Relevance. The chicken embryo model is ideal for studying the development of the heart, which is the first functioning organ in embryogenesis. Particular attention is drawn to the embryonic period, when the embryonic heart is both functioning and forming, and small deviations in this process can lead to developmental anomalies. The current lack of results of accurate measurements of the morphology of the heart of a chicken embryo requires high-quality visualization, the complexity of which is determined by dynamic changes in the morphology of the heart, small size and complex spatial details of the organ. Threedimensional imaging methods are indispensable tools in this aspect, among which X-ray microtomography has special advantages.

Methods. Embryo scanning (4–8 days, embryonic stages HH22–HH34) was performed using a highresolution X-ray microtomograph Skyscan 1176. A 1% solution of phosphoric-tungstic acid was used as a contrast. Post-processing, reconstruction, visualization of 3D-images, morphometry and X-ray density assessment were carried out using software packages DataViewer (1.5.6.2), CTvox (3.3.0r1403), CT-analyser (1.18.4.0).

Results. The results obtained consist of three components: 1) general three-dimensional X-ray microtomographic visualization of chicken embryos in the early stages of embryogenesis with the designation of internal organs, allowing to determine the correct location of the heart; 2) microtomography of the heart with the designation of the main structures; 3) morphometric parameters of the embryo, heart and their X-ray density in units of the Hounsfield scale (HU). The methodological approach used has shown high efficiency. With an increase in the linear size of the chicken embryo and internal organs, including the heart, a high level of both general X-ray contrast and diffraction remains. At all the studied stages of the embryonic period of embryogenesis (4–8 days; HH22–HH34), the main visual and quantitative characteristics of cardiac morphogenesis were revealed.

Relevance. Mastitis in farm animals is widespread and ubiquitous and causes great economic damage to dairy cattle. The drugs used do not always give the desired results. The search of new highly effective methods and means of therapy for all forms of mastitis in cows is a top priority of scientific and practical veterinary workers.

Methods. The therapeutic effect of the cream was carried out in the SPK «Red Partizan» of the Khunzakh region, on 90 dairy cows of the red steppe breed, on different stages of lactation, with inflammation of the skin of the nipples of the udder. Cows after milking were lubricated with inflamed nipples 2 times a day. In the experimental group 50 heads, inflamed nipples were smeared with a developed cream. In the second (control) group — 40 heads, the means used in this farm was used.

Results. Studies have established that 98.0% recovered in the experimental group. The course of treatment was 3–4 days. It should be noted that in animals after 2–3 procedures of applying of the cream on the inflamed nipples, the skin became softer, dryness disappeared. On cracks and abrasions tissue, regeneration began and complete healing occurred on the 3–6th day. The animals tolerated the milking process more calmly. In the control group, 75.0% of cows were cured. Duration of treatment — 5–8 days.

Relevance. Brucellosis is registered in many countries of the world, including Russia. The most unfavorable situation in the Russian Federation has developed in the Southern and North Caucasus Federal Districts. In the first place among the number of identified sick animals is the Dagestan Republic, where, despite the efforts of veterinary specialists, it is not possible to reduce the number of oci of brucellosis. With the help of classical methods (SAT, CFT), only 70% of animals infected with brucellosis can be detected. In this regard, domestic and foreign researchers have done a lot of work to improve existing and develop new diagnostic tools and methods.

Methods. One of the most sensitive methods for the diagnosis of brucellosis is the indirect hemagglutination reaction (IHT). In comparative tests in IHT, with an improved antigen, good results were obtained.

Results. The possibility of obtaining a highly active erythrocyte diagnosticum has been established with the combined use of two new surfactants: Progress products manufactured by AMC Media LLC (LosinoPetrovsk, Moscow region) and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The most rational parameters of the use of detergents for the treatment of brucella suspension and their optimal concentrations have been determined. It was found that IHT with a new antigen is specific and highly sensitive, compared with other serological reactions.

