Relevance. It is known that among cows there is a wide spread of anemia and pathologies accompanied by chronic inflammation. Anemia, like chronic inflammation, leads to disorders that contribute to metabolic changes during pregnancy in cows and have their own characteristics.

The aim of the work is to study the effect of pregnancy on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of cows with anemia syndrome and chronic systemic inflammation.

Methods. In the conditions of the livestock complex, studies were conducted on cows (n = 30) of a red-mottled breed with a pregnancy period of 150–160 days. Based on clinical and laboratory examination, the animals were divided into three groups: 1st (n = 15) — healthy, 2nd (n = 8) — with hypochromic microcytic anemia, 3rd (n = 7) — with low-intensity chronic systemic inflammation syndrome. Blood sampling was performed on the 150–160th, 210–220th and 260–265th days of pregnancy to determine the level of total lipids, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, lactic and pyruvic acid.

Results. The levels of total lipids and glucose have a significant (р ˂ 0.05) inverse and the level of pyruvic acid has a significant direct correlation of noticeable and high strength according to the Chaddock scale with an increase in the duration of gestation in all studied groups. The presence of anemia or chronic systemic inflammation syndrome of low intensity in the transient period creates risks of metabolic failures, which are manifested by a decrease in the intensity of triglyceride deposition by 31.0–34.5% (р ˂ 0.05) and the appearance of a tendency to a negative energy balance. 

Relevance. The analysis of the possibility of using milk as a non-invasive type of samples in the epizootological control of diseases of cattle is given. During pathogenesis, many etiologic agents cause breast lesions or are excreted together with milk, which makes milk an ideal sample for laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases of cattle, since it is available in any quantity and its samples are easy to collect.

Methods. Conventional methods of document analysis were used.

Results. It is shown that milk samples can be used both at the individual and at the population level for early identification of infected herds, screening of infected herds and use to obtain evidence of the well-being of herds. The availability of commercial diagnostic test systems for detecting antibodies in milk to the causative agents of leukemia of cattle, viral diarrhea of cattle, Brucella abortus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, Fasciola hepatica, Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) makes available programs for the control and eradication of diseases in dairy herds and at the level of countries. The use of combined non-invasive milk samples makes it possible to combat slowly progressive and chronic cattle infections of dairy cattle (bovine leucosis, paratuberculosis, brucellosis), and exclude carrier animals from the production chain in real time, which indicates the feasibility of introducing this type of samples into veterinary practice in the Russian Federation.

Relevance. Precocious modern crosses of broiler chickens need a high-energy diet. Vegetable oils, being a concentrated source of energy, cover the necessary energy demand. At the same time, the amount and type of fat used in the diet to increase energy value can affect the metabolism of trace elements. Thus, there may be a relationship between the concentration and type of lipids in the diet and the metabolism of trace elements.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of various doses of sunflower oil in the diet on minerals in the body of broiler chickens.

Methods. Experimental studies to assess the effect of a high-energy diet on the mineral status of the body were conducted in three groups of broiler chickens of the Arbor Acres cross, formed by the method of pairs of analogues (n = 35). The basic diet was adjusted for metabolic energy. The subject of research is the mineral composition of the liver and bone tissue, as well as biochemical and morphological parameters of blood.

Results. Based on research, it has been established that feeding broiler chickens is highly co-energy diet causes changes in the metabolism of certain trace elements and leads to to malabsorption. In the liver, blood serum and bone tissue, the studied elements (Fe, Cu and Zn) decreased in the experiment. The result obtained requires further research and indicates on the possible need for correction of mineral nutrition in high-energy diets.

Relevance. Of scientific interest are studies to assess the pro- and antioxidant status of the body of productive animals with age, since they are interconnected with health, the state of the immune and reproductive systems.

Methods. In order to study the indicators of antioxidant protection in the body of young cattle of different ages in the conditions of the PZ «Ladozhsky» (Krasnodar district), the following groups of animals were formed in the winter period of 2022: young animals at the age of 1 month (n = 15), 3–4 months (n = 19), young animals 6–7 months old (n = 14), heifers (n = 16). The following indicators were determined in the blood of the studied animals: the concentration of ceruloplasmin (CP), products reacting with thiobarbituric acid (TBA-AP), the total content of water-soluble antioxidants (TAWSA), the total antioxidant status (TAS), peroxidase activity, the ratio of TBA-AP/CP, metabolic processes and hematological indicators were calculated. Correlations between the determined indicators were calculated.

