Relevance. At present, a complex epizootic situation with rabies persists in Russia. Every year, foci of rabies are registered in many subjects of the Russian Federation, with the largest number of cases occurring in the Central and Volga Federal Districts, on the territory of which a high level of the episodic index has been maintained for almost a decade (0.99 and 0.978, respectively).

Metods. The purpose of the study was to spatiotemporally analyze the results of the development of the epizootic process and identify the main causes of rabies outbreaks in the Central Federal District (CFD) of the Russian Federation over the past five years (2018–2022). The work used information on the epizootic situation of rabies in official reports (FGBU «Center for Veterinary Medicine» of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia), data from published scientific sources and the results of our own research. Analysis of the development of epizootics in the CFD was carried out descriptively and retrospectively.

Results. Persistent epizootic trouble in the CFD is confirmed by the annual detection of cases of rabies in all subjects of the district. It has been established that the formation of rabies virus foci is due to the presence of favorable landscape and natural and climatic conditions for maintaining a high number of wild animals, the main reservoir and source of rabies, and periodic introductions of infection from adjacent regions. The spread of rabies in the CFD mainly depends on the control of the number of neglected animals and on the regularity of preventive vaccination of wild and domestic carnivores.

Relevance. Rabies is included in the group of transmissible viral zooanthroponoses that globally affect public health and the public economy. In Russian Federation, according to the State Standard 26075-2013, the method of virus isolation is a priority for the diagnosis of rabies, followed by detection by the method of fluorescent antibodies (MFA), however, the call of the World Health Organization to abandon research using animals makes it relevant to further develop and improve diagnostic methods in vitro.

The purpose of the study. Designing a test system based on immunochromatographic analysis (IHA) for rapid diagnosis of rabies.

Methods. Colloidal gold nanoparticles (CGN) with an optimal diameter (25–30 nm) were synthesized by citrate reduction of chloroauric acid and morphometrically characterized by the results of transmission electron microscopy. The conjugation of CGN with anti-rabies antibodies was carried out by non-covalent cross-linking, as a result of which stable conjugates were obtained with an immobilization coefficient of 91.8 ± 1.7%.

Results. The classical scheme of direct (sandwich) was used IHA, in which the liquid phase (a sample containing the desired antigen) binds to labeled specific antibodies and, during migration through the solid phase, forms a colored complex with applied specific antibodies in the test zone («sandwich» NCHKZ-antibody — antigen — antibody). ICA was performed with positive, negative and heterologous antigens. The results of the study of samples by ICA were in direct correlation with the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and MFA and demonstrated 100% specificity. The presented data confirm the functionality of ICA for the detection of rabies virus antigen in pathological material.

Poultry eggs contain high-quality proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, which makes them an indispensable product in human nutrition. Egg whites have exceptional foaming, emulsifying, gelling, and heat setting properties, making them popular for use in baked goods. The knowledge accumulated so far about egg whites has now settled on a stable opinion that there are no cells, and no DNA, in them. However, this study demonstrates the possibility of extracting chicken genomic DNA from the outer thin whites of chicken eggs. For DNA extraction, foremost, protein degradation of the samples by trypsin was used. The amount of isolated DNA ranged from 0.3880 ± 0.0348 to 0.6380 ± 0.0545 μg/ml of the white sample. A PCR test based on 18S ribosomal DNA showed that the DNA isolated from the outer thin white contained avian genomic DNA. Furthermore, cloning and sequencing of the bird-specific PCR fragment showed that this DNA belongs to chickens (Gallus gallus). In addition, staining with Hoechst 33342 showed the presence of cell nuclei in the samples. Therefore, this study demonstrates that chicken egg whites contain chicken genomic (nuclear) DNA and cell nuclei (i. e., and cells).

Relevance. Beef is popular (among buyers) type of meat, which is due to its nutritional value and culinary properties. In turn, for the development of beef cattle breeding, it is important to reduce the cost as much as possible while respecting the high quality of meat.

Results. The paper presents the results of studies on the effect of feed additives based on colostrum oil on the safety and productivity of young cattle. The diet of animals of the 2nd experimental group from birth to one month of age included feed additive No. 1 (fortified colostrum oil) at a dose of 20 g head / day, from 2 to 6 months — feed additive No. 2 (colostrum oil, protein hydrolysate and vitamin C) at a dose of 100 g head/ day. Young animals of the 3rd experimental group from birth to one month of age received feed additive No. 1 at a dose of 40 g head/day, from 2 to 6 months — feed additive No. 2 at a dose of 120 g head/day. It has been established that the introduction of feed additives into the diet of young animals helps to reduce cases of gastrointestinal disorders and increase the productivity of animals.  

Relevance. In conditions of intensive animal husbandry, it is important to normalize the immune and antioxidant systems of the animal organism. Seaweeds can be used to increase the natural resistance of the animal organism to adverse environmental factors at an early stage of ontogenesis in the post-milk growing period.

Methods. The research was conducted at the Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L.K. Ernst , on two groups of lambs with analogues in live weight and age (n = 8). Lambs of the experimental group received 3 g of brown algae F. Vesiculosus in addition to the diet. The duration of the experiment was 27 days with the study of the aftereffect after 28 days with individual weighing of lambs.

