The article provides an overview of the global situation related to the problem of antibiotic resistance, the search for rational ways to solve the problem and proposals for the imperative introduction of functional feed additives into the nutritional plan of animals in order to increase the resistance of the animal body and reduce the toxic load on the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems.

Relevance. Modern turkey crosses have a genetically determined high growth rate. These farm birds are very sensitive to even minor fluctuations in their diet, are susceptible to a deficiency of amino acids, protein, mineral elements and vitamins, which can contribute to a decrease in their productivity, the development of pathological processes and diseases. The use of modern technologies and scientific achievements has made it possible to prepare a new product — modified zeolite. This natural mineral is already free of impurities and microbes, with open pore windows, has a high ability to selectively exchange, and is obtained by various methods of activating zeolite in industrial conditions. At the same time, Ulyanovsk specialists have mastered the technology of enriching modified zeolite with useful substances.

Methods. The aim of the work was to study the effect on the body of turkeys and the level of their productivity of additives based on modified zeolite enriched with amino acids. The experiment was organized for 60 days on 250 turkeys of the breed Hybrid Cread-mayker aged 55–60 days in the conditions of the Ulyanovsk region. The control group received the main ration (MR), the experimental group was given once a day in addition to the MR in the morning feeding in a mixture with mixed feed 5% additives of modified zeolite enriched with amino acids.

Results. The inclusion of a supplement based on modified zeolite enriched with amino acids in the diet of turkeys does not have a negative effect on the hematological parameters of their blood, all indicators corresponded to the physiological norm. During the experiment in the 2nd group, the live weight of poultry was obtained larger by 8.70%, which amounted to 12,296 kg, respectively, more profit was obtained from the sale of turkey meat, total revenue was 133,210, and additional profit was 27,960 rubles, 2.41 rubles of profit was received for 1 ruble of costs. Тhe data indicate the normalization of mineral homeostasis in the body of turkeys and better absorption of nutrients in the feed diet.

Relevance. This research is relevant due to ability to help in improving quality of pets life after surgery on the cranial cruciate ligament.

Methods. Descriptive (description dynamics recovery various animals), сomparative (comparisons pace recovery various groups of animals applying different metods) methods were used.

Results. Applied rehabilitation activities in early postoperative period accelerate recovery, improves muscle tone, keeps joint movements and helps in its stabilization.

Relevance. The breeding stock and young cattle in the conditions of industrial technology of animal husbandry experience an increased antigenic load, which leads to disturbances in the immune status and the development of inflammatory processes manifested by endometritis and mastitis, diarrheal and respiratory syndromes. It was relevant to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the immunological reactivity of the animal’s body according to the state of resistance in cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis, depending on the age of lactation. As a result of complex studies, the specific and nonspecific reactivity of the body of cattle in different periods of lactation was studied.

Methods. The object of the study were cows of a black-and-white Holstein breed (n = 450). Groups of animals were formed according to the age of lactation:1st lactation, 2–3rd lactation, 3–4th lactation and for health reasons: clinically healthy animals, with subclinical mastitis and clinical mastitis. Milk samples were taken from cows to count the number of somatic cells, and blood to determine the quantitative content of IgG immunoglobulin and indicators of nonspecific resistance.

Results. It was found that with mastitis in cows of different lactation ages, almost identical changes in the immune status were observed. Quantitative determination of IgG levels in animal blood serum is the basis for assessing the immunity of cattle. The immune status in clinically healthy animals was characterized by a higher level of the total amount of IgG immunoglobulin in the blood serum (amounted to 22.25 ± 0.70 mg/ml), whereas in cows with a subclinical form of mastitis, the level of IgG immunoglobulin decreased by 12.3%, with a clinical form of mastitis — by 17.2%. The results also showed that in cows of different lactations with subclinical and clinical mastitis, the bactericidal activity (by 10.8%) and the lysozyme activity of the blood increased significantly (by 8.22%). In cows with clinical mastitis — by 8.6% and 9.7% respectively, compared with the indicators in groups of healthy animals. Thus, mastitis, occurring in acute and subacute form, leads to a decrease in the resistance of the cows’ organism.

The purpose of this work was to identify non-tuberculosism ycobacteria isolated from cattle in the Republic of Tatarstan. The article presents the results of identification of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria in samples of pathological material received from cattle reacting to tuberculin by polymerase chain reaction in real time and with electrophoretic detection. In the result of our research it is determined that in 43% of the explored samples of pathological material received from reacting to tuberculin cattle nontuberculous mycobacteria were identified.

Relevance. The reproductive health of dairy cows is one of the top priorities in dairy farming. Viral diarrhea, a disease of mucous membranes in cattle, is one of the causes of impaired reproductive function on farms. The disease is widespread throughout the world and causes significant economic damage, which consists of a decrease in productivity, lack of offspring, impaired reproductive function of the broodstock, costs of treatment and specific prevention. The viral diarrhea virus has an immunosuppressive effect. Diagnosis is complicated by a “blurry” clinical picture due to the association of the virus with other respiratory-intestinal viruses and the addition of a secondary bacterial infection, as well as the presence of a persistent form of infection. The diagnosis requires the analysis of clinical and epizootic data, pathological changes and a combination of several methods of laboratory diagnostics. An important link in the prevention and recovery of herds is the conduct of epizootic monitoring and analysis of its results.