Results. The results obtained indicate changes in the LPO and AOD indicators depending on age and physiological state. A significant increase in the concentration of TBA-AP in the blood of young animals 6–7 months old and heifers, compared with analogues of 1 and 3–4 months of age, indicates the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products with age. The decrease in the AOP level in the 6-month-old group of animals is also indicated by the minimum concentration of TAWSA and the trend towards a decrease in the total antioxidant status and peroxidase activity. Due to the high level of ceruloplasmin, the ratio of TBA to CP was at the level of other groups. The age of the animals had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.001) on the content of TBA-AP, ceruloplasmin, TAWSA, and the overall antioxidant status. SLE and TBA-AP are significant markers of the state of LPO and AOP in the body. The results obtained will allow monitoring the health status of animals and will help to provide timely preventive measures that increase the adaptive capabilities of young animals and the most complete realization of the genetic potential of productivity.

Relevance. Blood components play an important role in assessing the biological status of breeding animals in accordance with their species, genetic, sexual, exterior, etc. characteristics, which actualizes the problem of finding hematological markers associated with the breed.

Methods. The work was carried out on repair pigs of the Duroc breed (n = 30), Yorkshire (n = 90) and Landrace (n = 15), which were selected for reproductive purposes according to the results of the bonitation. The study material was blood, in which morphological and biochemical parameters were determined. The results are statistically systematized based on the mean values ± standard deviation and coefficients of variation.

Results. It was found that the variability of the blood parameters of repair pigs is associated with the technological conditions of maintenance and feeding. The number of parameters related to the genotype of the breed is limited. Hemoglobin has genetic determinism, the value of the coefficient of variation of which is Cv = 33.61–38.37%, and interbreed differences are 2.39–16.19%. In the leukocyte blood pool, based on the values of the coefficients of variation, the indicator indicators include the number of lymphocytes (Cv = 23.42–27.75%) and monocytes (Cv = 24.09–25.20%). In the lipid spectrum of the blood, the level of triglycerides has indicator properties, the value of the coefficient of variation of which is Cv = 165.81–184.02%, and interbreed differences of 25.00–81.82%. 

Relevance. It is known that highly productive cows in the first third of lactation experience an increased need for energy. One of the effective ways to increase the energy saturation of diets is the use of protected fats in their feeding.

Methods. The effect of hydrogenated and fractionated fats (GC «EFKO», Russia) on the processes of rumen metabolism, the digestibility of dietary nutrients and the intensity of milking of highly productive cows, when used in the period from 21 to 120 days of lactation, was studied in an experiment conducted in an experimental farm «Klenovo-Chegodaevo» (Moscow) on three groups of dairy cows of the holsteinized black-and-white breed with a milk yield of 7000 kg of milk for the previous lactation, 10 animals each.

Results. In physiological studies, it was found that the feeding of protected fats did not have a negative effect on the processes of rumen metabolism and had a positive effect on the trend of better digestion of dietary nutrients by animals of I and II experimental groups compared to the control, with an increase in the digestibility of crude fat by 2.7–3.1 abs. % (p < 0.05). Accounting for milk productivity showed that the inclusion of inert fats in the diets of cows of the experimental groups in the amount of 300 g/head/day, in order to increase the concentration of metabolic energy from 10.7 to 11.0 MJ per 1 kg of dry matter, contributed to an increase in milk yield 4% fat content for 120 days of lactation by 8.1–9.4% (p < 0.05), compared with the control, feed costs, expressed in ME, decreased by 5.3%. At the same time, in the milk of cows fed fractionated fat, an increase in the mass fraction of palmitic acid by 2.29 abs. % (p < 0.05), compared with the control. In general, for 305 days of lactation, the gross milk yield of 4% fat in cows of the experimental groups exceeded the control by 6.2–7.3% (p ≥ 0.05), with a decrease in feed costs (ME) by 4.8%.

