzing the genetic state of a population, due to the high level of their polymorphism.

Methods. The material for genetic examination was cryocon-served sperm of bulls-producers belonging to the RSUP «Komi» for breeding work (Syktyvkar). Samples from 64 pure-bred Kholmogorsky and 36 with different levels of Holstein breeding bulls were selected for analysis. The allelic structure of STR markers was determined in the laboratory of DNA technologies of FGBNU «VNIIplem». The genetic and statistical analysis was carried out according to the methods generally accepted in biology and animal science.

Results. Among purebred bulls 9 privat-alleles were identified, and in crossbreed producers — 13. The most polymorphic among Holstein animals were loci TGLA122 (Na = 10) and TGLA227 (Na = 11), in purebred animals — TGLA227 (Na = 9) and TGLA53 (Na = 10). The maximum correspondence between the number of actual and effective alleles was observed at the BM1824 locus, and the minimum at TGLA227. The Shannon index was the highest for the locus TGLA122 (2,046) in crossbreeds and for TGLA53 (2,011) in purebred bulls, and the lowest for BM1818 (1,050 and 1,174). The diversity of the allelofund of the analyzed loci in the metalized animals was slightly higher (by 0.26). The average fixation index in crossbreeds deviated towards a slight deficit of heterozygosity (0.017), and in purebred bulls an excess (-0.025). The greatest genetic relationship between the two samples was observed at the SPS115 locus (0.996), and the smallest at CSSM66 (0.827).

Relevance. The continuing deterioration of the state of agricultural lands and the natural environment in general requires a transition to conservation agriculture, of which biologized crop rotations are a part.

The purpose of the research is to establish the influence of biologized crop rotations on the content of organic matter and agrophysical properties of the soil in the arid steppe of the Southern Urals.

Methods. Field experiments and laboratory analyses were carried out according to generally accepted methods. The soil of the experimental field is ordinary medium loamy chernozem. The climate is arid. During the years of research, the hydrothermal coefficient was 0.27–0.65. In the experiment, we studied sevenfield biologized crop rotations with four grain fields, two alfalfa fields and pure steam (type I), with five grain fields and two alfalfa fields (type II). As a control, a six-field grain-pair crop rotation was taken. We created food backgrounds: without fertilizers, organic, mineral.

Results. It was revealed that biologized crop rotations in the alfalfa link of the first and second years of use accumulate 7.8–9.1 t/ha of crop-root residues in the soil layer 0-40 cm, which is three to seven times more than the grain-pair crop rotation. The increased amount of PKO in biologized crop rotations has a loosening effect on the arable (0–30 cm) and sub-arable (30–40 cm) soil layers. The density of the arable layer is 1.10 g/cm³, the sub — arable layer is 1.05 g/cm³. Accordingly, the indicators of grain — pair crop rotation are 1.12 g/cm³ and 1.12 g/cm³, or 6% more. Biologized crop rotations contained higher moisture reserves in the soil. Spring reserves of productive moisture in the soil layer of 0–100 cm in biologized crop rotations — from 97 to 112 mm for fertilizer backgrounds, which is 8–22 mm more than in the grain-steam crop rotation. Thus, biologized crop rotations in the conditions of the arid steppe of the Southern Urals contribute to the optimization of agrophysical properties and improvement of the water regime of the soil.

Relevance. The task of preserving and increasing soil fertility is urgent, since it is closely related to crop yields.

Methods. The research was carried out in the arid zone of the Stavropol Territory at the Prikumskaya experimental breeding station in four 6-pole crop rotations from 1969 to 2022.

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of saturation of grain crop rotations with pure steam on various nutrition backgrounds on the fertility of chestnut soil in the conditions of the Eastern Caucasus.

Results. Over 53 years of research, the content and reserves of humus in the arable soil layer in grain-steam crop rotations decreased by 0.18–0.22% and 4.7–5.8 t/ha at the control, on a fertilized background — 0.04–0.08% and 1.0–2.0 t/ha, and in crop rotation without pure steam, on the contrary, increased, respectively, by 0.05% and 1.3 t/ha and 0.21% and 5.5 t/ha. On a natural background, the mineralization of organic matter took place much more intensively than on the variants with the introduction of fertilizers. Nitrate nitrogen reserves in crop rotations with 50.0% and 33.3% of pure steam decreased by 7.6 kg/ha and 1.3 kg/ha at the control, and on a fertilized background in crop rotation with 50.0% of pure steam — by 3.5 kg/ha. In other variants of the experiment, the amount of nitrogen increased. The maximum content of this element on all food backgrounds was noted in the crop rotation without pure steam. In all variants of the experiment, the content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium increased at the control by 0.7–2.5 and 31–62 mg/kg, and on a fertilized background by 7.2–20.0 and 12–38 mg/kg of soil. The application of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in phosphorus reserves by 13.6–44.6 kg/ha and a decrease in potassium by 20–63 kg/ha compared to the control.