Methodology. The assessment of the epizootic situation for viral diarrhea, a disease of mucous membranes in cattle in the Russian Federation for 2020, was carried out based on the results of the analysis of information obtained from annual reports provided by state veterinary laboratories in the FSBI CNMVL in the form of 4-vet (annual).

Results. Based on the results of the epizootic monitoring, it can be concluded that the viral diarrhea virus is widely circulating in the livestock farms of the Russian Federation. In 2020, positive results were recorded in all federal districts of the Russian Federation (in 33 subjects), except for the Far Eastern Federal District. The most difficult epizootic situation is in the North Caucasus Federal District and the Central Federal District (38% and 29% of the total number of positive results, respectively).

ООО «PskovAgroInvest» pays great attention to the rearing of replacement young animals. The rate of increase in the intensity of raising heifers on the farm meets the standards and requirements of pedigree dairy cattle breeding. The farm uses stage-bystage rearing of replacement young stock, taking into account its age. A group approach to rearing young animals. Replacement heifers use natural and cultivated pastures in the summer. In recent years, the age of replacement heifers at the first insemination has noticeably decreased and approached the norm. At the same time, the live weight of animals at the first insemination increased, which in 2020 amounted to 460 kg, which opens up prospects for a further decrease in the age of the first insemination. This became possible due to an increase in the average daily growth in cultivation, which regularly increases every year and amounts to 756 g in 2020, which is 98 g, or 14.9%, more than in 2016. From table 2 it follows that in recent years, at all age periods, replacement heifers had a live weight exceeding the breed standard, which is 250 kg at 10-month-old, 290 kg at 12-month-old and 390 kg at 18-month-old age. At the same time, an increase in the average live weight of the replacement livestock is observed every year. So, in 2020, the value of the indicator was 278 kg at the age of 10 months, 331 kg at the age of 12 months, 463 kg at the age of 18 months, which is 16 kg, 54 kg and 75 kg, or 6.1%, 19, 5% and 19.3%, more than in 2016, respectively. Thus, the analyzed period allows us to conclude about the effectiveness of zootechnical work to improve the rearing of replacement heifers on the farm, but it must be continued in order to reduce the age of first insemination to 15–17 months with the optimal live weight of the livestock.

Relevance. The structure of the hoof of cows is a complex biological mechanism consisting of the hoof joint, hoof bone, finger pad, sole, hoof wall, etc. According to V.A. Lukyanovsky (1982), hooves are an additional heart of the animal, since when the hoof hits the ground, the blood actively rises, which allows to create auxiliary pressure in the blood vessels, facilitating the work of the heart muscle. When this system is violated, pathologies of the cardiovascular system often develop. The appearance of foci of the pathological process in different parts of the hoof will not only disrupt the work of the heart, but also cause discomfort, pain, and most importantly — lameness, which will be the driving force in a significant decrease in the productivity of cattle.

Methods. Scientists identify three main signs of developing lameness in an animal. The first is the position of the back when walking, normally the back should be smooth and straight, while with the onset of lameness, the animal will carefully rearrange the limb, thereby straining the dorsal muscles, after which a bend in the back will be observed. The second sign is a short step, since with pain syndrome, the animal tries to minimize the load on the diseased limb. The third sign will be the obvious protection of the diseased limb, as a result of which the animal will completely cease to rely on the limb, both when walking and when standing.

Results. A systematic approach will allow us to present a mathematical model of a healthy animal and of lame one. Thus, the following pattern can be identified: In order to receive nutrients together with the feed, the cow must reach the feeder, therefore, depending on the degree of lameness, there is a decrease in the consumption of dry matter, up to 15%. Based on this, it can be calculated that with a lack of nutrients and energy, there will be a decrease in milk yield of up to 36%. Which, according to P.I. Nikanorov and I.M. Kasyanov, will lead to a loss of up to 300 kg of milk for the entire lactation period. It was found that in the presence of overgrown and deformed hooves, the daily milk yield of cows is reduced by 5–12%, and with the appearance of cracks in the fragments of the horny capsule — by 19–20%. Also, the birth of a calf is required to obtain milk, and the presence of lameness will negatively affect the production of reproductive hormones, lead to the appearance of “quiet” hunting, which in turn will indirectly lead to a loss of milk productivity.

The article is devoted to the study of the pasture flora and the analysis of the structure of the forage reserve of the main pastures of the desert of Kazakhstan. The composition and structure of the vegetation cover of the pasture areas of 4 pilot sites has been analyzed. The results of the distribution of forage plants by biotopes show that the botanical composition of the structure of the forage reserve and the nutritional value of pasture forage vary significantly depending on the type of desert pastures and the season of their use.