Results. The live weight of lambs whose diet used brown algae was 14 kg, which is 5.3% higher than in the control.

According to microbiological indicators of blood, there was a higher level of bactericidal activity in lambs treated with brown algae, the difference was 28.33%. The content of TBА-active products in blood serum was higher in animals of the control group by 14.57%, the difference in TAWA in the blood of animals was 16.93% in favor of animals of the experimental group. The absolute increase in live weight in the experimental group 28 days after the experiment was 17.9 kg, which is 7.8% higher than in the control group.

Relevance. Dependence on fishmeal hinders the development of the poultry industry. The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of key genes in the parent stock of Gallus gallus L. lines CM5 and CM9 of the meat cross «Smena 9» on the background of diets with the replacement of fish meal.

Methods. Experiments were carried out on CM5 and CM9 chickens: groups 1A and 1B received the main diet (MD), 2A and 2B — MD with the replacement of fish meal with soy products, 3A and 3B — MD with the replacement of fish meal with sunflower products, 4A and 4B — MD with the replacement of fishmeal with soybean and sunflower products at a ratio of 50:50. Gene expression analysis was performed using quantitative reverse transcription PCR.

Results. The most pronounced changes in the levels of expression of key genes against the background of the replacement of fishmeal with soybean and sunflower processed products concerned the maternal line Plymouth Rock CM9 compared to the paternal line Cornish CM5. Thus, the expression of SOD mRNA in groups 2B, 3B and 4B decreased by 14.3–100 times compared with control 1B (р ≤ 0.05). Whereas in the experiment on the CM5 line, the expression of the SOD gene in the experimental groups 2A and 3A decreased by no more than 3.5 times compared with the control 1A (р ≤ 0.05). In all experimental groups, zootechnical indicators of meat and egg productivity were noted at the level of control groups (р > 0.05).  

Relevance. Milk and milk products are key food products in Russia. The main raw material for the production of cheese as an important component of the diet of citizens is milk, the main source of which is cattle. The Holshire breed is common in the Urals. Studying its features and improving the quality of milk (and therefore dairy products) is an urgent task for the agro-industrial complex of Russia.

Methods. The purpose of the work is to study the influence of dairy raw materials by seasons on technological parameters in the production of soft cheese.

Results. As a result of the research, it was found that the best quality was a clot from cows' milk for the 3rd and 4th lactation. To obtain it, less calcium chloride and whey were spent than in the manufacture of cheeses from cows' milk according to the 1st and 2nd lactation. It should also be noted that the duration of operations for the formation of a clot and work with it, as well as for self-pressing, was shorter in cows' milk for the 3rd and 4th lactation. In the manufacture of «Adygeisky» cheese on the other side of the enterprise, due to the introduction of rennet, the clot improved and the duration of self-pressing decreased, which had a positive effect on the quality of the product. The peculiarities in the manufacture of fresh «Amateur» and «Table» cheeses have been established, namely, certain differences in some technological operations, their duration and quality indicators of the clot and the separated whey. Thus, milk differed in the consumption of calcium chloride, lactic acid starter culture and rennet. The lowest consumption of these components turned out to be in the manufacture of cheese from milk of age-and-age cows. The milk of cows of the Holstein breed of the Ural selection is suitable for processing into soft cheeses regardless of the season of the year. However, the best indicators of technological properties are found in the milk of age-and-age cows for the 3rd and 4th lactation.  

Relevance. One of the important products in the diet of Russian citizens is milk. In addition, it is not only a food product, but also a raw material for the dairy industry, from which a wide range of dairy products, including cheeses, is produced. Dairy cattle, in particular cows, are used for production. The study of the suitability of milk of a new genetic formation of the Middle Urals zone for cheese production is of both scientific and practical interest.

The aim of the work is to study the influence of the linear origin of cows on technological parameters in the production of soft cheese and its quality.

Results. As a result of the research, it was found that in the manufacture of «Adyghe cheese» according to GOST 32263 the best quality was a clot from the milk of cows of the Montvik Chieftain line. To obtain it, less calcium chloride and whey were spent than in the manufacture of cheeses from the milk of cows of other Holstein lines. In milk from cows of this line, the duration of operations for the formation of a clot and work with it, as well as for self-pressing, were shorter. The introduction of rennet improves the clot and reduces the duration of self-pressing, which has a positive effect on the quality of the product, the efficiency of using milk components, such as protein and fat, has increased. Cheeses obtained from the milk of cows of this group were distinguished by higher levels of fat in dry matter, fat and protein per 100 g of the product and better nutritional value.

Relevance. For the first time, new biofertilizers Azotovite and Phosphatovite in combination with mineral and organic fertilizers were studied on sod-podzolic soil (83% of the arable area) in the conditions of the Novgorod region in the fodder crop rotation. The study of the influence of the methods of using microbiological fertilizers together with mineral and organic fertilizers in the developed crop rotation is relevant.

Methods. Studies for 2019–2022 in the fodder crop rotation according to the 2 × 4 scheme were carried out on sod-podzolic soil underlain by clays. We studied three methods of using Azotovite (A) and Phosphatovite (F) — (factor B) on two backgrounds of complete mineral fertilizer (factor A), affecting the yield and nutritional value of crops in crop rotation.