Relevance. The problem of the influence of land use methods on the loss of potassium by soils, one of the main elements in the triad of plant nutrition, is considered.

Methods. The studies were carried out in 1996–2020 on the basis of monitoring the potassium content in the soils of the Gubino VNIIMZ agro-polygon located within the limits of a finite moraine hill. The monitoring was carried out on an agro-ecological transect — an industrial array that crosses the main landscape positions of the hill and consists of 10 parallel fields, each of which has an individual history. Potassium was determined in each field at 30 sampling points located 40 m apart, which made it possible to assess the impact of natural and anthropogenic conditions on it. Correlation coefficients and regression models of the dependence of potassium losses on the totality of anthropogenic factors in various microlandscapes were calculated.

Results. It is established that the nature of potassium migration depends on time, the characteristics of the natural conditions of the field and the history of its use. In the mode of extensive cultivation of crops, its content in soils is significantly reduced. Within the agricultural landscape, the spatial dynamics of losses is influenced by the diversity of natural conditions, while the nature of the history of fields affects migration flows only in certain parts of it. The features of the agricultural landscape that intensify potassium losses are a light granulometric composition and the dominance of eluvial processes. In transit and accumulative geocomplexes, potassium losses are lower. Based on the regularities obtained, it is possible to develop measures for the adaptive placement of land and crops, which makes it possible to minimize the loss of potassium.

Relevance. In 2023, a new variety of single-domed drug-free cannabis, Lyudmila, of the fibrous direction of use, passed the State Examination and was approved for accreditation for admission to use on the territory of the Russian Federation. In this regard, research on the development of elements of cultivation technology in specific soil and climatic conditions is of scientific and practical interest.

Methods. The scientific experiment is based on methodological guidelines for registration tests offungicides in agriculture and methodological guidelines for conducting field and vegetation tests with cannabis. Indicators of photosynthetic activity of plants in crops were determined by the method of A.A. Nichiporovich. Mathematical processing of experimental data was carried out by the method of dispersion analysis according to B.A. Dospekhov.

Results. Foliar top dressing contributed to an increase in the assimilation surface of the leaves in the variants with the treatment of plants for vegetation with preparations: Izagri Phosphorus — from 111.0 to 155.7 thousand m²/ha, Izagri Vita — from 112.2 to 139.7 thousand m²/ha, Humate +7 — from 135.9 to 148.4 thousand m²/ha (with 101.1–114.3 thousand m2/ha under control). The high yield of stems was obtained when sowing with a seeding rate of 3 million germinating seeds per hectare — 15.67 t/ha, with a decrease in the seeding rate to 2.5 and 2.0 million germinating seeds per hectare, the yield of stems decreased to 14.48–12.98 t/ha. Foliar treatments are effective, the yield of stems on the treated variants is higher than the control by 0.36–0.9 t/ha. The highest seed yield was obtained when sowing with a seeding rate of 2.5 million germinating seeds per hectare, on average 0.98 t/ha.

Relevance. In this regard, it is of great relevance to study influence of individual arid situations on the yield and its structure elements for winter bread wheat varieties; to identify more reliable selection criteria in breeding for drought resistance; to determine differences in the drought conditions’ response among genotypes with contrasting length of a vegetation period.

Methods. The study was carried out in 2017–2021 on the fields of the research crop rotation of the FSBSI «ARC “Donskoy”», according to a green manure fallow due to the methods of SVT and a field trial. The objects of the research were 25 modern varieties and promising breeding lines of our own breeding.