The researches were carried out in ООО “Rossyia” of the Mozhginsky district of the Udmurt Republic. The object of the research was the sows of the main herd of a Large White pig breed. The reproductive qualities of the sows were studied according to such indicators as: the multiple births, the milkness, the mass of a nest in 2 months. The study of reproductive qualities was carried out using breeding cards of the sows and a book for registering farrowing and offspring of the pigs. The evaluation of the reproductive qualities of sows was carried out by calculating the indicators of a variational statistics: the arithmetic mean, the mean quadrate deviation, the coefficients of the variation, the heritability, the correlation. The indicator of a variational statistics was calculated according to the method of N.A. Plokhinsky. The reliability of the coefficients of the heritability and the correlation was determined using Student's t-test. Then studying the reproductive qualities of the sows of the main herd it was established that the multiple births in the average was 10.61 heads, the milkness — 51.34 kg, and the mass of a nest in 2 months — 156.72 kg. Hereat the coefficient of the variability on the multiple births was 12.95%, on the milkness — 8.41%, and on the mass of a nest in 2 months — 10.02%. The coefficient of heritability on the multiple births was 15.00%, on the milkness — 20.00%, and on the mass of a nest in 2 months — 25.00% (P > 0.999). The coefficients of the correlation between the multiple births and the milkness and the multiple births and the mass of a nest in 2 months, respectively, were r = +0.769 and r = + 0.474, and the coefficient of the correlation between the milkness and the mass of a nest in 2 months — r = + 0.754 under the probability of the infallible prognoses P > 0.999.

Relevance. The article provides a justification for the use of sheep selection taking into account the intra-breed type of Prekos ewes in purebred breeding and crossing with producers of semi-fine wool breeds Romney-Marsh and Kuibyshevskaya to improve the biological usefulness of meat in offspring.

Methods: scientific and economic experiment in the use of different selection options, taking into account the productive type of sheep of the Precos breed.

Results. The article presents the results of a study on the influence of the selection of sheep on the composition of lambmeat, increasing the usefulness and quality of meat and, thus, the efficiency of its production. It was found that the content of water in the meat of crossbred animalswas lower compared to purebred Precos. There is a lower water content in the meat of rams obtained from sheep of the Precos meat-wool type, both in purebred and crossbred animals. In terms of the protein content in meat, there is an advantage in rams with purebred breeding and crossing compared to meat obtained from the wool-meat type of queens. In the hip bran of purebred animals and crossbreeds with the Kuibyshev breed, this superiority was 1.1% (Р > 0.95), and in the lumbar bran of Romney-Marsh crossbreeds, this difference was 1.6% (Р > 0.95). Mutton from the offspring of the sheep of meat-wool type is characterized by a significantly high content of the essential amino acids threanine, lysine, leucine, phenylanin and isoleucine in comparison with meat from the offspring of the wool-meat type of sheep. A significant superiority was also established in the content of interchangeable amino acids — oxyproline, serine, tyrosine, proline, glycine, aspartic and glutamic acid, cystine and analin.

Relevance. The strategy for the development of agriculture in Russia and its biologization determine the relevance of our research. Empirical studies are aimed at studying the effect of biological preparations on the formation of elements of the structure of the yield of spring barley. The data presented in the work continues the research carried out in 2016–2020 in the Rostov region.

Methods. Studied biopreparations are: Biodux; Trainer; Artafite; Obereg; Fulvogumate. Control — water treatment. Spraying was carried out according to the recommendations for the use of preparations: 1st — in the tillering phase, 2nd — in the heading phase. The total area under the experiments is 600 m2, the area of each variant is 25 m2, the replication is 4 times. The link in the crop rotation is “sunflower — spring barley”. The soils of the experimental plot are ordinary chernozem. Used variety is Leon.

Results. In 2021, full sprouting of barley was observed on the 8th day after sowing. This is due to sufficient warming up of the sowing layer of soil (+8 °C) and moisture 28 mm (in a layer of 0–10 cm). Studies have shown that field germination of barley was 88%. The use of biological products influenced the survival rate of plants to harvest which wasmore than 80%. In the variants with the use of Biodux and Obereg, this figure was 86 and 87%, respectively. Biopreparations stimulated the growth of productive stems, productive bushiness increased in comparison with the control (1,21) to 1,28–1,33. The mass of a thousand grains in the variants exceeded the control, especially with the use of Obereg — 45,6 g, which is 2,9 g more than the control. The number of grains in an ear ranged from 17,7 to 18 pieces, which is on average 1 piece more than in the control. The highest productivity was formed by barley plants under the influence of the biopreparations Obereg and Biodux. Thus, the increase in productivity under the influence of biological products due to all elements of the productivity of barley plants has been reliably proven.

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of developing a scientifically based organization and use of distant pastures in the south of Kazakhstan. It has been found that the composition and diversity of pasture grasses have significant effect on the forage value of the grass stand and ultimately affect the forage capacity of desert pastures. Grazing of farm animals should be carried out with an optimal load on pastures, that is, no more than 70% of the productivity of the pasture mass should be exploited. Due to the better preservation of various types of forage plants and pasture herbage in general with systematic use, the yield of pastures in the summer season was 6.15 c/ha, in other words it was higher by almost 1.0 c/ha of dry forage mass compared to unsystematic grazing (5.20 c/ha). All pasture plants exploited in early spring produced aftermath in 10–15 days and were well preserved from overexploitation and trampling.