Results. Application in technological operations (twice) azotovite and phosphatovite (pickling of seed material at 2 l/t and non-root spraying in the phases of plant formation at a height of up to 30 cm, 1 l/ha of each preparation) together with mineral fertilizers for the estimated yield ensured the productivity of the phytomass of the vico-oat mixture of 35 t/ha with high nutritional value: collection of dry matter (SV) — 11.0 t/ha, digestible protein — 0.83 t/ha, exchange energy — 32.0 GJ/ha. The use of this technology provided for the rotation of crop rotation high nutritional value of feed from 1 ha of digestible protein — 0.45 t, exchange energy — 33.0 GJ, SV — 5.3 t with a low energy intensity of production thousand tons of units 2.6 GJ and an increase in the energy potential of the soil for crop rotation by more than 35 GJ/ha.

Relevance. Recently, liquid fertilizers have been increasingly used in the technology of cultivating spring wheat. They are ideal for spraying on the surface of a field with cereals and other plants. Compared to solid fertilizers, the advantages of automated control of their distribution over the field, the possibility of joint application of herbicides, insecticides, microelements.

Methods. Field experiments to study the influence of methods of using liquid fertilizers were conducted at the experimental field of the Far Eastern State Agricultural University in the southern agricultural district of the Amur region (Blagoveshchensk district, village of Gribskoye). The laying of the field experience was carried out according to the method of B.A. Dospekhov in fourfold repetition. The registered area of the plot is 16 m², the placement is randomized, the previous crop is soy. The studies included field and laboratory observations.

Results. It was found that when using liquid fertilizers, the weight of 1000 seeds changed according to the variants of the experiment with the use of fertilizers relative to the control without the use of fertilizers from 1.5 to 4.9 g. Сombined use of Nertus Start and Photosynthesis — 696.6 g/l, which is higher than the control by 48.7 g/l and the background by 19.2 g/l. The maximum value of the natural grain weight for an average of four years was in the variant with the combined use of Nertus Start and Photosynthesis — 696.6 g/l, which is higher than the control (by 48.7 g/l) and background (by 19.2 g/l).  

Relevance. Currently, the most important tasks of breeding are the creation and introduction into production of new high—yielding varieties, resistant to stressful environmental conditions and with high grain quality, adapted to the conditions of the monsoon climate.

The purpose of the study is to study varieties of spring soft and durum wheat of various origins according to the main economically valuable characteristics in the conditions of the Primorsky Territory.

Methods. The research was conducted at FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki» in 2020–2022. Sixteen spring wheat varieties of various breeding origin served as the research object — six soft spring wheat varieties and ten hard spring wheat varieties. The weather conditions during the growing season of wheat differed over the years of the research (2020–2022). This allowed an objective evaluation of the breeding material for adaptability and resistance to stress factors.

Results. For breeding and production, wheat varieties with high yields (more than 4.0 t/ha) have been identified: spring soft — Voronezh 18, Rima, Primorskaya 50, spring hard — Don Elegia. As a result of the correlation analysis, high positive associations were revealed between yield and productive bushiness (r = 0.95), the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.85), the number of spikelets in the ear (r = 0.84). Aleyskaya, Khabarovsk and Primorskaya 40 varieties stood out with the highest index of protein and gluten in grain. Variety Sunny 573 was distinguished by high hardness (67.5%) and grain type (785 g/l).

Relevance. Employing new biotechnological methods in the breeding of buckwheat, including the screening of forms with tolerance to copper and zinc ions, might increase the adaptability of genotypes and allow the creation of promising starting material for further breeding.

Methods. The research on common buckwheat with tolerance to copper and zinc ions and breeding evaluation of the obtained accessions were conducted at FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki» in 2020–2023. The research object was 10 accessions obtained from buckwheat varieties Kitavasesoba (Japan) and Izumrud (Russia) and hybrid Izumrud×Kitavasesoba, whose microshoots and seeds were exposed to copper and zinc ions. Released variety Izumrud was used as the standard. The method of cell and tissue culture in vitro as well as the germination of seeds in concentrated solutions of copper and zinc salts in vivo were employed.

Results. In the conditions of the monsoon climate of Primorsky Krai, a three-year test of 10 buckwheat samples obtained under the influence of copper and zinc ions in culture in vitro and in vivo was carried out. As a result of the study, three samples were selected for further selection (No. 989, 1013, 783), which are characterized by a complex of economically valuable traits: high seed productivity (6.5–7.1 g), stress resistance, genetic flexibility, high mass of 1000 seeds (37.8–44.8 g), a combination of high mass of 1000 kernels (27.4–33.1 d) with low film content (23.3–25.5%), and two samples (No. 997, 1005) with an increased content of rutin in fruits (7.1–7.7 mg / 100 g).

Relevance. At the present stage for agricultural production, the creation of new domestic competitive varieties of various plants is of paramount importance within the framework of the large-scale program of the Russian Federation for import substitution, while one of the most important and sought-after crops in Russia is soybean.