Virus enteritis of geese is one of the most important diseases of waterfowl. This disease causes high lethality in young goslings — up to 16,3–99,6% and significant economic damage to the industry. The infection is widespread in various regions of Russia. It is known that cell culture is an integral part of the laboratory diagnosis of goose parvovirus enteritis. For virus isolation, studying its biological properties, and its accumulation, cell cultures from the organs and tissues of goose embryos and their embryos are widely used. However, the cell cultures’ derivation from goose embryos depends on the seasonality of oviposition in this species of bird. Information on the cultivation of goose parvovirus in other species of cell culture is very limited. To determine the range of cell cultures suitable for virus replication, regardless of the season, is an urgent scientific problem that demands more extensive research. Cell cultures of heterologous species are successfully used for the cultivation of many viruses. In this regard, we studied the possibility of reproduction of the geese parvovirus in cell cultures of different tissues and species of origin: cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, monkeys, cats, geese, and hybrid cultures. It was found that heterologous cell cultures do not support goose parvovirus replication. Moreover, the pig-goose hybrid culture derived by the authors did not show sensitivity to the virus.

Relevance. Sheep breeding in Dagestan has its own distinctive features compared to other regions, territories and republics of our country. They are associated with extremely diverse natural and climatic conditions of various geographical zones of the republic. Currently, preventive measures against psoroptosis of sheep and goats in the Caspian region of Russia are carried out by practitioners and workers of farms of various forms of ownership using outdated acaricidal agents of past generations. The main peak of psoroptosis of sheep in the Republic of Dagestan falls on the autumn-spring period — from November to mid-December and from March to May. At this time, bathing activities are not possible, the injection method is not always convenient, especially taking into account pregnant queens and young animals, spraying is ineffective and carries the risk of hypothermia of animals. It follows from the above that the search for acaricidal agents capable of preventing psoroptosis of sheep in winter on the territory of the Caspian region of Russia is of great scientific and practical importance.

Results. The experimental data obtained allow us to conclude that the preventive use of the acaricidal agent Delcid 7.5 in a dosage of 10 ml per 50 kg of live weight provides protection against Psoroptes ovis for up to 23 days, Sanofly — up to 18, which is 5 days less. Delcid 7.5 turned out to be 10% more effective in acaricidal action, as well as in the number of new lesions on average per animal with an indicator of 1, whereas after Sanoflaya, this indicator reached 2 after 23 days of the experiment. The reasons for the results obtained are various main active substances and their acaricidal effect against the Psoroptes ovis tick, in Delcid 7.5 it is deltametrin, in Sanoflaya it is cyflutrin.

Relevance. A contagious disease widespread in economic damage among cattle (cattle) is viral leukemia, registered in the Dagestan province since the 60s of the XX century. The region has distinctive features due to the natural and climatic conditions of the area. In this regard, the analysis of the zonal features of the spread of the cattle leukemia virus (VLCRS) remains an urgent task in the further study of the epizootic process and the development of a comprehensive program of health measures.

Methods. The object of serological research was livestock, kept on the territory of agricultural formations of all forms of ownership. In order to study the zonal features of the manifestation and persistence of the occurrence of VLCRS infection, a set of data was used, such as the number of identified, rehabilitated and disadvantaged points remaining on the end of the year, the number of seropositive animals in the immune diffusion reaction (AGID), reflected in the reporting documents of the Veterinary Committee of the Dagestan Republic for 2022.

Results. The results of monitoring studies determined the difference in the epizootic situation on viral leukemia, due to the zonal classification of rural areas and urban districts of the region. In particular, out of 138 leukemia-affected localities, found during the analyzed period, 134 (97,1%) were officially registered on the plain territory. Of these, 65 are in the mountainous and high-altitude zones, 4 is in the foothills. In the foothill province of Dagestan 4 (2,9%) points were noted. Consequently, the mountainous and high-altitude zones are free from leukemia infection and do not pose an epizootic danger.

The article provides an overview of the Russian market of probiotic products, taking into account the registration of products of domestic and foreign production in the segments of medicines for veterinary use and animal feed additives by conducting a content analysis of the state information system. The increase in consumer preferences in favor of natural products is the main factor influencing the growth of the market. The growing demands of consumers for the maintenance and breeding of animals using biologically active feed additives, including complex functional probiotic products, stimulate the expansion of the market. The demand for veterinary probiotics has also increased due to the global trend of combating antibiotic resistance and the rational use of antibacterial drugs, pesticides and agrochemicals. Rational use of available antimicrobial veterinary drugs is becoming increasingly necessary, taking into account the spectrum of their activity and the profile of antibiotic resistance of the main pathogens, as well as the development of comprehensive animal treatment programs using alternative products. In many countries, scientists recommend the use of probiotics for the preservation and correction of intestinal biocenosis starting from the first hours of animal life. The ways of using probiotics, their component composition, and the types of target animals have expanded. Probiotics are used as preparations for veterinary use, feed additives to correct intestinal dysbiosis in animals, restore the resident microflora of animals, as well as to improve various production indicators.