Relevance. One of the key types of raw materials that ensure the food security of Russian citizens is milk. To obtain it, dairy cattle are used, including Holstein, created by absorbing the breeding stock of domestic black-and-white cattle by bulls of the Holstein breed. The study of economically useful qualities of a new genetic formation of dairy cattle in the Middle Urals zone is of both scientific and practical interest.

Methods. The aim of the work is to evaluate the milk productivity of Holstein cattle depending on the age of the first insemination, taking into account the linear origin.

Results. As a result of the research, certain features were established that, in our opinion, are associated precisely with the origin (depending on the age of insemination, the animals are divided into 4 subgroups). So, in the group of heifers of the line Reflection Sovering 198998, the same trend of change in milk productivity depending on the age of the first insemination, as well as the average for the herd. The first heifers with the age of the first insemination up to 14 months had the highest productivity (p ≤ 0.05 between the 1st and 3rd groups in favor of the 1st). In heifers of the Vis Back Idial line, on the contrary, the highest milk yields were in animals inseminated for the first time at the age of more than 18 months. They have the highest milk yields compared to cows from other lines. The superiority ranged from 700 (Reflection Sovering line) to 2275 kg (Montwick Chieftain line) or 7.6–24.9% for the highest milk yields (р ≤ 0.05–0.01). Among the animals of the line Montvik Chieftain 95679 had the highest milk yield of first-calf heifers inseminated at the age of 14 months. They outperformed cows with other periods of insemination by 886–891 kg (р ≤ 0.05).

Relevance. The priority task for the agro-industrial complex of Russia is to provide the population of the country with high-grade products. One of these products is milk. It is not only a valuable food product, but also a raw material for the dairy industry, its use for the production of certain products is determined by its technological properties. The study of these properties in a new genetic formation of dairy cattle in the Middle Urals zone has both scientific and practical interest.

Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the milk obtained from cows with a Holstein breed genotype (75–91%) was the best in terms of the content of dry matter and its components. Cowʼs milk, regardless of genotype, is suitable for the production of highly processed products — canned milk and cheeses. According to all indicators, milk, with the exception of cows of the group with a genotype of 97% or more in terms of the ratio of protein and SOMO, is suitable for making cheese. Lower rates of suitability of milk for processing into Adyghe cheese were observed in milk from cows with a Holstein genotype of more than 91%. To improve the clot, the use of rennet was proposed, which made it possible to reduce the cost of calcium chloride and obtain a denser clot. The use of new technological solutions in the manufacture of Adyghe cheese with the use of protein coagulators makes it possible to increase the degree of use of fat and protein from cowʼs milk and reduce the cost of milk for its production.

Relevance. In the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases in the rearing of young animals, the restoration of intestinal biocenosis with the use of probiotics — bacterial preparations from live microbial cultures is of great importance.

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of probiotic feed additives Klyuver Pro and BeneFIT Basic on growth dynamics, feed costs and blood parameters of Saanen goats.

Methods. The studies were carried out at LLC «Lukoz Saba» of the Sabinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The object of the study is the kids of the Saanen breed at the age of seven days. Scientific and economic experience was carried out according to the method of analogues. The chemical composition and nutritional value of feed, the dynamics of changes in live weight, the morphological and biochemical parameters of the blood of goats were studied. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel. A difference of p ≥ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results. Probiotic feed additives Kluver Pro and BeneFIT Basic activate metabolic processes in the body of kids, increase the digestibility and assimilation of feed, which has a positive effect on the growth and development of animals, and reduce feed costs. The live weight of goats treated with probiotics increased (compared with the control) by 7.7% (p ≥ 0.05) and 3.6%. Feed costs decreased per 1 kg of live weight gain decreased by 13.6% and 10.1%.

In the blood of animals treated with probiotics, there was an increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocytes. In animals of the second group, these indicators increased by 17.4%, 31.7 g/l (39.3%) (p ≥ 0.001) and 4.45 ˟ 1012/l (77.1%) (p ≥ 0.001), in animals the third group — respectively, by 7.5%, 7.7 g / l (9.5%) (p ≥ 0.001) and 1.63 ˟ 1012/l (28.2%), as well as a significant decrease in ESR — by 0, 37 mm/g and 0.18 mm/g (p ≥ 0.001), calcium content by 20% and 24.2% (p ≥ 0.05).