Results. There have been considered the types of droughts and their influence on the yield and its structural elements through the years of research in comparison with the control year 2017, which was favorable in precipitation and temperature conditions in all vegetation and development periods of winter wheat with HThC = 0.92–1.46. The yield decrease amounted to 39.4% in 2019 vs. 2017 and was due to a decrease in the number of sprouted plants and productive heads on 50.5% and 37.2%. In 2020, the productivity reduced on 10.7% due to head and plant productivity decrease on 31.8% and 12.1% and a grain size on 21.0%. In 2021, the yield decreased on 18.6% due to a decrease in plant density and productive head stand on 41.7% and 18.6%, and 1000-grain weight on 15.0%. Based on the correlation analysis, there have been identified the structural elements which could make the main contribution to productivity formation depending on the type of drought, namely plant density (r = 0.78), productive head (r = 0.70), grain size of a head and a plant (r = 0.60 and r = 0.79), plant height (r = 0.70).

Relevance. Sugar sorghum is one of the leading forage crops in the regions of arid agriculture. Comprehensive in-depth study and improvement of breeding-valuable indicators, determination of correlations between traits to identify the strongest dependencies in order to accelerate the breeding process is relevant.

Methods. The field assessment of 11 morphometric indicators and productivity elements of the studied samples (43 in total) was carried out according to the methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural cultures. The assessment of the conjugacy of features was carried out according to the correlation analysis using the «Agros 2.09» program.

Results. The different degree of conjugacy of the signs is revealed. On average, in 2020–2022, the yield of sugar sorghum biomass depended on seed productivity (r = 0.70), seed size (r = 0.41), the area of the largest leaf (r = 0.39). At the same time, the seed yield correlated with the mass of 1000 grains and the area of the largest leaf (r = 0.45–0.46). There was a significant positive correlation between the height of plants at maturity and the extension of the inflorescence stem (r = 0.58). It was found that in sugar sorghum, the seed size correlated with the area of the largest leaf (r = 0.49). At the same time, the length and width of the inflorescence have a conjugacy equal to 0.46. In addition, in years differing in meteorological conditions, there was a different degree of manifestation of the interrelationships between the considered signs, which must be taken into account when conducting the selection process. Knowledge of the features of correlations provides acceleration of the creation of new varieties with the specified parameters.

Relevance. Northern Kazakhstan is a region where the main production of spring soft wheat grain is concentrated. The creation and introduction of new varieties that meet the requirements of modern production are relevant.

Methods. The objects of research are 76 breeding lines of spring soft wheat. The experience was laid in the steppe zone of the North Kazakhstan region. The climate is arid, the average annual precipitation is 240–330 mm. The soil is ordinary carbonate heavy loamy chernozem, humus — 4.5–5.0%. Records and observations were carried out according to the Methodology of the state test (2010). The mass of 1000 grains was determined according to GOST 10842-89, the gluten content — according to ST RK 1046-2008, the nature of the grain was determined on a laboratory device Wile 200.

Results. The evaluation of the breeding material was carried out in harsh arid conditions according to several economically valuable characteristics: the duration of the growing season, productivity and grain quality. Six most promising lines have been identified for further study in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan: 433 SP-2/20, 438 SP-2/20, 446 SP-2/20, 448 SP-2/20, 619 SP-2/20, 769 SP-2/20 with a yield of 24.0–27.7 kg/ha, weighing 1000 grains — 37.2–42.8 g, in kind — 771–789 g /l, gluten content — 32.32–36.32%.

Relevance. Potatoes occupy a dominant place in the Republic of Ingushetia, along with grain crops and feed production. And the use of growth stimulators makes it possible to regulate the process of growth and development in a more targeted way, as well as to use the potentials of potato varieties more fully.

Methods. The studies were carried out in 2018–2020. on the southern chernozems in the conditions of the peasant farm «Khashagulgov A.T.» (Yandare, Republic of Ingushetia). The object of research: potato varieties Juvel an

Results. The treatment of tubers with growth stimulants during potato planting contributed to an increase in the number of both stems and tubers. The largest number of stems of the Juvel variety was noted when treated with Biodux growth stimulants and nettle infusion, respectively, 5.2 pcs. and 5.0 pcs. per plant, which is 20% higher than in the control variant. The Ramona variety had the following values: in the control variant, the number of stems was 4.2, the number of tubers was 10.8 pcs., which, respectively, was 1.2 pcs. and 5.5 pcs. less than when using the Biodux growth stimulator, and by 1.0 pcs. and 4.8 pcs. less than when using nettle infusion. The highest value of the average weight of the tops of the Juvel variety was also noted when using Biodux growth stimulants (15.7 t/ha) and nettle infusion — 16.2 t/ha. Such a value of the mass of the tops when using nettle infusion can be explained by the bushiness of the Juvel variety.The treatment of tubers with growth stimulators during potato planting had a beneficial effect on the height, the number of main stems and the aboveground mass of plants, and ultimately on the yield in all variants of the experiment, especially those treated with nettle Infusion and Biodux.