Methods. The material for the research was the hybrid populations F₇-F₁₇ generations of the breeding nursery (SP), which is annually replenished with selections of individual plants from the F₆ hybrid nursery.

Results. An estimate of the duration of multiple selections by the pedigry method in a breeding nursery (SP) until obtaining homozygous lines is given. The analysis of the conducted studies showed that out of 29 soybean varieties of hybrid origin included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation and being tested for 2023, 13 varieties (Harmoniya, Lydia, Nega 1, MK-100, Lebedushka, Zhuravushka, Lacemaker, Cinderella, Tisey, Lyana, Olimp, Lastochka, Tatiana) (44.8%) were obtained on the basis of multiple selections F₇-F₉ in the breeding nursery, and the variety Persona, which is included in the State Register for 11 regions and is in demand in the Amur Region, was isolated from the hybrid population of the F₁₇ generation. As a result of the assessment for 2020–2022. F₇-F₁₇ generations of the breeding nursery according to the duration of splitting in hybrid populations, it was found that multiple selection up to the tenth generation is most effective (F₇ — 35.1%, F₈ — 30.8%, F₉ — 12.1%), but promising highly productive lines with economically valuable traits can also be obtained from later generations  

Relevance. The soybean breeding process, focused on increasing the level of qualitative and reproductive indicators of the culture under the means of hybridization, further evaluation of the obtained genotypes and selection of promising samples, has an extremely relevant research direction.

Results. The research determined how weather and climatic factors influenced the yield, protein content in seeds, and resistance to fungal diseases of promising soybean varieties under the conditions of Primorsky Krai. High-yielding accessions (3.08–3.59 t/ha) from combinations «Arisa × Taifun» and «NIISKH 3 × Taifun» were selected. A high TKW was characteristic of hybrid combination «Primorskaya 13 × Kofu» (207 g). During the growing season of the crop, there were conditions of insufficient (2021) and excessive (2022) moisture, which had a different effect on the yield level of soybean varieties on average according to experience (17.1 c/ha and 34.0 c/ha, respectively). The conditions of 2022 were optimal for the ontogeny of soybean. Varieties Primorskaya 1690, Primorskaya 1693, and Primorskaya 1696 had the highest yield in 2022 exceeding the standard by 38.0–54.7%. The highest yield was achieved under the conditions of short-term heavy precipitation in combination with high temperature during the growing period. Soybean seeds had a higher protein content after heavy precipitation with short periods of moisture excess from July to August. Under more favorable conditions for the development of fungal pathogens (in 2022), the degree of damage to soybean plants significantly increased (by 16.0%). The studied varieties were resistant to downy mildew and Cercospora.leaf spot (the degree of damage was up to 25.0%).  

Results. The results on the effectiveness of herbicides of a new generation in reducing the contamination of hybrids of spring rapeseed of German selection of Licorice and Cultus CL in the soil and climatic conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe are presented. The research was carried out at the pilot site of the Borsky training and production complex of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University (2021–2022) field experiments to study the effect of herbicides on weed vegetation and the yield of oilseeds of new spring rapeseed hybrids in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe. The objects of research are herbicides of the chemical class imidazolinones. The species composition of the weed vegetation of rapeseed agrocenosis has been determined. The type of blockage is juvenile. Spraying of crops from weeds was carried out in the phase of development of spring rapeseed «3–4th real leaf». Method of application — once together with a selective herbicide at a dose of 0.35 l/ha and a continuous herbicide at a dose of 0.06 l/ha, an adjuvant at a dose of 0.2 l/ha per 200 liters of working solution was used to enhance the contact of the drug with the plant surface. Under the influence of a mixture of herbicides in the agrophytocenosis of spring rapeseed, a decrease in the weed component by 98.4% was found. On plots with the use of herbicidal preparations, an increase in the yield of oilseeds in the Hybrid Cultus CL was recorded by 2 times.

Relevance and methodology. Legume-grass mixtures are a source of complete feed for dairy cattle due to good digestibility and balance of protein, carbohydrates, amino acids and vitamins. We studied the effect of a microbiological fertilizer («Naturost-Aktiv») based on live microorganisms Lactobacillus buchneri on the productivity and nutritive value of clover and timothy grass mixture. The study was carried out by small-scale field experience in the FSBI «VolSC RAS» (Vologda region) in 2019–2022, as well as in 2021–2022 in the production conditions in the fields of LLC «Zazerkalie» (Vologda region).

Results. In the small-plot experiment we showed that under the influence of the microbiological fertilizer treatment, the productivity of clover and timothy grass mixture increased by 7–39% depending on the year of vegetation; the total dry biomass collection for 4 years of the study in the experimental version exceeded the control by 16%. Evaluation of the nutritive value of the grass mixture showed that the fertilizer increased the content of fodder units in dry matter up to 10%, also the content of metabolizable energy, crude and digestible protein, sugars increased slightly and the content of fiber decreased. In the conditions of the production experiment under the influence of the microbiological fertilizer the herbafe collection increased by 10–17%, dry mass — by 9–22%. The nutritive value of the total content of fodder units in 1 kg of biomass in the experiment exceeded the control by 6%. The gross yield of fodder units from 1 hectare of the field increased by 9.6 cwt/ha under the effect of «Naturost-Aktiv».