Relevance. Leguminous crops are the main source of vegetable protein in the world, among which pea is the most common in Russia. Among agrotechnical practices, the seeding rate plays an important role in forming the yield of this crop and obtaining high and stable grain yields. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of various seed sowing rates on the yield of pea varieties in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The experiments were carried out in the conditions of the Pre-Ural steppe subzone in 2017–2020. Pea varieties Chishminskiy 95, Chishminskiy 229, Pamyati Khangilʼdina, Pamyati Popova served as the material for the study.

Methods. Sowing qualities of seeds were determined in accordance with GOST 12038-84, GOST 10968-88, GOST 12042-80, GOST 12036-85. Field assessments, phenological observations were carried out according to the methodology of the State cultivar testing of agricultural crops.

Results. In our experiments, different conditions of moisture supply, illumination and nutrition of pea plants, due to different seeding rates, had a significant impact on the grain yield in the studied varieties. The increase in the number of plants preserved for harvesting, which depends on their survival and the number of seedlings, was accompanied by an increase in yield. It has been established that pea varieties Chishminskiy 95, Chishminskiy 229, Pamyati Khangilʼdina and Pamyati Popova form the highest and most stable grain yields at early sowing dates with a seeding rate of 1.2 million pieces of germinating seeds per 1 ha. With a decrease in the seeding rate, the weediness of crops increases, and with an increase in the seeding rate, pea plants experience a lack of moisture and nutrients, which leads to a decrease in yield by 0.4–1.0 c/ha.

Relevance. Flax pasmo currently belongs to the most common diseases in the flax-growing regions of the Russian Federation. In the years of epiphytotics, losses from the disease can increase up to 25–30%. Purposeful breeding work for resistance to pasmo is restrained, first of all, by the absence of highly resistant to the disease of the initial forms of long-lived flax. The purpose of our research was to search for genotypes with horizontal resistance to flax pasmo for use in breeding programs for disease resistance.

Methods. The total assessment of the harmfulness of the disease was the criterion «area under the disease development curve», the stability index of each sample was calculated.

Results. In the conditions of Tver region (2019–2021) in an infectious nursery on an artificially provocative background to pasmo in the field, the stability of the collection and breeding material of long-lived flax was determined in dynamics. During the years of research, 731 flax genotypes were analyzed, the level of horizontal stability of each genotype was calculated. During the study, 61 genotypes with different levels of protection were identified, characterized by a delayed type of pasmo development. The stability index was 0.26–1.8 cu. The greatest breeding and immunological value is represented by 29 genotypes (L-2815-7-1, L-2808-8-5, L-2633-8-1, 0-15157-6-4, 0-15157-6-14, 0-15157-6-4, 0-13606-8-7, L-2815-7-1, L-3003-6-4, r-311-538-9, r-61-523-9, L-2947-6-3 etc.) in view of the high stability index. Тhe highlighted Selected samples with a horizontal type of stability should be used for flax breeding programs. These samples for two to three years showed a high and average index (0.26–0.6 cu) of stability.

Relevance. The growth of acreage under soybeans caused an increased demand of agricultural producers for drugs for the control of harmful objects. Herbicides are one of the most popular classes of pesticides used in many types of crop production.

Methods. The effect of the water-soluble herbicide Pivot with consumption rates of 0.5 l/ha and 0.8 l/ha was studied in the experiment. A model variety of soy Killer whale was taken for research. Experience options: spraying the soil before sowing with sealing; spraying the soil before soybean seedlings; spraying plants in the phase of two triple leaves; control (without treatment). The studies were carried out by field and laboratory methods using appropriate techniques.