Relevance. Evaluate varieties of honeysuckle with stability of fruiting in the climatic conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan with the stability of biotic and abiotic stressors.

Materials and methodology. The objects of research are 8 introduced varieties of blue honeysuckle, located in the Kushnarenkovskiy breeding center for fruit and berry crops and grapes of the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Ural Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Research is carried out in accordance with the program and methodology of selection and variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops.

Results. All studied varieties of honeysuckle had a high level of adaptation to the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of Bashkortostan. Over the entire period of research, honeysuckle showed good winter hardiness. As a result of a 15-year study, it was revealed: in the 4th year after planting, it enters fruiting, until the 6th–8th year, the yield increases, from the 9th to the 12th year it stabilizes, from the 13th year it decreases. Varieties Bakcharskaya, Chelyabinka, Cinderella, Berel, Pamiati Gidzyuka differed in average precocity. The yield of varieties Bakcharskaya, Chelyabinka, Berel in the 11th year of fruiting exceeded the control by 13–20%. Blueberry and Tick were characterized by stable fruiting and yield — 1.32–4.5 kg/bush, in the control variety Blue spindle yield of 1.5 kg/bush was noted on the 11th and 12th year after planting. Rejuvenating pruning with the removal of perennial branches at a height of 30 cm from the soil level showed that most varieties had an increase in yield in the third or fourth year, and a decrease in the future. When pruning the varieties Bakcharskaya, Galochka, Chernichka, the yield decreased by 27–60% of the control variant (before pruning).

The article presents studies on the concentration of harmful gases and the movement of air flows in the livestock room. Due to the fact that hydrogen sulfide is extremely volatile, it is well susceptible to removal by ventilation, because of this, maximum peaks of its concentration can be observed in the exhaust area. For a height of 0.5 m, it was 1.66 mg/m³, for 1.5 m — 1.92 mg/m³, and at a height of 2 m, the concentration reached 1.8 mg/m³. The largest amount of carbon dioxide is localized in the feed passage. This is due to the fact that animals most of the time are located in the direction in his direction, and since cattle are the main source of carbon dioxide, since a larger amount is released during respiration, then the main localization of the gas will be directly in the feed passage. In the area of ventilation, CO₂ concentrations are equal to 1054 ppm, and in the area without ventilation — 1178 ppm. The maximum peaks of ammonia localization have been established, most of them are located in the area of the room in which the ventilation system is located. For a height of 0.5 m, it was 45.4 mg/m³, for 1.5 m — 43.6 mg/m³, and at a height of 2 m, the concentration reached 44.4 mg/m³. Ammonia concentrations equal to 27.3 mg/m³, 24.8 mg/m³ and 28.6 mg/m³, respectively, were detected at the aft passage, which is closer to the hood, at heights of 0.5 m, 1.5 m and 2 m. Above the feed table, which is located in the part of the cowshed without ventilation, indicators equal to 41.2 mg/m³, 48.7 mg/m³, 22 mg/m³ were found for a height of 0.5 m, 1.5 m and 2 m, respectively. Studies have shown that the peak values of gases are in the area of the cowshed, in which the ventilation system is located. It also depends on the properties of gases (lighter will reach ventilation faster).

Relevance. The use of complex multicomponent fertilizers in some cases is unjustified economically and can often lead to soil degradation. In such cases, in order to ensure the plantʼs need for the necessary nutrients, it is advisable to use fertilizer mixtures with a given number of components. Thus, in order to comply with the exact proportions of the components of the created fertilizer mixture, the task of creating an automation system becomes urgent, which includes not only a machine for mixing with a high coefficient of unevenness of the resulting fertilizer mixture, but also a software package for determining the component composition of the fertilizer mixture depending on the conditions of the economy, as well as an automated system of weight control and control of metering dampers working together.

Methods. The technologies of production of flour mixtures are considered, the main types of mixing used in their creation are determined. To implement the project on automating the processes of flour mixing at the developed technological installation, the methods of analytical, comparative, information and logical analysis of the initial information were used.

Results. A system of automated control of the technological process of fertilizer mixture was obtained at the developed fertilizer mixture plant, which allows using the joint work of all components in it to calculate the necessary composition and formulation of the fertilizer mixture, to obtain high-quality fertilizer mixtures due to accurate dosing of components and their biological modification.