Relevance. One of the main methods of reforestation is the use of growth stimulants, which are widely used in agriculture in Russia and abroad. In forestry, their use is carried out on an experimental basis. The increase in the sowing qualities of seeds, in the biometric indicators of seedlings is observed, their safety is activated. In this regard, the use of such growth stimulants as Zircon, HB-101, Root Super and Ferovit is relevant.

Methods. The effect of root feeding with stimulants Zircon, HB-101, Root Super and Ferovit on the biometric parameters of four-year-old seedlings of Khingam fir (Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.) was studied. The experiments were carried out in the nursery of GTS — the branch of Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS. The growth of seedlings was studied in terms of stem height, height gain and root collar diameter.

Results. It has been established that root fertilization with the stimulants Zircon and HB-101 has the greatest effect on the growth of fir seedlings. The increase in the height of seedlings is by 3.9–60.7%, in height gain — by 11.4–137.1%, as well as in the diameter of root collar — by 16.7-66.7% was noted. It was revealed that the use of the stimulator HB-101 in the solution concentration of 0,5 ml / 10 l has a more positive effect compared with the concentration of the drug solution of 0.5 ml / 5 l of water.

Relevance. Viral infection is detected in most of the territories in the Russian Far East due to specific weather conditions and the abundance of insect-vectors. Eliminating viruses in seed potatoes and preserving the reproductive qualities of potato varieties can be achieved by the system of modern seed production, which consists of several essential steps. In FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaikа» creates new potato genotypes and eliminates viral infection in already existing ones. An anti-viral thermochemotherapy was developed in 2022–2023 to increase the efficacy of virus elimination and obtain virus-free material of a new promising potato variety Poseidon.

Methods. New promising potato variety Poseidon (Rucheyok × Gala) created at FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaiki» was used as the research object. Leaves of the breeding accession from the nursery of comparative variety testing were tested for potato viruses PVX, PVY, PVA, PVS, PVM, and PLRV by enzyme immunoassay. Sprouts of initial tubers and plantlets were tested for latent infection by the PCR method.

Results. The combined thermochemotherapy was utilized for 150 days, including three consecutive cycles of plant growth in vitro on MS media with ribavirin (30 mg/l) at 38º С for 14 days. The performed PCR analysis of potato plants with a mixed viral infection (PVY, PVS, PVM, and PLRV) established that this method for virus elimination was effective.

Relevance. Preserving turgor pressure and preventing the sprouting of fresh tubers at 4–5 ºС for 7–8 month are the most important parameters characterizing the quality of potato varieties during long-term storage. The ability of potato tubers to remain in a dormant state for a prolonged period after the harvest is the basis of their storability. FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika» not only conducts a complex evaluation of potato varieties but also studies their storability. The research goal was to study the genepool of the potato germplasm collection for the ability of tubers to be stored under natural conditions with a long period of dormancy and to identify the most valuable varieties for further breeding.

Methods. The studies were conducted in 2001–2022. The object of research are varietal of the bioresource potato collection of the A.K. Chaika Federal Research Center for Agrobiotechnologies of the Far East, consisting of 825 genotypes.

Results. It was found that the largest number of samples with good keeping quality belong to the mid-ripening, mid-late and late maturation groups. By the end of storage, absolute rot in the studied samples was noted in the range of 0.1–0.2%. The natural decline was 2.8–8.8%. With the maximum yield of full-fledged potatoes, the varieties Alice (93.1%), Evgenia (93.0%), Ilyinsky (94.6%), Kazachok (93.3%), Krasnaya Gorka (94.6%), Lazar (93.5%), Legend (93.4%), Rhapsody (94.5%), Trickle (93.1%), Scarb (94.2%), Sparta (94.6%), Spiridon (94.0%), Anosta (93.3%), Brage (93.5%), Costella (95.3%), Hermes (94.6%), Frila (94.4%), Ibis (93.2%), which are recommended for breeding as sources of good lying capacity.

Relevance. One of the important directions of potato breeding is the creation of varieties resistant to a complex of diseases, such as late blight, viral and fungal infections, as well as parasitic nematodes. The use of DNA markers to identify valuable genotypes accelerates the selection process of resistant varieties, thereby increasing the efficiency of breeding.

Methods. The aim of the study was to study the resistance of 23 potato varieties to the local isolate Phytophthora infestans (Mont.), as well as to determine the genes of resistance to pathogens: potato cancer, pale and golden cyst-forming nematodes, X and Y viruses, late blight. Potato leaves were treated with Putzilovka-2019 isolate inoculum and kept in the dark for 24 hours, then placed in a climate box. Records were kept on the 6th day after inoculation.

Results. Latona, Bryansk delicacy, Gala, Dachny, Kazachok, Adretta varieties showed high resistance to late blight — 0.0% of leaf surface damage. High resistance to late blight was also demonstrated by the varieties Laperla, Belmonda, Impala, Violet, Zhukovsky early, Queen Anne, Sante, Amber, in which the leaf lesion area ranged from 3.0 to 10.0%. During molecular screening, the potato cancer resistance gene (Senl) Nl25 was detected in 22 varieties, the H1 resistance gene in 15 varieties, and the Gpa2 resistance gene in 9 varieties, the gene encoding resistance to virus X (Rxl) was detected in 13 varieties.