Results. It was found that with a high mixed type of contamination of soybean crops (74–88 pieces of weeds / m2 in control), the use of different methods and norms of the herbicide Pivot, VC proved to be highly effective and safe for culture: reduction of the number of weeds, % to control at a rate of 0.5 l/ha — 86.4–88.1%, at a rate of 0.8 l/ha — 89.2–92.9%. The reaction of soybeans to a decrease in clogging, in comparison with the control, was manifested in an increase in: the number of branches — by 30.0–41.7%, the number of beans — by 40.7–53.0%, the number of seeds from one plant — by 32.2–55.0%, the mass of seeds from one plant — by 52.2–60.4%, the mass of 1000 seeds — by 27.3–30.7%. The average yield of soybeans in the control was 1.36–1.38 t/ha. In the variants with the use of herbicides, reliable crop yield increases of 30.7–52.9% were obtained. When conducting a comparative analysis of the rates of herbicide application on structural indicators and soybean yield, the advantage of a dosage of 0.8 l/ha was revealed, and when comparing the methods of application — spraying the soil before soybean seedlings.

Relevance. The slow development of the crop at the beginning of the growing season (from sowing to the 5-leaf phase) makes it uncompetitive to weed species. Weeds, adapted to cool spring temperatures, and forming a powerful underground and above-ground mass, suppress corn crops. During the growing season, weeds compete with corn plants for light, soil moisture and nutrients. In the absence of protective measures, grain yield losses can be up to 70%.

Methods. The results of two-year field tests of post-emergence herbicides used to reduce the harmfulness of weeds and increase the yield of corn cultivated for grain in the conditions of the Ryazan region are presented. In the scheme of the experiment, herbicides were studied: Cordus Plus, VDG — 0.2 l/ha; MeisTer Power, MD — 1.5 l/ha; Elumis, MD — 1.6 l/ha. The research was conducted in 2020 and 2021 at the experimental field of the Institute. The soil of the site is dark gray forest heavy loamy, the humus content is 3.8%. The predecessor is winter wheat. The corn variety is NK Falcon with FAO 190.

Results. It was found that the studied herbicides effectively reduced the contamination of crops from 89 to 94% in 2020 and from 85 to 91% in 2021. The analysis of the elements of the structure of corn cobs showed that the number of grains and the mass of 1000 grains in the cob influenced the formation of yield. The studied herbicides contributed to an increase in the number of grains in the cob in 2020 by 148–157 pcs., in 2021 — by 85–95 pcs., as well as the mass of 1000 grains by 96–139 g and 75–93 g, respectively. An additional crop of corn grain was obtained on the variants: in 2020 — 55–60.0%, in 2021 — 70.5–78.3%.

Relevance. Celiac disease is a disease of intolerance to cereal proteins (gluten). For patients with celiac disease, it is necessary to create special types of cereal products from raw materials that do not contain gluten. For gluten-free products, flour is a key raw material component, so technology is focused on the selection of flour. In this regard, the creation of gluten-free pasta based on domestic vegetable raw materials, in particular corn and buckwheat flour, will create products aimed at preserving and improving the health of the population.

Material and methods. Corn and buckwheat flour were used for the experiments. The main indicators characterizing the quality and value of buckwheat and corn flour are standard physico-chemical and organoleptic, as well as indicators characterizing nutritional value.

Results. Corn flour and buckwheat flour obtained by grinding corn grains of the domestic Budan 237 variety and buckwheat of the Shortandinskaya 3 variety were used. The organoleptic, physico-chemical parameters and chemical composition of corn and buckwheat flour were determined to justify the feasibility of using grain processing products in the technology of gluten-free pasta.

Relevance. The quality of products tends to be a core indicator of any enterprise activity defining its competitiveness within market conditions to a great extent. Production of confectionery creams avoiding usage of stabilizers, preservatives and trans fats is a promising direction being demanded by consumers. Stability of the whipped mass within production and storage processes depends on the dynamics of the confectionery foam destruction, which leads to degradation of whipped products form and volume. Stability and dimensional stability of foam systems become key indicators of food products quality reflecting their major structural and mechanical properties.

Methods. This article studies dependence of the stability (incl. dimensional stability) of cream marshmallow on temperature and density. Through experimental path authors show influence of molasses temperature set in line with recipe on the whipped cream density.

Results. Molasses temperature determines the temperature denaturation of egg whites, their bond and forms a stable structure. The study of cream marshmallow samples obtained from molasses with a density of 1.3 g/cm3, 0.9 g/cm3 and 0.7 g/cm3 established that lower density of molasses added in line with the recipe forms a stronger and more stable structure of cream marshmallow.