In the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region, winter wheat occupies the largest area among grain crops, which is associated with its relatively high productivity, economic efficiency and the ability to unload the peaks of field work in the spring. Winter wheat makes fuller use of the bioclimatic potential of productivity, especially in the arid conditions of the region. Despite the fact that the adaptive-integrated approach to the joint use of agricultural techniques and chemicalization means when growing grain crops provides significant and stable yield increases, they require regular study to adjust agricultural technologies. The article presents the results of 3-year studies in a stationary field experiment to assess the influence of predecessors, methods of basic soil cultivation and plant protection on the spread of diseases and weeds, as well as on the yield of winter wheat. Studies have shown that the placement of winter wheat after clean fallow helps to reduce the infestation of crops, and after cruciferous predecessors (white mustard, spring rape)— the spread of root rot (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Helmintosporium sativum)) and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita). Winter wheat yield after different predecessors varied from 5.16 t/ha for pure fallow to 3.77–4.04 t/ha after nonfallow predecessors with a significant increase in adaptive-integrated plant protection by 0.37 t/ha (9.2%) and insignificant — for combined tillage in crop rotation — by 0.19 t/ha (4.6%).

Relevance. To identify the features of the growth and development of species of roses of different geographical origin, to establish the biological minimum temperatures necessary for the beginning of flowering of representatives of the genus Rosa L., to study the morphological indicators of fruits.

Methodology. The research material was 12 wild roses belonging to 4 sections: Canina Crep, Cinnamomeae DC, Luteae Crep, Pimpinellifoliae DC. The research was carried out using the methods of the Main Botanical Garden, floral and geographical analyses — according to Hrzhanovsky. A caliper was used to measure the length and diameter of 10 fruits. For the analysis of statistical data, the MS Excel table processor and the integrated MATLAB mathematical package were used.

Results. The article presents the results of a study of species of roses in the Stavropol Botanical Garden of various geographical origin. The study involved 12 species belonging to 4 sections. The features of growth and development of plants in new soil and climatic conditions are revealed. The dates of the beginning of the main phenological phases andtheir duration have been established: spring regrowth of shoots, budding, beginning and end of flowering, fruiting. In the studied species of roses, the growing season begins in the first — second decade of March, flowering occurs in late May — early June, the fruits ripen in August — September. The dependence of the timing of the beginning of flowering in the studied roses on the dynamics of the accumulated average daily air temperatures and the sum of effective temperatures above 5 °C was revealed. Mathematically, it was proved that the lower limit of the air temperature required for the beginning of flowering of species of roses is +16 °C, when the sum of the average daily temperature air St° = 1007.75–1069.48 °С and St эф > 5 °С = 530.75–594.75 °С are accumulated. Early flowering species of roses include Rosa foetida Herrm., R. pendulina L., R. pimpinellifolia L., late flowering — R. caudata Baker and R. corymbifera Borkh. The shortest flowering period is in R. caudata Baker, R. jacutica Juz. and R. kamtschatica Vent. Representatives of those types mostly bloom once. Their flowers are formed on biennial and more mature shoots. The flowering period is 13–23 days. Rosa rugosa Thunb. blooms again, its flowering period is extended and long — from 40 to 48 days. All species of roses form fruits. The longest fruits are in R. pendulina L., R. caudata Baker, R. rugosa Thunb., R. corymbifera Borkh. and R. canina L., and large ones — in R. rugosa Thunb., R. marretii Lev. and R. roxburghi Tratt.

Relevance. Viral diseases can significantly reduce the yield of stone fruit crops. More than 30 viruses have been characterized on stone fruits crops, among which the most harmful are Plum pox virus (PPV), Prunus dwarf virus (PDV), Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Cherry leaf roll spot virus (CLRV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). Viral diseases monitoring is essential for controlling the viruses prevalence and choosing a control strategy. In the absence of healthy plants of a certain variety, health improvement is carried out using laboratory methods, including thermotherapy. Sanitation methods need to be improved in relation to the culture characteristics and the virus type. Of considerable interest is the development of techniques that reduce the viruses concentration when growing stone fruit trees in the field.

Methods. During 2016–2020 using the ELISA (“Loewe” diagnostic kits) diagnostics of viruses on varieties and clonal rootstocks of cherry, sweet cherry and plum (660 plants) was carried out in the conditions of the Moscow region. For plant health in 2019–2021 used thermotherapy for 3 months. To study the effect of Pharmayod (“Farmbiomed”) on viruses in open ground, 24 plum plants of 5 varieties were treated with this drug at a concentration of 0.3 ml/l.

Results. The total prevalence of viruses on cherries varieties was 44%, sweet cherries — 40%, plums — 59%, on clonal rootstocks — 46, 55 and 56% respectively. The highest incidence of PNRSV and PDV viruses has been established. Cherry plants of 11 varieties, free from the main harmful viruses, 4 varieties of sweet cherries, 12 varieties of plums and 9 forms of clonal rootstocks were revealed. The use of the Pharmayod on plum trees in the open field contributed to a decrease in the infection index of the studied viruses. Plum plants in a heat chamber were characterized by a higher survival rate and growth parameters in comparison with cherry and sweet cherry. After the completion of thermotherapy, a significant decrease in the index of infection in plants was noted.