Background. The modern breeding of maize hybrids for high heterosis pays considerable attention to the creation of new starting material, i. e. inbred lines. Their genetic potential depends primarily on the quality of forms used in self-pollination, on the selection and evaluation of progeny aimed at achieving the homozygosity of economically important traits.

Methods. The study on maize inbred lines was carried out by the Laboratory of the Breeding and Breeder Seed Production of Maize in an experimental field plot at FSBSI «FSC of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika». A standard method was employed, which included the self-pollination and selection of lines for a complex of economically important traits over several years to achieve homozygosity.

Results. The research resulted in the selection of genotypes that combined high yield with a low moisture content in grain at harvest maturity PK 160, PK 139, PK 65, and PK 155. We identified sources of such economically important traits as the height of plants and cobs (PK 26, PK 36, PK 39, PK 42, PK 55, PK 78, and PK 181), cob length (PK 55, PK 57, PK 58, PK 65, PK 69, PK 153, PK 155, PK 160, PK 164, and PK 175), cob weight (PK 160, PK 65, PK 155, PK 139, and PK 52), the number of grains per cob (PK 42, PK 52, and PK 65), grain weight per cob (PK 65, PK 155, and PK 160), the 1000 kernel weight (PK 160, PK 175, PK 181, PK 139, and PK 65), and a high general combining ability (PK 58, PK 124, PK 176, PK 1/3, and PK 3). The selected accessions will be involved in a breeding program to create highly heterotic maize hybrids.

Relevance. In industrial horticulture, the cultivar plays an important role. Correctly selected rootstock will allow identifying the possibility of a cultivar. It is the rootstock that controls growth, has a great influence on the rate of fertility, fruiting and marketable qualities of the fruits of the grafted cultivar. The introduction of apple graft-rootstock combinations into wide production to obtain consistently high yields with fruits of high commodity and biochemical qualities requires a rational selection of cultivars and rootstocks.

Methods. Apple cultivars Orlinka and Yablochny Spas were studied for yield indicators in accordance with the «Program and methodology of fruit, berry and nut variety study». The assessment of the biochemical composition of fruits was carried out at VNIISPK in the laboratory of biochemical and technological evaluation of cultivars and storage according to generally accepted methods «Methods of biochemical research of plants» and «Evaluation of cultivars by the chemical composition of fruits».

Results. As a result of studying the biochemical composition of the fruits of apple cultivars grown on clonal rootstock 62-396 and dwarf intercalary rootstocks 62-396 and 3-17-38, it was found that the content of soluble solids in the fruits of Orlinka on the studied rootstocks was greater than that of Yablochny Spas. The highest sugar content in fruits was in Orlinka on dwarf intercalary rootstocks 62-396 and 3-17-38: 11.00% and 11.54%, respectively. In the fruits of Yablochny Spas, titrated acids were less in all variants of the experiment than in Orlinka. There were no significant differences in the accumulation of ascorbic acid in fruits between cultivars and graft-rootstock combinations. During the entire period of study, the resulting yield in Orlinka significantly exceeded the yield of Yablochny Spas.  

Relevance. Water lilies are distributed almost throughout the globe. The largest are 2 species of tropical water lilies — Victoria amazonica (Poepp.) J. C. Sowerby and V. cruziana A.D. Orb. Their distribution range is South America. Of particular interest is Victoria cruziana, which grows in colder climatic conditions. On the territory of the Russian Federation, Victoria cruziana grows in the main in closed ground conditions. For 16 years, biological, morphological, adaptive features and seed reproduction of this species have been studied.

Methods. Morphological studies were carried out, the seed productivity of Victoria cruziana in closed ground conditions was assessed, taking into account air temperature, water and lighting intensity.

Results. Victoria cruziana is grown as an annual crop with a short growing season of 299.9 ± 56.3 days. The first underwater filamentous leaf appears on the 20th day after germination, and the second and third (narrow-lobed) — on the 25th. The formation of large floating leaves was noted on the 47th day, the growth of new leaves occurs every five days. The total number of leaves reaches 12 pcs. The plant enters the generative phase when the size of the leaves reaches 80–150 cm in diameter. The beginning of flowering is marked on the 120th (± 5) day, the diameter of the first flower is 20 cm (with subsequent increase). Seed collection takes place after pollination in 50 (± 2.1) days. With artificial pollination of plants, the indicators of real seed productivity of the fruit increase to 3150 seeds with a diameter of 0.5–0.6 cm, with self– pollination, 212–229 seeds with a diameter of 0.7–0.8 cm are formed.