Relevance. The plasma treatment of ready-to-eat foods the potential use to increase a storage time and a food safety. On the first step seems important to evaluate the bactericidal effect of a non-thermal (non-equilibrium) plasma on a natural association bacteria isolated from the food.

Methods. The non-thermal plasma source based on an argon plasma jet in a microwave (streamer) discharge at atmospheric pressure was used. Lactobacillus culture isolated from a walnut in the natural association and the vegetative form was treated. Sowing was carried on Petri dishes with Endoʼs agar. The exposure time is 60 s, 180 s and 360 s. The distance from the plasma jet source’s nozzle to the Endoʼs agar surface was 30 mm. The diameter of the growth inhibition zone of Lactobacillus on the dense nutrient medium was determined.

Results. The round transparent Endo’s agar area — the zone of growth inactivation of colony-forming units in bacterial lawn of Lactobacillus after exposure to argon plasma jet was registered. After counting colony-forming units, a decrease in the number of Lactobacillus colonies grown after a 360-second exposure was found. At a 60-second exposure, no significant decrease in the number of grown colony-forming units was observed. The bactericidal effect is noticeable after a 180-second exposure to the plasma jet. With an increase in the exposure time to 360 s, the sterilization area on the surface of the agar in the Petri dish increased. The maximum diameter of the Lactobacillus growth inactivation zone did not exceed the diameter of the nozzle of the plasma jet source (36 mm). Under the influence of plasma, the color of the Endo agar changed in the zone of direct exposure to the plasma jet.

Relevance. Recently, the demand for paper of non-wood origin has increased. One of such sources is a perennial herbaceous plant Miscanthus giganteus from the bluegrass family.

Methods. The technology of growing giant miscanthus was developed by scientists of the Kaluga Research Institute. The study was conducted in accordance with generally accepted methods and recommendations of leading technological and economic research institutes. Technological maps are calculated on the basis of the methods of M.A. Bunkov, V.M. Golovach, as well as E.V. Fastov, O.A. Kovalenko, N.G. Belova. The economic component of miscanthus production is calculated based on the methods of V.R. Boev and I.G. Ushachev.

Results. During the calculations, it was found that the production of 1 ton of giant miscanthus straw according to the proposed production technology, with a planned yield of 15 tons/ha, will require 1,370 rubles. In the third year of using crop cultivation, the profitability of production, depending on the studied yield parameters (10, 15, 20 c/ha) is, respectively, 94,6%, 192,0%, 287,2%. The payback period of the project is five to eight years.

Information is provided about the new book of the second volume of «Pomology», prepared at VNIISPK with the participation of breeders and cultivars of leading horticultural institutions in Russia. The book was published under the general editorship of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences E.N. Sedov and Doctor of Agricultural Sciences E.A. Dolmatov, republished with additions at the end of 2022 at the expense of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In the updated volume of «Pomology» «Pear. Quince» additionally introduced 75 new pear varieties included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use by the Russian Federation over the past 15 years, and the best promising varieties of this crop undergoing state testing. About 70 varieties of pears are excluded from the State Register and the book (for various reasons). During this time, 8 new varieties of quince were created and included in the book, 12 were excluded. In total, the volume contains descriptions of 195 varieties of pears, 21 varieties of quinces and 7 clonal rootstocks (quinces) for pears.

The structure of the second volume of «Pomology» is described, in which there is an introductory part consisting of several sections and reporting on the importance of pear and quince culture for the national economy, the centers of origin and classification of the genus Pyrus L., the initial types and assortment of pears, the peculiarities of individual development of fruit plants, pomological terminology used in the description of pear varieties and quinces, the economic and biological characteristics of these crops.

Descriptions of varieties are built according to a single scheme, providing a detailed description of all morphological parts of plants, biochemical composition, taste and commodity qualities of fruits, indication of the most important economic advantages and disadvantages of cultivars. All descriptions of cultivars are accompanied by author’s color photos of the fruits. The Volume contains 387 pages. The book can be used as a reference by anyone interested in horticulture, including scientists, undergraduates and graduate students, as well as gardeners. Edition — 300 copies.