Relevance. Biological features (morphometric indicators, viability and germinating power) of Poterium polygamum seeds found in natural communites of the Stavropol Territory have been studied. The conservation of wild-growing plant species in the natural population and the rational use of their potential are relevant.

Methods. Years of study — 2013–2021. The subject of the study is Poterium polygamum seeds. Seeds were collected in 2013. Studies were carried out according to the methods of studying seed material. Freshly harvested seeds and seeds of different shelf life were germinated in petri dishes at a temperature of 18–20 °C.

Results. The collected seeds of Poterium polygamum are quite large. The length of the seeds is 4–5 mm, the width is about 2.5 mm. The mass of 1000 pieces of seeds on average was 10.59 grams. Complete absence of viability of freshly harvested Poterium polygamum seeds was revealed. After three months, seed viability was 97%. This is a shallow physiological rest associated with the post-harvest maturation period. During the storage of seeds, their high germination was established — from 70 to 100%. The duration of seed storage is 8 years. The largest number of germinated seeds and their germinating power were noted in the third year of their storage (100%). Seeds germinated on the third or fourth day. The differences between the viability of seeds and their germinating power are not great. In the eighth year of storage of Poterium polygamum seeds, viability and germinating power were slightly reduced. The storage period of seeds, in which they retain the ability to germinate and the germinating power, is long. It has been found that the wild species Poterium polygamum belongs to plants with a high (70 to 100%) viability. This species is regularly resumed in the natural population. The revealed biological features of Poterium polygamum seeds can become the scientific basis during the reconstruction of degraded natural grass stand and in selection work.

Relevanсe. The novelty of our research lies in the fact that for the first time the allelopathic interaction of eastern galega seeds with a wide range of oilseeds is being studied. The aim of this work is to study the allelopathic effect in the initial stages of plant ontogenesis. The objectives of the study were to identify cultures with a positive and negative impact on the growth and development of sprouts of eastern galega. The objects of research were eastern galega Magister, false saffron Alexandrite, saperda mustard Lux, spring rape Tavrion, hemp Nadezhda, spring cress Iskra, white mustard Lucia, abyssinian colewort Polet, ethiopian niger seed Medea, oil radish Fiolina, damascene fennelflower Yalita, hybrid sunflower P63 LE 10 (XF 3020), winter camelina Baron, spring camelina Velez, oilseed flax Istok. The experiments were carried out in two layouts in 2019–2020 on the basis of a separate division of the Federal research center for fiber crops in the Penza region.

Methods. The evaluation of allelopathic activity was carried out using a method that involves the germination of plant seeds, followed by the calculation of the percentage of germination. The number of seeds and seedlings at different stages of ontogenesis was determined along with measuring the length of the root, stem and leaf.

Results. At the initial stages of ontogenesis, a weak negative allelopathic effect on the eastern galega is exerted by the abyssinian colewort Polet — the number of fullfledged seedlings was -6,1% to the control. A positive effect on the germination and development of galega seedlings is exerted by damascene fennelflower Yalita (+8,3% to control), ethiopian niger seed Medea (+8,1 to control), oilseed flax Istok (+6,4% to control). In general, the length of the galega seedling was at the level of control with damascene fennelflower and ethiopian niger seed is 3,27 and 3,24 cm (-0,40 and 0,43 cm respectively). A significant decrease is observed in the variants with oilseed flax, spring camelina, winter camelina, spring rape, false saffron, sunflower, saperda mustard, white mustard, hemp, abyssinian colewort and spring cress — from 2,81 to 1,66 cm (-0,86–2,01 cm to control).

Relevance. The rate of destruction of chernozems in the steppe zone as a result of deflation is very high. There is a threat of their loss of the humus horizon. To optimize the complex of protective measures, it is necessary to establish the regularities of the formation of wind resistance of these soils.

Methods. The seasonal dynamics of the structure of the upper layer (0–5 cm) of chernozems of the steppe zone of the Lower Volga region and the Central Pre-Caucasus in the network of forest belts is studied. The aggregate composition was determined by fractionation of an air dry sample. The wind resistance of the soil was assessed by the total content of particles with a diameter of less than 1 mm.

Results. It has been established that the open surface of southern carbonate chernozems is deflationary dangerous at any time of the year. Two spraying peaks were revealed — in early spring and before harvesting grain crops. In the first period, the content of particles with a diameter of less than 1 mm was 33–47%, in the second — 60–61%. Shelter forest belts reduced soil spraying in the zone of effective influence. A change in the internal structure of the deflationally dangerous fraction was detected during the year. The disintegration of large aggregates and an increase in the volume of smaller ones were observed. By the harvesting period, the number of particles with a diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm decreased by 1.7–2.6 times compared to the spring. Number of aggregates with a diameter of 0.1–0.5 mm, most strongly blown by the wind, increased by 1.3–1.8 times. The total dispersion of ordinary chernozem is almost two times lower than that of southern chernozem. However, the amount of particles with a diameter of 0.1–0.5 mm in the deflationary dangerous fraction of southern carbonate chernozem in the spring period is 37%, during the harvesting period — 50–56%. And in ordinary chernozem, already since the spring, there are more than 55% of such particles, in the future their number increases to 60%. As a result, by the harvesting period, the danger of a fraction with a diameter of less than 1 mm becomes the same for both subtypes of chernozems. This requires adjusting the complex of protective measures.