Technical solutions to ensure the necessary values of parameters are studied. Considered scientific research on the subject of control of microclimatic parameters. Identified the main components of the living conditions, ways to maintain their regulated values in the room. The methods of influencing them are considered. Developed a simplified model of the farm in the software package SketchUp 2020, simulations were carried out in the software package SolidWorks 2020. General parameters set for the calculation: heat emitted by the cows — 1000 W; amount of carbon dioxide — 4% in the exhaled air; wind speed at the window inlet — 2 m/s, humidity — 70%, temperature — 25 ºC. The materials used in the study are displayed. Parametric models for the nature and velocity of air flows are presented. The main ways of regulating the indicators of interest are analyzed. The most suitable solutions for modernization and re-equipment of production facilities to improve the microclimate in the cattle housing are identified and described. The functional and structural scheme of technical solutions to ensure the parameters of the microclimate is formed. The technological map of conceptual proposals is made and displayed. On their basis, the main solutions for modernization of farms are defined: natural ventilation, axial and suspended fans, light ridge, nozzles, lifting curtains, artificial lighting.

Relevance. In the production of meat products and semi-finished products, equipment from the 1990s is often used. Such equipment is not equipped with modern means of transmitting diagnostic data and information about the current status via wireless communication, and requires periodic monitoring during the work shift. Lack of timely diagnostic data can lead to equipment failures and unexpected downtime. At the same time, the development of technical means of communication makes it possible to connect industrial equipment to the Internet and remotely receive data on the current state of the equipment online.

Methods. The objects of the study were the MULTIVAC R5200 vacuum thermoforming packaging machine and thermal chambers with installed controllers Aditec MIC 2410, Aditec TP 1000, MIKSTER MCC 2100. Methods of object-oriented programming in Python 3.4.4 were used for the monitoring system under study. For network interaction of technological equipment with cloud services, the MQTT-v3.1.1 data transfer protocol was used.

Results. The use of a monitoring system based on the industrial Internet of Things platform made it possible: when packing boiled and smoked sausages, to reduce the maintenance time of the packaging machine and the consumption of spare parts, to reduce the production of low-quality products; when carrying out technological processes in thermal chambers, to completely eliminate spoilage of semi-finished products, to improve the quality of the finished product. In the future, the spread of such technology to the equipment of the entire enterprise will make it possible to solve the problems of collecting a large amount of data on the current state of the equipment, conducting analysis and making managerial decisions.  

Relevance. The priority task of agricultural science for the nearest period until 2030 is the development of seed production of agricultural crops based on the creation of new domestic high-yielding varieties and the development of innovative technologies for the cultivation, harvesting and processing of these crops. The analysis showed that the existing technologies and drying plants for small-seeded crops have low productivity and high energy consumption. This served as the basis for the development of a new technology and technological scheme of innovative drying of seeds of small-seeded crops.

Methods and objects of research. The objects of the study are the drying units SCM-1 of the joint production of the Bryansk and Bezhetsky plants, as well as the SKU-10 (Tvertsa) produced by JSC «Tverselmash». SCM-1 studies were carried out at the «Mir» collective farm in the Tver region in 2021 and 2022, SKU-10 — in the OP NIIL (Torzhok) in 2022 using the technical characteristics of manufacturers and production indicators. Experimental and production methods of comparative and systematic data analysis, methodological approaches of leading scientists involved in the research and development of drying plants were used. Heat-technological, constructive and economic calculations of the drying plant are carried out by the authors.

Results. The use of seed drying technology based on an increase in the area of heat and mass transfer and the supply of coolant in multilateral and oncoming flows increases the productivity of the proposed drying plant by 1.3–2 times compared to existing ones, energy consumption has significantly decreased.  

Relevance. Buckwheat is a source of many biologically active substances. Especially there are a lot of them in leaves and inflorescences from which it is possible to get tea beverages for specialized and functional nutrition. These plant parts are rich in polyphenolic compounds (PC), the main one being rutin. Their content in the plant depends on many factors.

The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of sowing dates, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and temperature on PC accumulation in buckwheat plants.

Methods. Buckwheat seeds were sown four times in June-July. The PC content of buckwheat water-ethanol extracts and water infusions was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu, method antioxidant activity — by DPPH radical scavenging method.

Results. The sowing dates influence the PC content. At the earlier sowing dates of seeds the accumulation of PC in the extracts was higher (8.42–9.33%) in comparison with the later ones (6.10%). The PC content in the infusions varied from 2.10 to 2.83%. There are indications of a direct relationship between the accumulation of PC and the level of UV radiation during the growing season requiring further verification. A significant effect of temperature was not revealed. The AOA of all samples was high. The content of PC in aqueous infusions allows us to recommend buckwheat grass as a raw material for tea beverages.  

Relevance. The article presents a comparative metabolomic study of blue honeysuckle (L. caerulea) berries, varieties Volhova, Tomichka, Goluboe vereteno, Amfora, presented in the collection of the Far Eastern Experimental Station of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources.

Methods. To determine the complex of secondary metabolites in extracts of blue honeysuckle berries. used the method of tandem mass spectrometry. Fractional maceration was used to obtain highly concentrated extracts. In extracts of L. caerulea berries, 75 compounds of the polyphenol group were reliably identified by tandem mass spectrometry.