Relevance. It is known that genotypic features affect the activity of the functioning of regulatory systems, which is accompanied by changes in the intensity and direction of digestive and metabolic processes. The digestibility and use of nutrients, as well as the need for them in animals of different origins are not the same. Therefore, the study of the species composition and enzymatic properties of microorganisms in hybrid animals is of great interest. Scientific research in this area can expand the species diversity of cellulolytic microorganisms through the use of wild forms of sheep, in which the process of splitting and digesting raw fiber occurs more intensively.

Methods. The species composition of the microflora and the main groups of microorganisms (total microbial number (OMH), lactic acid, enterococci, yeast-like fungi and cellulolytic microorganisms) were determined in the microbiology laboratory of the L.K. Ernst FITZ VIZH in 2021–2023 by seeding tenfold dilutions into accumulative and differential diagnostic media, followed by counting their number (CFU/ml) by groups of microorganisms.

Results. According to the results of the study of the species composition of the scar content of hybrid sheep of different bloodlines, the largest number of microorganisms in the main groups was observed in hybrids — sheep 1/4 Argali × 3/4 Romanovskaya. The largest number of cellulolytic microorganisms with high enzymatic activity was isolated from four-breed hybrids: 1/32 Argali × 7/32 Romanovskaya × 8/32 Mouflon × 16/32 Katadin.

Relevance. Providing the countryʼs population with high-grade food products of its own production is an important task facing the workers of the country›s agro-industrial complex. Milk is such a product. Milk is not only a valuable food product, but also a raw material for the dairy industry. Cattle are one of the main sources of milk, so the study of cowsʼ milk is an urgent task. The aim of the work was to study the physicochemical and sanitary-hygienic indicators of milk of cows of different genotypes by blood relative to the Holstein breed.

Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the best content of dry matter and its components was milk obtained from cows with a Holstein genotype of 75–91%. In our opinion, this is explained by the effect of reversion to the mean in animals of this group and, to some extent, by the effect of heterosis, which manifested itself when crossing Black-and-White cows and Holstein bulls. Animals with a higher level, ranging from 91% to 97% for Holsteins, had the lowest values in terms of the content of dry matter and its components in milk. In the 4th group, where there were practically purebred cows with a blood ratio of 97% or more according to Holstein, an increase in the dry matter in milk relative to the 3rd group was found.

Relevance. The article presents the indicators of linear growth and physique indices of the industrial poultry flock of the meat direction of productivity in different age periods, depending on the body weight of the bird at the daily age.

Results. A general trend of a positive effect of the gradation of chicks by live weight at day-old age on linear growth indicators and physique indices was revealed. It was established that in the post-incubation period of ontogenesis in broiler chickens, the exterior indicators significantly increased from 1 to 35 days. The body length changed more intensively at the age of 7–14 and 14–23 days, the length of the keel — 14–23 days, at the last stage, the chest width and chest girth increased the most. The maximum values of physique indices are noted at the initial stage of ontogenesis: massiveness — at the age of 14 days, stubble — 7 days, long-legged and broad-bodied — 1 day, eirisomy and shortness — 7 days. In the future, the value of the indices decreases and increases again by the age of 35 days.

The condition of the scar affects the productivity of cattle (hereinafter — cattle). Untimely detection of problems in an animal can lead to unforeseen expenses that could have been prevented by automatic health monitoring systems. The pH of the contents of the scar can be controlled using intra-scar boluses. In this regard, a system for assessing the physiological state of cattle was developed and a suitable sensor technology for measuring variables was determined together with a wireless communication system based on the radio frequency protocol. The components have been combined into a commercial digital platform that stores data and has a visual interface. The temperature is determined with an error of no more than ± 0.75 °C. The prototypeʼs operability was tested in two stages — in an artificially created environment with controlled pH and temperature fluctuations and during in vivo field tests with a fistulated cow. The device was injected into the rumen of a cow and 10 measured values were obtained (every 30 minutes) for seven hours. The autonomy of the system is 4 years. Bolus collected and transmitted information in real time to the base station around the clock. The prototype provides in vivo data similar to in vitro data (R > 0.90, p < 0.05).

Relevance. The organic matter of the soils of the Non-Chernozem zone requires additional sources of its replenishment, which can include sewage sludge (SS). The paper investigates the use of sewage sludge from Tver, introduced fresh into a mixture with additional organic substrates (sawdust, peat, straw) in the field crop rotation link.