Relevance. Technical (drug-free) hemp is cultivated for seeds, for fiber and for bilateral use (seeds + fiber), so various technologies and technical means are used for its harvesting. Harvesting technologies require the use of specialized high-performance equipment capable of performing several technological operations in one pass. The process is complicated by the height of the plants, reaching an average of 2–3 m by the time of harvest, as well as the structure of the stems, which have a fibrous structure and a woody component. The analysis showed that at present there are no domestic machines capable of harvesting industrial hemp with lint on the vine and maintaining the technical length of the stems. This served as the basis for the development of a new method of harvesting and the scheme of the unit for its implementation.

Methods. A wide range of scientific research in the field of cultivation, harvesting and processing of technical cannabis has been used. The principle of compliance of the developed method and scheme of the harvesting unit with the scientific and technical level is applied in terms of the totality of indicators of reliability and quality of the technological process, environmental friendliness and production safety, quick change of working bodies, patent protection.

Results. An innovative method of harvesting technical hemp has been developed with the removal of seed panicles at the root and the preservation of the technical length of the stem. A structural-technological scheme of a multifunctional unit for implementing the method based on a domestic combine harvester, aggregated with adapters for collecting the seed part of hemp and cutting the combed stalks is proposed. It is expected that the developed method will increase harvesting productivity up to 30%, threshing quality up to 95% and seed purity up to 50%, improve the quality of hemp trusts to one variety number, obtain primary cleaned seeds, as well as hemp weed for the production of long hemp fiber and bonfires.

Relevance. In cloudy weather, the use of solar energy for power supply to consumers without the use of energy storage devices is impossible. Known electrical consumers for which power supply may be at intervals. But at these intervals, you need to supply them with a rated voltage. Such a consumer is, for example, a waterlifting installation for an irrigation system with a capacity of 3 m³/h from a depth of up to 90 m and a power consumption of 1500 W.

Methods. Modeling of the process of accumulating electricity from a solar power plant and its transmission to an electric consumer.

Results. It is proposed to use an electric power storage device based on supercapacitors with the return of the rated voltage to the consumer at certain intervals. At the same time, if a solar power plant produces enough energy, then the electric consumer is connected directly to it, if not enough— first the supercapacitors are charged, then the return of electricity from them. The method of calculating the capacity, charge time and the number of supercapacitors in the storage is given. The parameters of the storage device for cyclic power supply of the water-lifting installation for 60 seconds are calculated. in cloudy weather , with the supply of 50 liters of water in these intervals.

Relevance. In modern conditions, due to the increasing popularity of healthy nutrition, more and more attention is being paid to functional foods that can effectively solve the problem of prevention and treatment of various diseases associated with a deficiency of certain substances. In the production of functional food products, natural biologically active substances of plant origin are used, which have an impact not only on health, but also on the behavioral reactions of laboratory animals.

Methods. The animals of the control group were kept on a standard diet, consisting of a mixture of cereals in accordance with the recommendations. In the experimental groups, the feed of the main diet was replaced with experimental functional flour confectionery products developed by the authors of the work, and with products sold in retail stores. Behavioral features of laboratory rats were evaluated in the «Open Field». The reliability of the differences was determined by nonparametric statistics (at p < 0.05).

Results. The results indicate a positive effect of a diet containing flour confectionery products based on flour from light rye grain with vegetable processing products on the behavioral reactions of laboratory rats. Regular consumption of flour confectionery products based on flour from light-grain rye and processed products of carrot and beet root vegetables in the dining room increases the active-search and reduces the passive-defensive components of the behavior of laboratory animals.

Relevance. The purpose of the research is to develop the recipe and technology of flour confectionery waffle cone used for packaging soft ice cream.

Methods. The production technology of the waffle cone included the following processes: acceptance of raw materials, preparation of ingredients (sifting of dry components, weighing of dry components), kneading dough, mixing, baking products. The composition of the flour confectionery included ingredients: wheat flour, chickpea flour, crushed psyllium husk, chickpea broth or liquid from canned peas, water, vanillin, salt, vegetable oil, stevoside. Psyllium is a type of soluble fiber that has a huge amount of valuable qualities for a person. Chickpea flour does not contain gluten, which is present in cereals such as barley, wheat or rye. Therefore, the product is valuable for people with intolerance to this substance (celiac disease). Stevia is a vegetable sweetener that can be used instead of sugar. The technology of waffle production consisted of the main processes: preparation of ingredients, kneading dough, baking waffles in the machine, forming a horn, cooling, storage.