Results. Based on the results of the qualitative identification of the component composition of blue honeysuckle berry extracts, a Venn diagram was constructed showing the similarity and difference in polyphenol groups of various L. caerulea varieties. Berries of L. caerulea contain a large amount of biologically active substances, in particular, they have a large number of compounds with antioxidant activity. The isolated polyphenol complex included compounds of the following groups: flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, anthocyanins, stilbenes, coumarins, phenolic acids. Also, for the first time in the extracts of L. caerulea berries, 30 chemical compounds of the polyphenol group were identified (flavones Pentahydroxydimethoxyflavone, Cirsiliol, jaceosidin, Sophoraisoflavone A, Dihydroxy tetramethoxyflavone, Chrysoeriol-O-hexoside, Formononetin-7-O-glucoside, flavon-3-ols (epi)-Afzelechin, (epi)-Catechin gallate, stilbenes Pinosylvin, Resveratrol, Dihydroresveratrol, coumarins Fraxetin, Umbelliferone, etc.), not previously mentioned in studies on L. caerulea.

Relevance. The study characterizes the design of a mixture of gluten-free flours and fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) to improve the properties of gluten-free biscuits and determine dough and finished product predictors. A distinctive feature of the mixture is the presence of raw ingredients with high nutritional and biological value. The data obtained can be used in the development of new product lines, new recipes for specialized flour confectionery.

Methods. To study the effect of corn flour, rice flour, flaxseed flour and fenugreek seeds on the quality characteristics of simple biscuits, standard test methods were used. The composition of the prescription components was selected taking into account the specialized focus of the product, the biological value of the ingredients, the high sensory characteristics of the finished product, and the imparting of functional properties.

Results. The optimal quantitative ratios of corn flour, flaxseed and rice flour (45:45:10) and the proportion of fenugreek seeds (7.5% by weight of flour) were experimentally determined. The quality indicators of the developed products are investigated. It has been established that the use of flour gluten-free mixture and fenugreek seeds affect a slight increase in dough moisture, acidity and wetness of finished products. Recommended standardized requirements for gluten-free biscuits from a mixture of corn, rice, flax flour and fenugreek seeds are proposed. As additional quality indicators, the content of gluten, dietary fiber and magnesium is highlighted. The developed simple biscuits for specialized purposes have a functional focus due to the high content of dietary fiber and magnesium, the share of which is more than 15% of the daily intake of these nutrients.  

Relevance. Consumers in todayʼs society are concerned about the safety of using synthetic dyes to color food. The development and use in the food industry of natural dyes compositions based on available plant materials remains relevant. The use of natural dye based on betalains — pigments of beets (Beta vulgaris) — in the production of food products, allows not only to improve the color range of products, but also to enrich them with biologically active compounds. The objects of the study are beetroot pigments betalaines, concentrated natural dye and cream «Glace» with the addition of concentrated betalain dye.

Results. Depending on the experimental conditions, betalains were extracted from plant materials. The organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters of the concentrated natural dye and cream «Glasse» with its addition were studied.

Results. It has been shown that the optimal conditions for isolating betalains from beets are their extraction with 95% ethanol, ultrasonic extraction at 25 ºC, and extraction with an aqueous solution at 60 ºC for 30 min. It has been determined that the most stable color of the pigment is maintained in the range of pH = 3.7–8.2. In the region of pH > 10 there is a sharp change of the color. Betalain extracts at a pH > 10 acquire a rich dark red color. It was shown that the betalain dye obtained by the concentration method is a dark red liquid, which has antiradical activity (1,49 мМ) and contains 11 mg/cm³ of betalains. The best organoleptic characteristics were found in the cream «Glasse» with the addition of 5% concentrated betalain dye.

Relevance. The production of food products using fruit and berry raw materials is one of the main directions in the creation of products with high nutritional value. The greatest prospects in this direction as ingredients are concentrated fruit and berry extracts due to the convenience of storage and the simplicity of the method of adding to products. The development of technologies for obtaining concentrated extracts of a functional orientation from fruit and berry raw materials, which ensure the safety of substances useful for the body, has recently become more and more relevant.

Methods. The objects of the study were dried berries and pomace of blueberries, extracts obtained from them. As the main indicators in the objects, the content of vitamin C, bioflavonoids, tannins, organic acids, etc. was determined by generally accepted standard methods. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by the kinetic method.

Results. A technology for the production of extracts from fruit and berry raw materials has been developed, which ensures minimal influence of negative factors on the complex of biologically active substances of fruit and berry raw materials during processing and their high safety, which makes it possible to obtain extracts of functional orientation and high antioxidant activity.  

Relevance. The growth of geopolitical tensions and climate change lead to a decrease in stability in the world grain market, which ensures the relevance of further grain production growth in our country. Such a task is also set for industrial regions that have the necessary capabilities for this, which should increase the level of self-sufficiency. Despite certain successes in recent years, significant reserves remain for further growth in grain production.

Methods. In the course of the study, there were used methods of comparison, economic-statistical, trend analysis of dynamic series, calculation-constructive, abstract-logical and other methods.

Results. Based on the official statistics, an assessment was made of the existing patterns and trends in the dynamics of grain production, incl. on the main crops in the Kemerovo region. The influence of the main factors on the gross harvest of grain crops is determined. A forecast was made for the yield of grain crops based on a trend analysis of time series. The reserves for the growth of sown areas and the gross harvest of grain crops until 2025 were estimated.