Methods. The experiment was carried out in the Tver region on sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in fourfold repetition. OSV was introduced as part of a total dose of a fertilizer mixture of 60 t/ha with additional organic substrates (sawdust, peat, straw) taken in different proportions (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) at the beginning of the experiment. The area of the experimental plot is 6 m2. Crops of the crop rotation link — mixture vetch and oat, winter rye, spring barley. The content of organic matter, its group and fractional composition were determined in soil samples according to the methods generally accepted in agrochemistry.

Results. The introduction of SS together with additional substrates contributed to an increase in the amount of soil organic matter (1,38–1,5%) and its maintenance in the aftereffect at the level of 1,33–1,49%, in the control variant this indicator was 1,26% (the significance of differences p < 0,05). The studied fertilizers provided an increase in the share of GA-1 and a decrease in FA-1a. In comparison with the finished compost, fertilizer mixtures, in which the components were in equal proportions, were ahead of the comparison options in their effect. They also contributed to the highest increase in productivity of the crop rotation link among all the variants of the experiment (an increase in control — 61,1–68,2%). Compost provided an increase in productivity by only 37,9%.

Relevance. The agrophysical state of the soil is essential for the successful development of agricultural production. The purpose of the study is to study the influence of grass-field crop rotation on the agrophysical, biological properties of soil fertility and crop productivity in the forest-steppe zone of North Ossetia — Alania.

Methodology. The studies were carried out in 2020–2022 in the field stationary crop rotation of the in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the North Ossetia — Alania . The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached chernozems on pebbles. Bookmarking experiments, phenological observations, statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out according to generally accepted methods.

Results. It was found that at the beginning of the growing season, the lumpy fraction under crop rotation varied from 13.34 to 49.45%, in the macrostructure — from 48.42 to 81.77%, for an aggregate 0.25 mm thick — from 1.77 up to 7.99%. By the end of the growing season, the proportion of dusty fraction under winter wheat decreased from 8.01 to 1.09%. The structural coefficient varied from 2.22% (corn) to 2.49% (oats + clover). Studies have shown that the studied soil has a good structure, since it contains from 46.0 to 66.2% of water-stable aggregates. On crops of oats + clover (average (0–30 cm) soil layer), the soil density was 0.95 g/cm3 at the beginning of the growing season, 1.19 g/cm3 — during the period of intensive growth, 1.22 g/cm3 — in the end of the growing season. This trend is manifested in all crop rotation crops. It should be noted that grass links are more productive, where the collection of fodder units (16.37 t/ha) exceeds the indicators of the tilled link by 1.98 t/ha. In general, the exchange energy of the grass-field link of the crop rotation turned out to be 2.17 GJ/ha more than the tilled one and amounted to 13.43 GJ/ha.

Relevance. Precision agriculture has the potential to provide better and more sustainable food production. This term means the use of various technical and software tools for collecting, analyzing and applying information about the state of agrocenoses and implementing mechanisms for their correction directly on the field. Currently, there are many software products on the market that offer to «digitize» production processes in the agro-industrial complex. Most often, this includes the compilation of electronic maps of fields and (based on them) the differentiation of sowing and application of fertilizers and pesticides.

Methods. A wide range of field, statistical and analytical methods were used.

Results. The data on the possibility and effectiveness of using various elements of digital technologies in precision agriculture in countries with different levels of development of both agriculture and IT technologies are analyzed. The possibilities of using one of the digital agricultural platforms in the cultivation of crops in a specialized crop rotation have been studied. The data of conducting an experiment with flax and annual ryegrass on a digitized field and using modernized equipment are presented. The features of the algorithms of the modules of the information and analytical plant management system for specialized crop rotations with the participation of flax are revealed in real field conditions.

Relevance. On winter wheat crops, the use of mineral fertilizers and herbicides is an urgent task of agricultural production. In 2019–2021, experiments were laid in the rain–fed conditions of the steppe zone of the Mozdoksky district of the Republic of North Ossetia — Alania. The purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers and herbicides on winter wheat crops.

Methods. Field experiments were laid in the steppe zone in the NGO «Oktyabrsky», in the fields of the SCNIIGPSH VNC RAS. In 2019–2021, where the climate is continental, summers are hot, dry, and winters are snowless, with frequent thaws. There is 455 mm of precipitation per year. Chestnut-carbonate soils predominate in the steppe zone of Mozdoksky district. The humus content is 2–4%. The object of research is high–yielding varieties of winter wheat Alekseich, Yumpa.