The most important factor in the intensification and rise of the production of the cotton industry in Tajikistan is the selection of new varieties characterized by high yield and its quality. The increase in the production of the cotton industry can be achieved not by expansion of acreage, since this possibility is very limited in a mountainous country, but by breeding new varieties of cotton and spreading them into production. The use of photosynthetic test characteristics in breeding contributes to the process of creating new varieties that meet the demand of agricultural production and the textile industry, i.e. varieties with a complex of economically useful features — precocity, high productivity, resistance to diseases and pests, optimal adaptive properties, characterized by high fiber yield and its technological quality. By methods of hybridization and selection by offspring on the basis of photosynthetic test characteristics from domestic and foreign variety samples, 28 introgressive genotypes were created that are characterized by complex of economically useful traits. It was found that out of the 28 genotypes of medium-fiber cotton studied by us, according to the main indicators of productivity — the number of full-fledged boxes per plant, the mass of raw cotton of one box and the yield — 6 genotypes were notable. The number of boxes per plant in the most productive was 12–15 pieces, the mass of raw cotton of one box is up to 6.6 g, and the yield of raw cotton is from 71.5 to 93.0 g/plant, which is significantly higher than in the standard Hisor variety.

Relevance. Against the background of predecessors, soil cultivation and nutritional conditions, weeding of the area under Barakatli 95 durum wheat variety was studied and the results obtained are given in the article. Thus, high weeds in the field reduce the quantity and quality of crops. One of the main factors preventing this is the application of proper cultivation methods appropriate to the region. This is one of the most important and urgent issues in agriculture.

Methodology. The research was conducted in a 3-factor (2×3×3) field experiment in a short-rotation crop rotation (pea-wheat-wheat) located at the Jalilabad Regional Experimental Station in the rainfed conditions of South Mugan. The amount of weeds in the field was studied in the first decade of March and April by counting weeds per 1 m2 from different parts of the field according to the options.

Results. The results of the 3-year study (average for 2019–2021) showed that the effect of predecessors, soil cultivation and nutritional conditions on the amount of weeds under winter wheat was different. Among the cultivation options, relatively high weeding soil was obtained with a heavy disc harrow at a depth of 10–12 cm in the form of 1 disc, and against the background of feeding conditions, N₆₀P₆₀ + 10 tons of manure on all three cultivations, and the least weeding was observed in the variant where N₉₀P₆₀K₄₅ fertilizer norm was applied in 2 discs at a depth of 10–12 cm with a heavy disk trowel after the pea predecessor.

Relevance. The preservation, reproduction and rational use of agricultural soil fertility is the main condition for the stable development of the agro-industrial complex. Mechanical tillage systems, the use of mineral and microbiological fertilizers are one of the main links in adaptive landscape farming systems. In the conditions of a sharp decrease in the rates of fertilizer application, an increase in the imbalance of elements of mineral nutrition of plants observed in recent years in agroecosystems, the function of improving the regimes of chernozems, preserving their fertility is designed to perform resource-saving technologies of soil cultivation in combination with effective methods of using agrochemicals that combine environmental and economic feasibility.

Methods. The experiments were laid in 2017–2019 on chernozem heavy loamy soils typical for most farms in the Ulyanovsk region. The object of the study is spring wheat, the variety Ulyanovskaya 100. The subject of the study is the methods of tillage, doses of mineral fertilizers, the biological product "BisolbiFit". The following technological methods of using the biological product were studied: seed treatment before sowing, non-root treatment of vegetating plants and a combination of these methods. The experiment was carried out on three backgrounds: N₀P₀K0 (control); 2) N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀; 3) N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀.

Results. It was found that the best nitrification ability was possessed by variants with fine combback and comb-back with soil-deepening treatment, in which the weighted average content of nitrate nitrogen was 3.29–3.33 mg/100 g, which is 35–36%; 26–28%; 43–44% more than with fine, conventional non-dump and dump treatment respectively. Plowing improved the conditions of phosphorus and potassium nutrition of plants by 25–37% and 6–14% compared to other treatments. When N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ and N₆₀ P₆₀ K₆₀ were applied to the soil, the content of nitrate nitrogen increased by 46 and 91%, phosphorus — by 0–14% and potassium — by 6 and 21% compared to the nonfertilized background. More effective in terms of the effect on the productivity of spring wheat were comb-shaped treatments, where the average yield was 2.89–2.94 t/ha, which exceeded the usual plowing by 0.19–0.24 t/ha. The greatest increase in yield was obtained when combining the methodsseed treatment + spraying of vegetative plants with the biological preparation "BisolbiFit". On an unfertilized background, the increase in grain yield was -0.71, on the background of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ — 1.04, on the background of N₆₀P₆₀K₆₀ — 1.56 t/ha.