Results. The study of nutritional value showed that the waffle cone contains: a mass fraction of protein — 7.2%, a mass fraction of fat — 22.6%, a mass fraction of carbohydrates — 34.2%, a mass fraction of ash — 0.83%, the energy value of the product — 361.9 kcal. The finished product isrecommended to be used for the production ofsoft ice cream.

Relevance. The development of technologies of cereal crops germination and obtaining of raw ingredients with increased antioxidant properties, containing in their composition biologically active substances of natural origin, will allow to form a modern domestic market of useful food products to maintain the health of the country in the long term. One such approach could be controlled germination of grain crops by ultrasonic treatment during the soaking stage. This technology will maximise the yield of finished products per unit of processed raw material, process low-quality raw materials and create products with increased nutritional value.

Methods. The objects of the study were three samples of grain crops: wheat, barley, oats. At the initial stage, incoming quality control of raw materials and their disinfection by physical method of exposure were carried out. For experimental samples of cereal crops at the stage of soaking the impact of ultrasound (22 ± 1.25 kHz) 245 W/l for 5 min, then the grain was soaked for 8 hours (wheat grain) and 12 hours (barley and oats grain), the process of germination was carried out until reaching the sprout size 1.5–2 mm in more than 90% of grains. All operations with control samples were performed in the same sequence, excluding the process of ultrasound exposure. The total content of flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds was determined in all tested samples using spectrophotometric method, total antioxidant activity using DPPH-method, and γ-aminobutyric acid content using automated liquid chromatography system.

Results. The studies showed that all germinated samples of cereal crops are characterized by sufficiently high values of flavonoid and polyphenolic compounds. At the same time, the samples obtained by ultrasound exposure showed an increase in the content of flavonoids by an average of 7.3–8.9 times, polyphenols by 2–5.6 times. In the process of intensified controlled germination, the total antioxidant activity increased by 31.6–40.0%, relative to the control samples of grain crops. The increase in GABA content in samples after ultrasound exposure averaged 360–490%. The results confirmed the possibility and feasibility of using the proposed technology of controlled germination in obtaining raw ingredients from germinated cereal crops. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation Grant 23-26-00290.

Relevance. In the implementation of state social obligations, food security plays a special role, since through the food supply system, human needs for food products are met. The purpose of the work is to analyze the level of consumption of basic foodstuffs by the population and determine further ways to solve the problem of food supply in the Bryansk region.

Methods. The following methods of economic research were used in the article (within the framework of a systematic approach): monographic, comparative, economic and statistical.

Results. The standards of consumption of basic foodstuffs in Russia are considered, a comparative analysis of Russian standards with those of other countries is carried out. The per capita consumption of basic foodstuffs in the Russian Federation and the Central Federal District is analyzed. An objective analysis of the level of consumption of agricultural products by the population of the Bryansk region, which allows us to determine the state and prospects for the development of key sectors of the agricultural sector and the achievement of import substitution policy. The study period covers 2005–2021. Regional peculiarities of ensuring food security are revealed. A negative aspect is the problem of economic availability of food in the region in the necessary volumes and assortment for the population with low incomes, which is due to rising inflation and a decrease in real incomes. The directions allowing to increase the efficiency of ensuring food security of the region are proposed.

Relevance. The grain market is one of the key sectors of the agro-industrial complex and is important for the development of the entire economy of the country. In Russia, there are many problems associated with pricing in the grain market, including the uneven distribution of agricultural producers across the country and an underdeveloped infrastructure for storing and transporting grain. Thus, this article is relevant and relevant for modern business conditions.

Methods. General scientific and special research methods are presented, including a descriptive method (generalization techniques, observations, interpretation, comparison, etc.), methods of pricing analysis and forecasting grain prices, as well as recommendations for optimizing pricing in the grain market.

Results. As a result of the analysis of the peculiarities of pricing in the grain market, the following results were obtained: yield is one of the main factors affecting the price of grain, insufficient gross grain harvest leads to a shortage of products on the market and an increase in prices; supply and demand also have a significant impact on the price of grain; with the devaluation of the national currency, grain prices may rise; when due to the unfavorable price environment for grain transportation, the price of products will also increase. The price of grain is a key factor for all market participants, so it is necessary to monitor changes in the market and adapt to them. To ensure the stability and profitability of the business, it is necessary to take into account all factors affecting the price of grain and make effective decisions based on the analysis of the market situation.