Results. The use of the herbicide Gran Star (25 g/ha) ensured the death of weeds by 72.5–82.7%, when applying the herbicide Dialen Super (0.7 l/ha), the death of weeds was 60%, when applying mineral fertilizers N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀ — 62.7%. The studied herbicides contributed to a decrease in the dry mass of weed vegetation (by 55.5–86.6%), an increase in the yield of the winter wheat variety Alekseich (by 4.4 t/ha), an increase of 2.4 t/ha when applying the herbicide Gran Star (25 g/ha) against the background with the introduction of mineral N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀, with an increase of N₉₀P₉₀K₉₀, the increase was 2.9 t/ha with a yield of 4.8 t/ha.

Relevance. Winter wheat is the main food crop in Russia, having the leading role in gross grain harvest improvement. The use of new adaptive varieties of winter common wheat in agriculture is the most realistic means of reducing the adverse effects of climate change ensuring a productivity rise and improving the technological properties of grain and flour. The developed winter wheat varieties should combine potential productivity and resistance to abiotic and biotic environmental factors through improved adaptability.

Methods. The study was carried out in 2018–2022 on the fields of the research crop rotation of the FSBSI «ARC “Donskoy”», according to a green manure fallow due to the methods of SVT and a field trial.

Results. The winter common wheat variety Zodiak can form a consistently high yield after various forecrops from 5.63 t/ha, when sown after sunflower to 10.23 t/ha when sown in green fallow. The variety formed the maximum productivity of 11.14 t/ha when sown in weed free fallow in 2018 and 2022. The study of the physicochemical properties of grain showed that the quality of grain and flour in the Zodiac variety corresponds to valuable wheat varieties. The protein percentage is 14.15%, gluten is 28.5%, the gluten quality corresponds to group I (IDK is 67 bp), the alveograph index is 255 f. a., the volume yield per 100 g of flour is 700 cm³, the baking assessment is 4.4 points, valorimetric estimation is 79 bp, SDS-sedimentation is 59 ml. The new winter common wheat variety Zodiak has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements since 2022 and recommended for cultivation in the 6th North Caucasus region.

Relevance. In course of the varietal identification of fiber flax seeds lots produced in research institutions of the Russian Federation, plants atypical for the varieties tested were periodically identified. Their belonging to a mechanical varietal impurity (rogue) was confirmed, in some cases, by the results of the progeny check. The purpose of the work is to clarify the indicator of varietal purity of flax seeds of the categories «original seeds» (OS) and «elite seeds» (ES) in GOST R 52325-2005.

Methods. Trials were carried out on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil in the Tver region. The study objects included seeds and plants of brown seed fiber flax variety Antey (control) and yellow-seed variety of oilseed flax LM 98 (rogue). The area of the accounting plot is 1 m2. Seeding rates are from 5 to 12 million seeds per 1 ha (depending on reproduction).

Results. It was found that varietal contamination of flax seeds with rogue in the amount of 0.2–1% did not affect the yield of flax products. In the process of seed reproduction in crops of the OS category, the content of impurity seeds increased by 0.1%, 0.2% and 1% with initial clogging — by 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.7% and 1%. In other variants, it remained at the level of the initial blockage. In the crops of the ES category, a significant increase in the amount of impurity seeds (from 0.5 to 0.9%) was noted, except for the variant with initial clogging (0.2%), where its content remained at the initial level. Based on the research results, it was proposed to reduce the varietal purity of flax seeds in GOST R 52325-2005 for the category «OS» to 99.7%, «ES» — to 99%.

Relevance. The efficiency of creating high-quality renewed fiber flax seeds depends on the methods of selection of initial plants. The development of more advanced methods for selecting the source material, which makes it possible to ensure less laborious creation of the original material, which has a complex of qualitative features and properties, at the initial stages of seed production is relevant and has practical significance.

Methods. The experiments were carried out in accordance with the existing methods for laying and conducting experiments with fiber flax, guidelines for the primary seed production of the crop. The varietal quality of the created seed material was evaluated by the soil control method.