Protecting wheat seed from phytopathogens is a popular topic for plant breeders. The objects requiring close attention and control on wheat are smut infections, pathogens of root rot. And if the pathogens of smut we have learned to fight quite effectively with, then microorganisms that infect underground parts of plants are controlled with less success and many questions in the system of protection against them remain controversial. The issue of reducing the pesticide load on agrocenoses, starting with the protection of seeds, also remains relevant. The article presents the results of field trials of means of protecting spring wheat seeds from root rot in 2019–2020, carried out within the framework of the state assignment at the Kurgan SRIA — branch of FSBSI UrFASRC, according to generally accepted methods. The aim of the research was to assess the biological, economic efficiency of the combined use of a chemical seed dressing agent and a biofungicide based on Bacillus subtilis in protecting wheat from soil-seed infections, to determine the competitiveness of an ecologized method of protecting seeds (reduced consumption rate of a chemical seed dressing agent in combination with biological fungicide). The obtained research results indicate that with a high level of damage to wheat by root rot (Fusarium, B. sorokiniana), the use of seed treatment with the studied preparations ensured the preservation of 10–12% of the yield, more efficiency was noted in the variants with the Oplot 0.5 l/t and the Oplot 0.3 l/t + Nodix Premium 0.3 l/t . The technical effectiveness of fungicides against wheat root rot ranged 44% for Nodix Premium to 85–86% for chemical protection and mixed use. An environmentally friendly method of protecting wheat seeds, which consists in using a 40% lower rate of a chemical dressing agent with a biopesticide, turned out to be competitive.

The article presents the results of studying the productivity of the parameters of the introduced apple variety Majesti on the clonal rootstock M9 in the agro-ecological conditions of the southeastern foothill sub-province of Dagestan. The purpose of the research is to identify the biological potential of the variety, the adaptive potential for the construction of intensive-type orchards in the industrial horticulture zone. It is especially important to choose the optimal variety-rootstock combinations of apple trees, which should be distinguished by early maturity, annual productivity, high commercial quality of fruits and environmental sustainability. The southeastern foothill sub-province has great prospects for the development of industrial horticulture. Of the unfavorable environmental factors that negatively affect the vital activity of fruit crops, the most often noted are return colds in spring and early frosts in autumn, when fruit plants are still growing. In accordance with the research program of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the Republic of Dagestan, it is envisaged to study the influence of different rootstocks (M9, SK-2, SK-7, MM106) on the productivity of the Majesti variety. Based on the research results, biometric indicators of the growth and productivity of trees in a young garden were determined, depending on the type of planting design. It was noted that at the age of three, the condition of trees on a 5-point scale is good. The height of the trees, depending on the rootstock, reached an average of 2.3 to 2.9 m. On dwarf rootstocks M9, the stem diameter of the Majesti variety was 4.2 cm, of the control variety Renet Simirenko — 3.5. The growth of annual shoots clearly reflects the growth activity of trees with different varieties of rootstock combinations. It has been established that the growth of dwarf rootstocks provides a weakening effect and allows growing lowgrowing trees with a compact crown, a strong stem, that are convenient for earning and harvesting. The largest number of fruit formations was noted in the introduced cultivar Majesti with a 3.0x1.5 planting pattern on a dwarf stock M9 (67 pieces) then in comparison on the control variety Renet Simirenko it was46 pieces. Productivity per tree was 7.1 kg, in the control variety Renet Simirenko — 5.3 kg. Calculated per hectare, productivity of the Majesti variety is 15.7 tons, Renet Simirenko — 11.7 tons.

It has been established that on each variant oftillage use of mineral fertilizers have a positive effect on the structural indicators of the yield when sowing summer soybeans. When the soil was cultivated to a depth of 8–10 cm, the number of beans per plant was 3.0–10.2 pieces, the number of grains per plant was 5.7–21.8 pieces, the grain yield per plant was 1.0–3.6 g, the weight of 1000 grains was 7.0–7.4 g; when disking the soil to a depth of 13–15 cm these indicators reached, respecttively, 3.3–11.4 pieces, 6.0–22.5 pieces, 1.2–3.8 g, 3.5–8.0 g; when plowing to a depth of 20–22 cm these indicators increased and amounted to 3.8–13.3 pieces, 6.9–24.9 pieces, 1.7–4.5 g, 4.3–8.6 g and this contributed to an increase in yield compared to control. Thus, the highest structural indicators were obtained when plowing the soil to a depth of 20–22 cm and at a rate of mineral fertilizers N₆₀P₉₀K₆₀ kg/ha of active substance.

Relevance. The problem associated with the continuing decline in the yield of the main crops and soil fertility in most of the arable lands leads to the need of developing comprehensive measures, including the optimal selection of crops and methods of tillage and planting in order to increase the collection of plant protein and preserve soil fertility.

Method. The work devoted to the study of the influence of tillage methods, mineral fertilizers and biological products on the productivity of forage crops and their mixed planting was carried out on the experimental fields of the Chechen Research Institute in 2019–2020 in the forest-steppe climatic zone. The experiment was multifactorial. Mineral fertilizers were used for crop rotation with a view to the planned yield. The biopreparation V417, created at the Institute of Agricultural Microbiology on the basis of the Bacillus subtilis strain, was used in the processing of seed material and crops during the period of intensive plant growth.