Results. It is established that the method of selecting plants by the total length of the stem in combination with seeding 200 pcs. germinating seeds per 1 pоg. m row, compared with the selection according to the current method, provided the highest yield of updated flax seeds (91.8 g/m²), the highest uniformity in weight (82%) and density (92%) of the seed, as well as seed strength (2.9 g per 100 seedlings), the mass of 1 cm of the seedling (5.1 mg) while maintaining the required level of sowing and varietal quality of the original material. The advantage of the increased seeding rate (200 seeds/m) in the selection nursery compared to the sowing of 150 seeds with both methods of selecting the source material was revealed. In all variants of the experiment, seeds with a good level of varietal quality were formed. When conducting a production check, the advantage of the selection method for the total length of the stem was confirmed in comparison with the accepted analogue.

The purpose of the research (2019–2022) is to identify promising alfalfa samples based on a complex of economically valuable traits that are resistant to biotic and abiotic environmental stress factors for the conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The novelty of the research is that for the first time in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic of Bashkortostan, new promising hybrid populations with ecological plasticity and increased yield potential were studied. Records and observations were carried out according to the VIR method. As a result of the research, promising cultivars were identified that combine high feed and seed productivity. Samples of Emerald (variegated hybrid) High-protein (variegated hybrid population), Precocious (variegated hybrid population), Tatar pasture differ in the earliest flowering. The largest excess of the green mass yield was noted by samples: From 3-8 (blue hybrid, created by individual — family selection) exceeding the standard by 37.4%; Population 25 (mixture) by 33.2%; P 85044 (blue hybrid, created by individual and family selection) by 29.3%; Population 8 (synthetic population, belongs to the yellow–variegated hybrid variety type) by 27.7%. A positive correlation was established between the seed yield, the amount of precipitation (r = 0.481) and GTC (r = 0.470). The presence of a weak negative correlation between the seed yield and the average daily temperature regime (r = -0.276) was revealed. The results of the research can be used in the selection of alfalfa in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia and is of interest to researchers-breeders of the world community. 

Relevance. The purpose of the research is to study the effectiveness of the use of pesticides against the most harmful types of pests (carrot fly and willow–carrot aphid) when cultivating it in the Bryansk region.

Materials and methods. Studies were carried out in 2018–2021 in a field hospital of the Bryansk State Agrarian University. Carrot plants of the table variety Nantskaya 4 acted as the object of research. The estimated plot area is 10 m². To account for pests, observation methods were used using entomological net mowing, yellow glue traps, as well as the method of yellow cups (Mörike vessels). To protect crops from pests and assess the biological effectiveness of insecticides, the following preparations were introduced: Borey, SC (imidacloprid 150 g/L + clotianidine 50 g/L) — 0.14 l/ha; Karate Zeon, ISS (lambda-cigalothrin 50 g/l) — 0.2 l/ha; Zipi, CE (cypermethrin 250 g/L) — 0.5 l/ha; Vantex, ISS (gamma-cyhalothrin 60 g/L) — 0.1 L/ha. The seeding scheme is one-line 70 × 70 cm, the distance between plants is 3–5 cm.

Results. The species composition of the dominant pest species of table carrots in the conditions of the Bryansk region has been determined. The biological efficacy of selected insecticides Borei, SC (imidacloprid 150 g/l + clothianidin 50 g/l), Karate Zeon, ISS (lambda-cygalothrin 50 g/l), Cipi, CE (cypermethrin 250 g/l) and Vantex, ISS (gamma-cygalothrin 60 g/l) was analyzed. On average, over the years of research, the high biological efficacy of the drug Borei, SC (imidacloprid 150 g/l + clothianidin 50 g/l) was noted to 92.5%. The results of the research allowed us to establish the biological effectiveness of the selected insecticides to increase the effectiveness of commercial vegetable growing.

Relevance. In modern Russia, there is a need to produce high-quality domestic wines from zoned varieties with high adaptability and biological value. For their production, it is necessary to carefully select the grape assortment, including varieties of modern domestic selection. Many new technical varieties are poorly studied and require a detailed biochemical assessment. The study of these problematic issues, including domestic varietal winemaking, is relevant and of great interest for the Black Sea zone and Russia as a whole.

Methods. The objects of research were the best technical grape varieties selected by the Anapa experimental Station. Selection programs and methods, including those developed with the participation of the center’s staff, were used in the work. The mass concentrations of sugars in the wort were determined according to GOST 27198-87, titrated acidity according to GOST 32114-2013. The mass concentration of phenolic substances in the wort was determined using methods developed by the Magarach Research Institute. For statistical processing of the experimental data obtained, variance analysis was used in the Microsoft Office Excel 2003 program. The formation of grape plants of the studied varieties is the «Spiral cordon AZOS-1», the feeding area is 7 m², the distance in the row between the plants is 2 m, and in the aisles — 3.5 m. The method of cultivation is according to GOST 31783-2012.