Results. As a result of the research, it was revealed that each of the studied methods of tillage should correspond to the cultivated crop and the technology used. The introduction of mineral fertilizers provided an increase in the productivity of forage plants in their pure and mixed planting by 11–44%. The treatment of crops with biopreparation V417 reflected in the best way: an increase in yield was from 24 to 52%. At the same time, the highest yield of the green mass of 42.6 t/ha was obtained in a three-component mixture (wheat, peas, oats) in the variants where disking and chiseling were carried out. Mixed planting is a serious reserve for increasing the quantity and quality of plant products. It's feed productivity in the collection of dry matter and feed units was not inferior to pure planting of cereals, and in terms of the provision of 1 feed unit with digestible protein exceeded it by 3–14%.

Relevance. Currently, there is a need to develop proposals for the creation of a vertically integrated system of procurement stations with modern slaughterhouses in the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The methodology for determining the potential capacity of a primary processing point for animal products allows planning the rational placement of production facilities, their state regulation and financing.

Methods. At the research we used such methods as monographic, economic and statistical, graphic, computational and constructive methods. The potential capacities are determined on the basis of the necessary equality between the monthly capacity according to the schedule of arrival of animals from agricultural producers and the monthly productivity of the point according to capacity.

Results. The article provides a brief analysis of the development of agriculture in the Arctic regions, which are divided into the Anabarskaya, Prilenskaya, Yanskaya, Indigirskaya, Kolymskaya groups of uluses (districts) according to the basin principle of the main navigable rivers. The strategic directions of the development of branches of the agro-industrial complex in the north of Yakutia are considered. The methodology and results of calculating the potential capacity of primary processing points in each group of uluses based on the number of reindeer, horses and cattle (cattle) and seasonality of slaughter and daily capacity for initial planning are presented. According to the results of the study, it is proved that to ensure a relatively full load during the year (except for the summer period) the primary processing centers in the Arctic zone of RS (Ya) can be of small and medium capacity. The layout scheme of the centers for processing livestock products is proposed, taking into account the further optimal increase in performance with capacities: 25 heads per shift — in v. Saskylakh, Anabarsky ulus (district) and Deputatsky settlement, Ust-Yansky ulus; 10 heads per shift — in u.v. Tiksi, Bulunsky ulus and u.v. Chersky, Nizhnekolymsky ulus; 7 heads per shift — inv. Khonuu, Momsky ulus.

Relevance. The current state of rural areas is characterized by poor development of engineering and social infrastructure, low, compared to urban, standard of living, negative forms of migration, natural decline and depopulation of the rural population. Within the framework of state regulation of the process of overcoming the current situation, state support is provided for measures for the development of rural areas put forward on the basis of local initiatives (ofmunicipalities, citizens, professional communities). However, generally accepted scientific recommendations for the formulation of such measures are not currently developed, so the topic of the study is relevant.

Methods. The research is based on systematic, dialectical, abstract-logical, and organizational approaches. The object of the study is rural territories, the subject is theoretical and methodological issues related to the formulation of measures for their development.

Results. A methodological approach to the formulation of a set of measures for the development of rural areas, taking into account the opportunities provided by the current state programs, is proposed. It includes the following stages: analysis of the state of the rural territory; forecasting the directions and dynamics of its development; determination of objective needs and selection of the most appropriate changes in the properties of the rural territory; formulation of a set of measures and justification of mechanisms for their implementation. In the proposed methodological approach, the rural territory is considered not in isolation, but in a single system of settlement “city — village” based on the use of SWOT and PEST analysis. At the stage of forecasting the directions and dynamics of rural development, a comprehensive use of the normative resource method and the method of extrapolation of time series trends is proposed. The selection of the most appropriate changes in the properties of the rural territory is carried out on the basis of a multi-level approach that allows to identify the problems of rural settlements, individual social groups and rural residents. It is proposed to justify the mechanisms for implementing measures for the development of rural areas based on the resources of municipalities, rural population, private business and state support measures.

Relevance. Agricultural machines widely use hydraulic cylinders for various auxiliary and working movements. Operation in harsh field conditions leads to the failure of the hydraulic cylinder mirror and, as a result, to the loss of force on the cylinder rod. The development of technological solutions for the restoration of the inner surface as a more appropriate solution in repair production is relevant.

Methods. Studies of the heat flow using the “Fluke Ti32” thermal imager and ofthe influence of gas-dynamic spraying (GDS) modes on the adhesive and cohesive strength when using a new design of the nozzle part of the GDS equipment were carried out.

Results. The suitability of usage of new nozzle design for GDS in order to restore the inner surface of the hydraulic cylinder body has been established. The elongated and curved nozzle for installations of the “Dimet” type practically does not change the temperature regime of spraying. The adhesive and cohesive strength of the coatings obtained with the new nozzle design is sufficient to operate under conditions characteristic of the inner surface of the hydraulic cylinder body.