Results. The studied varieties, such as: Worthy, Cabernet AZOS, Krasnostop AZOS, Ruby AZOS and others have high rates of fruiting and fruitfulness. Practically all of them annually have a high percentage of budding eyes (89.2–100%) and the number of inflorescences — on average 61.7–66.1 pcs. And also, high sugar accumulation compared to the control Cabernet Sauvignon, which is statistically provable and their excess was 0.1–4.2 g / 100 cm³. According to the number of phenolic compounds contained in the wort, the varieties Krasnostop AZOS, Ruby AZOS and Saturn are in the lead.

Existing methods for calculating nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from animal by-products processing systems (manure and manure) use emission factors depending on the technologies used and climatic conditions. The calculation based on Methodological Recommendations for conducting a voluntary inventory of greenhouse gas emissions in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is consolidated. It is performed on three methodological levels. The 1st is applied using the default N₂O emission factors. A more detailed level 1 method takes into account the average annual nitrogen excretion. In the level 2 method, calculations are made taking into account the feeding ration and data on the average annual nitrogen excretion. Each method results in a large range of calculated values of N₂O emission. A more specific calculation is offered by the methodology developed within the framework of the international project «Manure Standards». The purpose of the work is to calculate N₂O emissions using the example of a cattle complex (hereinafter referred to as cattle) in the Leningrad Region using the specified methods to determine emission factors that require clarification.

Studies have established that the N₂O emission calculated according to the methodology of the «Manure Standards» project is 336 kg/year. N₂O emissions calculated according to the Methodological Recommendations range from 182.04 to 1604.6 kg/year, depending on the values of the emission factors.

An effective waste management system is based on a comprehensive knowledge of the current situation in terms of the quality and quantity of waste generated. The article presents the results of the analysis of economic and production indicators of waste management in the countries of the European Union of the Baltic Sea region: Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Finland and Sweden. Statistical indicators for 2005–2020 and profile studies have been studied. The indicators of waste generation excluding basic mineral waste per unit of GDP (leader: Estonia — 885–532 kg / 1000 euros), household waste generation (leader: Denmark — 717.5–814 kg/person), the level of disposal of utility costs (leader: Germany — 59.25–68.35%) and the level of biowaste recycling (leader: Denmark — 120.5–151.3 kg/person). Extreme and average values were identified for each indicator for the countries under consideration, the dynamics of growth and decline were determined, general trends were identified, and median values of the indicators under consideration were compared. It was found that the generation of waste per unit of GDP for 2005–2020 decreased from 107.5 to 74 kg / 1000 euros (-31.2%); the formation of household waste increased from 448.75 to 458 kg/person (+2.1%), the level of municipal waste disposal increased from 27.5 to 42% (+14.5%), the number of recycled bio-waste increased from 22.5 to 72.5 kg/person (+222.2%). This allows us to see the results of the EUʼs purposeful work to reduce the negative burden of individual countries on the environmental sustainability of entire regions.

Relevance. Тhe complex geopolitical situation exacerbates the risks of supplying foreign innovations. A number of branches of the agro-industrial complex are dangerously dependent on imports of seeds and planting material, seeds of highly productive livestock, machinery, equipment and technologies. Therefore, a scientific analysis of various organizational and legal forms of agricultural production organization is required to determine their innovative potential, which can be used with minimal risks and costs. Consideration of the features of the innovative development of the local rural economy and large agribusiness and the reserves of their technological growth in the conditions of sanctions shocks and taking into account Russian specifics determined the relevance of the study.

Methods. The research methods of socio-economic processes are used, among which abstract-logical, monographic and comparative analysis methods prevail.

Results. Тhe features of innovative development in the subjects of rural local economy and large agribusiness are revealed. It is shown that in small and medium-sized enterprises in rural areas, the diffusion of innovations, which is common for the economy, is subject to significant correction under the influence of a number of factors, among which there are many intangible substances. The key conclusion is made about the exhaustion of the innovative potential of agricultural holdings and large agricultural organizations at the present stage of development of the Russian agrocomplex and about the great opportunities for its use by the rural local economy.

Relevance. The analysis of trends in the development of the agricultural sector is presented, which makes it possible to interpret the importance of increasing the investment attractiveness of the agricultural sector of the economy.

Methods. Within the framework of a systematic approach, methods of economic research were used: systematic, bibliographic, comparative.

Results. A number of the most common risks arising in the investment process have been identified. Based on theoretical considerations, it is established that the main disadvantage is the underestimation of the main indicators. The role and importance of methods for assessing the profitability of investments are determined. The most acceptable approaches in this area are highlighted. The mechanisms of adjusting the investment attractiveness of the agro-industrial complex are presented. The features of the study of the effectiveness of socio-economic development of the agro-industrial complex through its supply and creative functions are revealed. The importance of competitiveness factors is pointed out.

In order to implement investment projects and programs in this context, it is necessary to develop and use management systems that increase the attractiveness of investments in agricultural enterprises. When evaluating alternatives (investment projects) with respect to essential objective functions, quantitative values (or utility values) are determined. An appropriate scale should be used for each objective function. The type of measurement scale depends on the measurement of the expression of the objective function. They should be presented in the order of levels — starting from the lowest level of measurability. The use of these techniques can significantly improve the quality of investment decision-making. In this study, it is considered that methodologies are particularly useful when creating a system for monitoring the investment attractiveness of organizations.

Relevance. The paper examines the most effective mechanisms contributing to the development of nonurbanized areas in different countries. The relevance of the topic comes from increased global processes, in particular urbanization and megalopolization. Given the extensive areas of rural areas, opportunities for their effective development are not fully realized in Russia, for this purpose, an analysis of world experience was carried out to adapt the most promising mechanisms in the Russian Federation.

Methods. Among the main research methods can be distinguished: complex, statistical, normative, historical, logical, empirical.

Results. Comprehensive rural development programs have been studied, the most effective mechanisms used in the EU, Australia, and the USA have been identified and characterized. It is revealed that for scaling in Russia, the following are of the greatest interest: economic mechanisms (development of a local regional product, integrated retail chains, grants for technical support for entrepreneurs), administrative (transaction centers), infrastructure (formation of a single spatial infrastructure network, construction of microhydroelectric power plants), social policy instruments (distance education system, green tourism, geotourism and geoparks). It is concluded that it is necessary to use a differentiated approach to improve the effectiveness of strategic management of an unurbanized territory.

Relevance. The widespread use of digital opportunities by modern cooperatives in their multifunctional activities is of genuine interest to both scientists and practitioners, in connection with which there are noteworthy scientific publications and analytical (coming from the cooperators themselves) reviews. It is important that cooperative organizations, both small, important for the regional economy, and large, business-oriented, use digital solutions not only to increase their competitiveness (for purely economic purposes), but also to overcome social and environmental problems that arise in rural areas due to biological, climatic and geopolitical challenges.

Methods. To achieve the goal outlined in the work (identifying the potential of digitalization in ensuring high performance of cooperatives and, through their activities, sustainable development of rural areas), review and analytical methods based on a rigorous study of the results of theoretical research and reporting materials of large cooperatives were applied. having official websites and publishing their strategic and reporting documents on them. The analysis, primarily from the standpoint of the suitability of international experience for domestic practice, was subject to the information of the International Cooperative Alliance (International Cooperative Alliance, ICA), reflecting the positive practices of digitalization of cooperative activities in various countries of the world, as well as the difficulties faced by agricultural cooperatives in the new (digital) environment. The basis for empirical research and, consequently, for the application of quantitative methods in them was the generalized materials of sociological surveys organized within the boundaries of the subjects of the Ural Federal District, mainly in the Sverdlovsk Region.

Results. The main results of the study include the specification of aspects of cooperative activity obtained in its process, in which digitalization is especially important and promising, as well as those that are preferable for implementation in the previous (traditional for cooperatives) forms. Of no less importance is the designation of the main problems and difficulties that stand in the way of creating a full-fledged digital space directly for agricultural cooperatives as a result of the peculiarities of agricultural production, the specifics of the conditions of rural life, the uniqueness of rural areas (their position and characteristics). As such, they noted, firstly, the limited investment opportunities of cooperatives in the creation and development of digital infrastructure facilities in the countryside, secondly, the digital divide (different preparation of villagers for the use of digital technologies), thirdly, some contradictions between modern (digital) formats of cooperative activities and the classical principles of its organization.